Construction Of Community Research Articles

Maqashid Sharia as the Foundation of Religious Moderation and Resilience in Aceh's Border Communities

The implementation of Islamic law in Aceh over the past two decades has not only reflected the enforcement of Sharia but also illustrated the cultural and political dynamics of Acehnese society. As a region rich in customary law traditions and social pluralism, the response of Acehnese communities, particularly in multicultural border areas, to violations of Islamic law and its existence varies widely. Islamic law in Aceh is often interpreted through the lens of political identity and local culture, while the maqashid sharia values, such as the protection of life, property, and security have yet to be fully integrated into daily practices. This study employs an anthropological approach with qualitative methods. Data collection was conducted through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and narrative analysis of the experiences and perspectives of local communities. The study focuses on how communities construct, understand, and respond to Sharia as part of their social lives. The findings reveal that border communities in Aceh perceive Islamic law not only as a religious rule but also as a political identity symbol to reinforce their social standing, including in rejecting the construction of non-Muslim places of worship. However, the study also highlights a gap in understanding and applying maqashid sharia, attributed to limited socialization and cross-cultural dialogue. Nevertheless, Islamic law remains respected as a crucial element of the social structure, although its interpretation is often situational and contextual.

Seasonal dynamics shaping bacterial community structure and networks in a Multi Geomorphological Unit System (MGUS) within the eastern Ulansuhai Lake Basin, North China

Different geomorphological units such as mountains, forests, fields, grasslands, sands and water, despite their distinct morphologies, are interconnected through micro-ecosystems that collectively maintain the balance of regional ecology. However, there is a lack of research concerning the spatial correlation among different landscape micro-ecosystems within a catchment area, hindering a comprehensive understanding of watershed systematic evolution across various landscape micro-ecosystems. To address this gap, seasonal variations in bacterial community structure and ecological network connectivity were investigated across different geomorphological units in the eastern Ulansuhai Lake Basin, North China. Water and soil samples were collected in May (beginning of the growing season, 23 samples) and November (end of the growing season, 20 samples) 2021. The diversity of bacterial communities within the Multi Geomorphological Unit System (MGUS) comprising “mountain, forest, field, grassland, sand and water” increased from May to November due to precipitation and human cultivation influences. Environmental characteristics, such as water and soil variations, exert a greater influence on bacterial community structure than differences in landscape units. The stability of the macro-ecological network structure within the MGUS was relatively high, with “water” playing a pivotal role in connectivity (the average betweenness centrality value of “water” was more than twice that of the other landscape samples). This led to the gradual emergence of deterministic processes in the construction of the bacterial community, shifting from stochastic processes (90.8 % drift effect in May) to biotic interactions (29.2 % heterogeneous selection in November). Furthermore, the bacterial community structure exhibited “macroscopic stability, with ‘water’ assuming a central role, while also showing microscopic variations, reflecting fluctuations in the contribution of dominant bacterial genera to the network structure over time”. Our study offers a core information analysis aimed at characterizing the temporal and spatial evolution of microbial community structure within an MGUS, thereby addressing a gap in microbial macroecology.

Can the Use of Digital Finance Promote the Enhancement and Quality Improvement of Household Consumption Among Farmers?

The key strategic point for facilitating domestic circulation is to enhance and expand household consumption. Based on a survey of 1080 farming households in Hunan, Hubei, and Jilin Provinces, this study examines the impact of digital finance use on the scale and structural upgrading of household consumption among farmers. The findings indicate that digital finance use effectively expands the scale of household consumption and promotes structural upgrades. The results remain robust through various endogenous and robust methods. Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the benefits of digital finance use are greater for middle- to high-income groups and those with lower education levels, indicating the presence of a digital divide effect. Furthermore, the construction of village communities, skill training, improvements in village logistics services, and the availability of medical clinic facilities can enhance the consumption-promoting effects of digital finance use. Mechanism analysis shows that digital finance primarily operates through alleviating credit constraints, enhancing risk prevention, and improving financial returns to influence the scale and structural upgrading of household consumption. This study provides policy insights for rural revitalization and unlocking the consumption potential of rural residents.

Community Assembly Mechanisms of Populus euphratica in Northwest China and Their Relationship with Environmental Factors

Populus euphratica is a key community-building species in the desert riparian forests of Northwest China, exhibiting exceptional resistance to stress and playing a vital role in soil and water conservation as well as maintaining ecological balance in arid regions. To investigate the ecological processes underlying the composition of P. euphratica communities and to identify their community construction mechanisms, this study analyses the species diversity and phylogenetic diversity of 58 P. euphratica communities, exploring their assembly processes and key influencing factors. This research aims to elucidate the relationship between community structure from the perspective of species evolution and analyse the construction mechanisms of P. euphratica communities across different clusters in arid environments. The results show that the species diversity of P. euphratica clusters in Northwest China is relatively low, and a significant correlation is noted with phylogenetic diversity (PD). The Shannon–Wiener and Margalef indices exhibit similar trends, whereas Simpson’s index show the opposite trends. Pielou’s index range from 0.7 to 0.85. Notably, the PD and species diversity of the P. euphratica–Haloxylon ammodendron association group (Group 4) is significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared to that of the other groups. Additionally, net relatedness index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) peaked in the P. euphratica–H. ammodendron association group (Group 4) and the Populus pruinosa–Tamarix ramosissima–Phragmites australis association group (Group 1) (p < 0.05). A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that PD was significantly positively correlated with Margalef’s index, Shannon–Wiener’s index, and Pielou’s index, but was significantly negatively correlated with Simpson’s index, while also being associated with environmental factors. Key factors influencing the diversity of P. euphratica communities in Northwest China include total phosphorus, pH, soil moisture content, total potassium, the mean temperature of the coldest quarter, precipitation of the wettest month, and precipitation seasonality. Soil factors primarily affected the Pielou and Simpson indices of species diversity, whereas climatic factors mainly influenced the Margalef and Shannon–Wiener indices. PD and structure were mainly influenced by climatic factors. The combined effects of soil and climatic factors play a crucial role in sustaining the diversity and ecological adaptation of these plant communities. In summary, P. euphratica communities may exhibit a significant ecological niche conservation in response to environmental changes, and competitive exclusion might be the primary process shaping community structure. Climatic factors were shown to be important regulators of community diversity and phylogenetic structure.

Place-Making in Healthy Communities Using the Theory of Scenes

Currently, both in practice and theoretical studies, the construction of healthy communities predominantly focuses on enhancing physical spaces. However, there is limited guidance on promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors and only superficial discussions regarding operation and maintenance systems. The theory of scenes holds profound significance in urban research and spatial quality improvement, addressing not only the physical environment but also forms of social organization. The healthy community is the basic unit in social space for the construction of the health scene. Therefore, applying the new perspective of scene theory respects the established standards and guidelines while exploring the creation of healthy communities to guide people’s healthy lifestyles and direct design practice. The research analyses the domestic healthy community research, summarizing the connotations and the development history of healthy communities both domestically and internationally, and compares the content of concern, research units, and the connotation composition of healthy communities internationally. Based on scene theory, it analyses the relationship between the physical environment of a healthy community and the behavioural styles of people in a healthy community. With the help of scene theory, it proposes five elements of healthy communities (residents and collaborators, physical space, health service facilities, health activities, and community values) and nine sub-scenes (healthy environment, healthy living, healthy transportation, health services, healthy facilities, healthy hygiene, healthy activities, healthy society, and healthy policies) . At the same time, it conducts a comparative analysis of the typical standards of domestic and foreign healthy communities, and incorporates the differences in the creation of healthy communities at home and abroad to improve the content and operation systems of healthy communities.

Geographical distribution and driving force of microbial communities in the sediments of Diamantina and Kermadec trenches.

The distinctive geological characteristics of hadal trenches are recognized to affect the construction and ecological role of microbial communities; however, information on their population dynamics and assembly processes remains limited. In this study, bacteria and micro-eukaryotes in the sediments of the Diamantina and Kermadec trenches were explored utilizing high-throughput sequencing. Compared to the Diamantina Trench, significantly lower levels of bacterial and micro-eukaryotic biodiversity (p < 0.01), bacterial gene copy number (p < 0.05), and heterotrophic/parasitic micro-eukaryotic proportions (p < 0.05) were detected in the Kermadec Trench, which also exhibited a low community complexity based on the network analysis. Within each trench, no obvious population shifts were observed along the trench axis. Microbial communities in both trenches showed clear distance-decay distributions, mainly driven by stochastic processes. This study provided fresh perspectives on the microbial community assembly mechanism in deep-sea trenches. Studies of community complexity and diversified trophic states of microbes would contribute to an improved understanding of ecological functions and diversification in this extreme biosphere.

Divergence of nutrients, salt accumulation, bacterial community structure and diversity in soil after 8 years of flood irrigation with surface water and groundwater

Irrigation with saline groundwater has become necessary to overcome freshwater scarcity in the agricultural industry in arid areas. However, the effects of long-term saline groundwater irrigation on soil salinity and bacterial diversity have rarely been examined. In this study, a Lycium ruthenicum field was divided into two parts and subjected to flooding irrigation with saline groundwater (pH 7.81, total salinity 0.95 g L−1) and surface water (pH 7.76, total salinity 0.36 g L−1) for 8 years. After 8 years of irrigation, the soil salinity and salt ion content (i.e., Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+, Cl− and CO32−) in the groundwater irrigation group were significantly greater than those in the surface water irrigation group (p < 0.001), with notable accumulation in the topsoil (0–5 cm) (p < 0.01). The bacterial community structure differed between the surface water and groundwater irrigation groups. Salt-tolerant bacterial groups (e.g., Balneolaceae and Halomonadaceae) and species (e.g., the marine bacterium JK1007, the bacterium YC-LK-LKJ35, and Methylohalomonas lacus) dominated in the groundwater irrigation environment. Additionally, bacterial communities were associated primarily with soil salt ions (RV = 0.66, p < 0.001). The characteristic bacterial taxa in long-term groundwater irrigation soils were salt-tolerant species (e.g., the marine bacterium JK1007, the bacterium YC-LK-LKJ35, and Methylohalomonas lacus). These findings suggest that salinity is the key factor driving differences in bacterial community structure between long-term groundwater and surface water irrigation. The long-term use of surface water and groundwater for irrigation has different impacts on soil environments, with groundwater irrigation having a more pronounced negative effect. Highlights. The long-term effects of this practice on soil salt accumulation and bacterial diversity were examined. This study provides potential applications for sustainable land management in similar ecological contexts. Groundwater irrigation is characterized by saline-tolerant keystone species. Salinity filtering was used to determine the pattern of bacterial community construction.

Synthetic communities derived from the core endophytic microbiome of hyperaccumulators and their role in cadmium phytoremediation

BackgroundAlthough numerous endophytic bacteria have been isolated and characterized from cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulators, the contribution and potential application of the core endophytic microbiomes on facilitating phytoremediation were still lack of intensive recognition. Therefore, a 2-year field sampling in different location were firstly conducted to identify the unique core microbiome in Cd hyperaccumulators, among which the representative cultivable bacteria of different genera were then selected to construct synthetic communities (SynComs). Finally, the effects and mechanisms of the optimized SynCom in regulating Cd accumulation in different ecotypes of Sedum alfredii were studied to declare the potential application of the bacterial agents based on core microbiome.ResultsThrough an innovative network analysis workflow, 97 core bacterial taxa unique to hyperaccumulator Sedum was identified based on a 2-year field 16S rRNA sequencing data. A SynCom comprising 13 selected strains belonging to 6 different genera was then constructed. Under the combined selection pressure of the plant and Cd contamination, Alcaligenes sp. exhibited antagonistic relationships with other genera and plant Cd concentration. Five representative strains of the other five genera were further conducted genome resequencing and developed six SynComs, whose effects on Cd phytoremediation were compared with single strains by hydroponic experiments. The results showed that SynCom-NS comprising four strains (including Leifsonia shinshuensis, Novosphingobium lindaniclasticum, Ochrobactrum anthropi, and Pseudomonas izuensis) had the greatest potential to enhance Cd phytoremediation. After inoculation with SynCom-NS, genes related to Cd transport, antioxidative defense, and phytohormone signaling pathways were significantly upregulated in both ecotypes of S. alfredii, so as to promote plant growth, Cd uptake, and translocation.ConclusionIn this study, we designed an innovative network analysis workflow to identify the core endophytic microbiome in hyperaccumulator. Based on the cultivable core bacteria, an optimized SynCom-NS was constructed and verified to have great potential in enhancing phytoremediation. This work not only provided a framework for identifying core microbiomes associated with specific features but also paved the way for the construction of functional synthetic communities derived from core microbiomes to develop high efficient agricultural agents.5KavnCJpVp3k2g6uQCMsTeVideo

Education – Language – Identity

AbstractIn our paper we explore the intricate relationship between language and identity within the Hungarian language minority residing in Slovakia, examining the patterns of identification among high school students in Western Slovakia. Focusing on upper-secondary Hungarian-medium high school students, we investigate the role of the Hungarian language in shaping identity patterns and cultural unity. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining a quantitative questionnaire survey with qualitative focus group discussions, we address research questions regarding the construction of community belonging and adolescents' attachments to their region and homeland. Our study, encompassing 414 students from five Hungarian-medium gymnasiums, sheds light on the identity formation of the Hungarian national minority and highlights divergent tendencies between different age groups. The findings are part of an ongoing state-level research project.

Deciphering differences in microbial community characteristics and main factors between healthy and root rot-infected Carya cathayensis rhizosphere soils.

Fusarium-induced root rot of Carya cathayensis (C. cathayensis) is a typical soil-borne disease that has severely damaged the Carya cathayensis industry in China. Understanding the interaction among soil microbial communities, soil characteristics, and pathogenic bacteria is very important for the ecological prevention and control of Carya cathayensis root rot. We used Miseq Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to study the microbial community in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and diseased C. cathayensis, quantified the abundance of bacteria, fungi, and pathogenic fungi, and combined these with soil chemistry and enzyme activity indicators to analyze the characteristics of healthy and diseased rhizosphere soils. We found that the pH, soil organic carbon(SOC), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK),N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) β-glucosidase (BG), fungal gene copy number, bacterial community diversity and network complexity of the diseased soil were significantly lower (p < 0.05), while Fusarium graminearum copies number levels increased (p < 0.05). Additionally, the study found that healthy soils were enriched with beneficial bacteria such as Subgroup_7 (0.08%), MND1 (0.29%), SWB02 (0.08%), and Bradyrhizobium (0.09%), as well as potential pathogen-suppressing fungi such as Mortierella (0.13%), Preussia (0.03%), and Humicol (0.37%), were found to be associated with the growth and development of C. cathayensis. In summary, this research comprehensively reveals the differences in environmental and biological factors between healthy and diseased soils, as well as their correlations. It provides a theoretical basis for optimal soil environmental regulation and the construction of healthy microbial communities. This foundation facilitates the development of multifaceted strategies for the prevention and control of C. cathayensis root rot.

Future Earth Strategies in Northeast Asia: From Scientific Research to the Construction of Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

Future Earth Strategies in Northeast Asia: From Scientific Research to the Construction of Community with a Shared Future for Mankind

Behavior and Identity Construction of Online Fan Community—Taking Pocket 48 as an Example

With the development of new media, online social platforms have gradually emerged and improved, greatly changing the interaction between idols and fans, and even between fans and fans. This article takes Pocket 48, an exclusive derivative application of the SNH48 idol group, as an example to explore the fan groups’ interactive behavior and identity construction. Through participant observation and in-depth interviews with 15 fans, the study found that fans’ interactions on the Pocket 48 platform not only significantly enhanced their emotional connection with their idols, but also experienced gradual development in self-expression and identity. process. Through long-term interaction and participation, fans’ emotional investment in idols and communication with other fans continue to deepen, gradually forming a solid identity. This research provides a new perspective for understanding the progressiveness and complexity of modern social media in individual identity construction, revealing how online communities influence users’ identity development through continuous interaction mechanisms.

Construction of Disaster-aware Communities through Local Wisdom and Social Media

The social construction process runs simultaneously. The utilization of local wisdom and social media is the result of the community construction process. Disaster-aware communities can utilize local wisdom and social media to overcome flood disasters. This research aims to analyze the construction of a disaster-aware community in Wonoasri Village, including the use of local wisdom and social media to overcome disasters. This research uses the construction theory of Berger and Luckmann. The research method used was a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Purpose sampling techniques were used to collect research informants. Data collection through observation, interviews, FGD, and documentation. The validity of the data using triangulation and data analysis using interactive models. The research results show that the social construction process runs simultaneously. The social construction process of the community starts from community experience, which shapes community knowledge about floods, the formation of Destana, and the transfer of knowledge, to the utilization of local wisdom and social media to overcome floods in Wonoasri Village.

Lamenting the Idyllic--Thomas Hardy’s Nostalgia in Far from the Madding Crowd

The useful conceptions of nostalgia are instrumental for a close look at Thomas Hardy’s pastoral sentiment towards the vanishing rustic life, which is disturbed by the abrupt intrusion of industrialization in the country. Hardy’s pastoral nostalgia finds its refuge in the partly real, partly dreamlike Wessex, in which a self-contained atmosphere of idyllic contentment remains. Through a nostalgic interpretation of Hardy’s Far from the Madding Crowd, the essay explores Hardy’s nostalgic construction of a fraternal Weatherbury community, including the incarnation of his idealized peasant type Shepherd Oak and the desirably pastoral romance. Through a collection of Hardy’s imaginations, the research aims to probe into the individual’s ambiguous psychology and complicated perception when confronting with the social and cultural transitions in the late nineteenth century England.

Response of Plant Phylogenetic Structure to Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae) Disturbance on Alpine Meadow of Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACTPlant community construction is influenced by bottom‐up processes, such as environmental factors, and top‐down processes, such as herbivore disturbances. With climate change and overgrazing, the stability of plant community structure and function decreases, and more land at risk of degradation. However, the response of the plant community to interference from native herbivores under similar environmental conditions remains unclear. Plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is an important small rodent inhabiting the alpine meadow of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, and its disturbance may accelerate the degradation of grassland ecosystems when its population experiences a burst. In this study, we investigated the plant communities, collected and analyzed the soil samples, to explore the effects of plateau pikas' disturbance intensity on species composition and phylogenetic structure of plant communities on the alpine meadow. We utilized the generalized additive model and structural equation model to explain and predict the response of plant phylogenetic structure and species competition to the disturbance of plateau pikas. Our results indicated that plateau pika disturbance altered the dominance of plant groups, increased species substitution, and facilitated coexistence among different species, and it affected deterministic processes, reduced interspecific competition intensity, and promoted the dispersion of phylogenetic structures. These findings suggested that plateau pika, as a small native herbivore, plays a significant role in fostering multi‐species plant communities. Therefore, it is essential to manage plateau pika disturbance intensity to maintain the stability of alpine meadow plant communities, as well as to influence the long‐term succession of grassland ecosystems. This study provides some new evidence for exploring the effects of native small herbivores on the changes in grassland plant communities.

Africanness and Britishness Pedigree and Research of African English literature

As an intersection of African literature and English literature, Afro-British literature has become a common carrier of “Africanness” and “Englishness”, not only upholding the thick tradition of African local culture, but also powerfully supporting and expressing “Africanness” through its potential discourse of resistance and emancipatory demands. Not only does it hold on to the thick African local cultural tradition and strongly support and speak of “Africanness”, but it also intervenes in, subverts and reshapes “Britishness” through its potential discourse of resistance and demand for liberation. Afro-British literature has made an important contribution to the mutual understanding and appreciation of the two literary traditions and to the connection of cultures, ethnic groups and societies in two different regions across the oceans, providing an excellent and realistic blueprint for the construction of culture in the post-imperial and post-racial era, and shaping a paradigm for the construction of community in the context of globalization and pluralism nowadays.

Peer effects of health behaviors and the moderating role of Internet use among middle-aged and older adults: a nationally representative cross-sectional survey in China.

This study investigates peer effects on the health behaviors of middle-aged and older adult people in China and examines the moderating role of Internet use. A total of 16,188 respondents were selected from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2020 data set. Ordinary Least Squares and Quantile Regression were used to validate the peer effect of health behaviors on middle-aged and older adults, and a moderating effects model was used to test the moderating roles of Internet use and Internet proficiency. Finally, the peer effect was analyzed for heterogeneity according to Internet use preferences. The peer effect had a positive influence on the individual health behaviors of middle-aged and older adult people in China (β = 0.5341, p < 0.001). Middle-aged and older adult people were more sensitive to the average health behavior level of the community when they lived in rural communities and/or had a low level of education. Internet use positively moderated the health behavior peer effect in the older adult population (β = 0.0094, p < 0.1), and Internet proficiency negatively moderated the peer effect of the health behaviors of the middle-aged population (β = 0.1589, p < 0.1). According to the magnitude of the influence of peer effect, the Internet preference type can be ranked from social and entertainment (β = 0.6250, p < 0.01), to cultural and entertainment (β = 0.5835, p < 0.01), to comprehensive (β = 0.4622, p < 0.01). There is a peer effect on the health behaviors of middle-aged and old-aged individuals, in which Internet use plays a moderating role. The construction of healthy communities should be promoted, giving full play to the community's active role in health promotion. Attention should be paid to the health-enabling function of the Internet, encouraging middle-aged and older adult people to use the Internet actively, moderately, and diversely, and making full use of the advantages of short videos for online health education.

A Consistency Analysis between the Distinctive Development of Various Ethnic Groups and the Construction of the Chinese National Community

A Consistency Analysis between the Distinctive Development of Various Ethnic Groups and the Construction of the Chinese National Community

Global Community in James Welch’s The Heartsong of Charging Elk

Human beings have had beautiful dreams for a harmonious world since centuries ago; this can be termed cosmopolitanism, shijie datong, or global community. Based on theories expounded by Confucius, Tönnies, Anderson, Bauman, Derrida, and Appiah, we closely examine the concept of “global cultural community” or “international community”, that is, the community involving individuals or groups of two or more countries by way of textual analysis, with James Welch’s The Heartsong of Charging Elk as an example. Through an analysis of the plot in the novel, we find that the American Indian protagonist Charging Elk integrates into the local French culture, while retaining his indigenous cultural identity, and thus negotiates a global community. This finding is also evaluated in the context of all five novels by Welch and in a broader scope of American Indian literature with inter-continental themes. The studies on cosmopolitanism or global community in American Indian literature can play an important role in exploring the construction of a global community for humanity for a shared future.

Microbial community composition and co-occurrence network analysis of the rhizosphere soil of the main constructive tree species in Helan Mountain of Northwest China

To understand the microbial diversity and community composition within the main constructive tree species, Picea crassifolia, Betula platyphylla, and Pinus tabuliformis, in Helan Mountain and their response to changes in soil physicochemical factors, a high throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the bacterial and fungal diversity and community structure. RDA (Redundancy Analysis) and Pearson correlation analysis were used to explore the influence of soil physicochemical factors on microbial community construction, and co-occurrence network analysis was conducted on the microbial communities. The results showed that the fungal and bacterial diversity was highest in B. platyphylla, and lowest in P. crassifolia. Additionally, the fungal/bacterial richness was greatest in the rhizosphere soils of P. tabuliformis and B. platyphylla. RDA and Pearson correlation analysis revealed that NN (nitrate nitrogen) and AP (available phosphorus) were the main determining factors of the bacterial community, while NN and SOC (soil water content) were the main determining factors of the fungal community. Pearson correlation analysis between soil physicochemical factors and the alpha diversity of the microbial communities revealed a significant positive correlation between pH and the bacterial and fungal diversity, while SOC, TN (total nitrogen), AP, and AN (available nitrogen) were significantly negatively correlated with the bacterial and fungal diversity. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the soil bacterial communities exhibit richer network nodes, edges, greater diversity, and greater network connectivity. Indicating that bacterial communities exhibit more complex and stable interaction patterns in soil. This study reveals the complex interactive relationship between microbial communities and soil physicochemical factors in forest ecosystems. By analyzing the response of rhizosphere microbial communities of major tree species in Helan Mountain to nutrient dynamics and pH changes, we can deepen our understanding of the role of microorganisms in regulating ecosystem functions and provide theoretical basis for soil improvement and ecological restoration strategies.