Consular Rights Research Articles

American International Group Inc and American Life Insurance Company v. Islamic Republic of Iran and Central Insurance of Iran (Bimeh Markazi Iran)

645Claims — Nationality of claims — Companies — Iran-United States Claims Settlement Declaration, 1981 — Requirement that claimant company be a United States corporation — Whether United States corporation entitled to present claim on behalf of foreign subsidiaryExpropriation — Definition — Nationalization — Whether nationalization of entire industry within concept of expropriation — Requirement of compensation in case of lawful nationalization — Whether Iran-United States Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, applicable — Whether Treaty differing from customary international lawInternational tribunals — Iran-United States Claims Tribunal — Jurisdiction — Nature of claims — Claims before Iran-United States Claims Tribunal not claims of diplomatic protection

Diplomatic and Consular Immunities and Human Rights

Diplomatic and Consular Immunities and Human Rights

Cooley v. Weinberger

States as international persons — In general — Recognition of acts of foreign States and governments — Act of State doctrine — Enforcement of foreign penal law — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between United States and Iran — Effect of Iranian homicide conviction on welfare claim in United States — Review of executive decision to deny insurance benefits — The law of the United States

E-systems Inc. v. Islamic Republic of Iran and Bank Melli Iran

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States and State-owned corporations — Attachment and execution — Pre-judgment attachment of property belonging to foreign State or its agencies and instrumentalities — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether express waiver of immunity required for pre-judgment attachment — Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights, 1955, between United States and Iran — Whether amounting to waiver — Iranian Assets Control Regulations — Scope and nature — The law of the United States

American Consular Rights in Communist China

On November 20, 1948, Chinese Communist Party soldiers, without previous warning, cordoned the United States Consul General's office and the residential compounds of the consular staff at Mukden, China, and subjected the entire United States consular staff and their families to house arrest inside the compounds. The detention lasted over a year. For almost seven months the party was held incommunicado and subjected to numerous privations. Adequate water, light, medical care, and sanitary and roofing repairs were denied, mobility within the compounds was restricted, and members of the staff were subjected to badgering interrogations and examinations.

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights

Austria-United States: Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights

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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Consular Rights between the United States and El Salvador

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Treaty Of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights Between the United States and Honduras

Treaty Of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights Between the United States and Honduras

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights Between the United States and Latvia

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights Between the United States and Latvia

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights Between the United States and Hungary

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Consular Privileges and Immunities Under the Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights

The reëstablishment of treaty relations with Germany seems to have afforded occasion for a new type of treaty incorporating new principles,restating old ones and generally rearranging the subject-matter considered.Provisions relating to consular privileges and immunities show the influence of this new consideration. The Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights with Germany has been followed by similar treaties with Estonia and Hungary. Ratification of a like treaty with Salvador has been advised and consented to by the United States Senate, but the exchange of ratifications has not yet been announced. A consular convention with Cuba follows the corresponding provisions in the treaties of friendship, commerce and consular rights so far as consular privileges and immunities are concerned. As press reports have indicated that similar treaties may be negotiated with other states, it is possible that there may be an extensive redefinition of consular privileges and immunities along the lines of the provisions of the recently published treaties. In the light of this possibility the contents of this part of the treaties are of great importance and an examination of them of present interest. As the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights with Germany was the first of the series,the following discussion is based upon the provisions of that treaty, with attention being given to the more important departures in the later treaties.

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights Between the United States and Esthonia

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Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights Between the United States and Germany

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German-American Commercial Relations

In the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Rights signed with Germany on December 8,1923, the United States inaugurated an important development of its commercial policy in conformity with the Tariff Act of 1922, Section 317 of which directs the President, if “the public interest will be served thereby,” to “specify and declare new or additional duties” upon goods imported from countries that discriminate against the commerce of the United States. Pursuant to this provision the American Government undertook the negotiation of agreements with other countries both to eliminate existing discriminations and to obtain assurances that existing equality of treatment would be maintained. Preparation for the new series of commercial arrangements included a careful scrutiny of the most-favored-nation clause as applied to customs duties.

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the ‘Most Favored Nation’ Clause. By Ernest Ludwig. Akron, Ohio: The New Werner Company. 1913. pp. 239.

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the ‘Most Favored Nation’ Clause. By Ernest Ludwig. Akron, Ohio: The New Werner Company. 1913. pp. 239.

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the “Most Favored Nation” Clause. By I. and R. Ernest Ludwig Consul for Austria-Hungary, Cleveland, Ohio. (Akron, Ohio: The New Werner Company. 1913. Pp. 239.)

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the “Most Favored Nation” Clause. By I. and R. Ernest Ludwig Consul for Austria-Hungary, Cleveland, Ohio. (Akron, Ohio: The New Werner Company. 1913. Pp. 239.)

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the "Most Favored Nation" Clause

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the "Most Favored Nation" Clause

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the "Most Favored Nation" Clause

Consular Treaty Rights and Comments on the "Most Favored Nation" Clause