The contemporary media landscape is marked by a tendency to accept the market-driven practices of planned obsolescence, where questions of sufficiency and excess permeate the realms of media industry practices. While this is entering the broader discussion on media sustainability, inadequate attention has been given to these phenomena in the film heritage field.As content libraries expand, the need for larger and more efficient data centres challenges the limits of storage, archiving, and accessibility. Many countries throughout Europe have witnessed the construction of cutting-edge film storage vaults and preservation centres, but the rising volume of digital content and the induced built-in redundancy of digital formats gradually replacing carrier-based collections have necessitated a heightened focus on digitization, such as digital preservation standards and access for both analog and digital-born film materials.Our proposal aims to take a critical approach to the digital preservation infrastructure of film heritage. Is digital preservation a reliable answer, ‘enough’ sustainable in environmental and moral terms, closely linked to economic growth and resource exploitation principles? How can a democratic, inclusive approach to moving image preservation be reconciled with the current audio-visual production hypertrophy? Will economic dynamics face the risk of exposing the most fragile assets and heritage to disappearance?

This study focuses on the development and implementation of an IoT-based earthquake bell and SMS notification alert system powered by the Raspberry Shake 4D (RS4D) seismograph at Caraga State University's Hinang Hall.The system integrates real-time seismic monitoring capabilities with automated alert mechanisms that activate at a predefined threshold of intensity IV based on the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS).A comprehensive approach was employed, including the construction of a seismograph vault to minimize environmental noise interference, configuration for both local and international network data sharing, and the implementation of an audible bell alarm for immediate on-site warning and SMS notifications for remote awareness.Results demonstrate significant improvement in signal quality after vault construction, with reduced environmental noise influence and enhanced earthquake detection capabilities.The developed system successfully enables real-time seismic data collection and transmission while providing timely alerts during seismic events, contributing to campus safety and disaster preparedness.

In this article, we present a point cloud-based geometric analysis method applied to the 19th-century stellar vaults of the Saint Elisabeth Cathedral of Košice (SK). We based our analysis method on the geometric typology systems we worked out for net vaults during our earlier research. After elaborating on the method’s application to stellar vaults, we present the results of the analysis. This includes the exact geometric description of the vaults’ webbing and rib system, which allowed for deductions about their original construction techniques. Then, we present the re-modelling of the rib systems of the cathedral’s stellar vaults based on the most influential theoretical works of the 19th century (B. Ranisch, F. Hoffstadt, G. G. Ungewitter), such as the principle of the longest route or projecting the junction points to a spherical surface. Afterwards, the comparative analysis of the real vault geometries and the re-modelled rib systems was carried out. Based on this, we discussed the potential reason behind the differences detected. This gives a valuable insight into whether the 19th-century theoretical works and their contemporary building practices differed. Additionally, we elaborated on the implications of the multiple possible three-dimensional geometries of the same rib pattern regarding the authenticity of theoretically reconstructed stellar vault structures.

Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Geometry-based Building Genealogy Research: Landshut, St. Martin’s and Two Transylvanian Saxon Churches. Despite the abundance of literature on the construction and building methods of late Gothic net vaults, the most influential works still date back to the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. However, the use of terrestrial laser scanning enables researchers to gather precise geometric data that may challenge our current understanding of these vaults. This article presents a point-cloud-based geometric description of the nave vault in the St. Martin church of Landshut. This goes beyond the generally accepted literature on the topic of late Gothic net vaults. Based on the description, we categorise the vault into the geometric typologies of the net vaults’ rib-web connections and their rib systems’ global geometry, which we established during our earlier research. The literature has long discussed the guild connections between Landshut and the South-Transylvanian Saxon churches with masonry-ribbed vaults. Therefore, we present a comparative analysis of the St. Martin’s vaults and those in the naves of the churches in Mediaş (Medgyes/Mediasch) and Sighişoara (Segesvár/Schäßburg), two important examples of this group, based on the same geometric typologies we set up. Through our comparative analysis, we aim to address the question of how building genealogies should be approached. This section discusses the uncertain nature of deductions based solely on plan views of rib systems, how remnants from earlier building periods influence the construction method of net vaults, and the concept of centre and periphery in net vault construction.

Today in the scientific literature there are active discussions about the architectural style of the Sagrada Familia Cathedral. Gaudi’s architecture is often referred to as organic or bionic. The presence of the bionic style in Gaudi’s architecture is supported by the fact that the Sagrada Familia has complex shapes, which are known today as helicoids, hyperboloids and hyperbolic paraboloids. Gaudi borrows these forms from nature and bases the construction of columns, vaults and other structural elements of the temple. However, the architectural image of the Sagrada Familia was also influenced by Gaudi’s existential experiences, which were the result of many factors. First of all, it is the emotional experiences of childhood. Other important factors in shaping the image of the Sagrada Familia were Catalan modernism, which emerged at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries in Barcelona, the influence of German Expressionism, the interaction of contemporary Gaudi architects and the influence of Goethe’s philosophy on A. Gaudi. Goethe’s organic worldview, which was based on the understanding of the world as a living monadic whole, revolutionized not only philosophy but also architecture. The fundamental principle of the Sagrada Familia is a kind of proteism, the desire for constant renewal, expressed through both the interior and exterior of the building. The transformation of living integral formations, depicted on the three facades of the Sagrada Familia, demonstrates a series of metamorphoses of pra-phenomenon (Urphanomen – germ. after Goethe) and metamorphosis of the human soul under the influence of Christ’s teachings. Antonio Gaudi’s architecture is special for its emotional content, which hides the author’s emotional conflicts and contradictions. Opposing one to the natural environment and emphasizing harmonious coexistence with it is an oxymoron that the author laid down in the architectural forms of the Sagrada Familia. The Church of the Holy Family can be seen as a symbiosis of advanced technology and creative expression, the skill of presenting the author’s architectural ideas and happy coincidences. The artist's original vision and understanding of the relationship between the anthropogenic and natural environment in the creation of architectural space, the place and role of man in this process determined his exclusively individual architectural style.

The article discusses the principles of arch design as they apply to snow vaults and presents different types such as parabolic, catenary, circular and constant stress. The parabolic momentless arch requires a constant vertical load throughout the span, resulting in a decreasing snow thickness from the crown to the base. In contrast, the catenary arch is formed by an inverted hanging chain, maintaining a uniform snow thickness throughout the structure, governed by a hyperbolic cosine function. The shape of the constant stress standalone arch is determined by the unit weight and the compressive stress, described by a logarithmic cosine function. In comparing snow arches, the article asserts the superiority of the constant stress form over the catenary and parabolic forms, highlighting its ability to span greater distances. Despite its advantages, the constant stress form has not yet found application in the construction of snow vaults. In addition, snow vaults are subject to significant deformation and require regular checks and recalculations throughout their life to ensure structural integrity.

ABSTRACT The vaults over the choir and nave of Notre‐Dame in Paris play a key role in the development of Gothic vaults—regarding their sheer height and span, and in particular their complex stone structure. A considerable dynamic in the development of new construction details can be seen in solutions that in some cases are still quite distinct from the well‐known constructions of the great Gothic vaults, and that in other cases, although innovative, remain more or less singular. The design of the sexpartite vaults follows a scheme established in the early Gothic and at the same time displays groundbreaking conceptions in geometry and construction. The fire of the roof that in 2019 damaged part of the vaults, but also showed their remarkable structural performance, brought up the necessity of better understanding these structures while also giving deep insight into construction details. The ongoing research presented here correlates geometric analyses based on 3D‐scanning, carried out on the vaults in Notre‐Dame and on comparable structures, observations on construction details on site, and sources such as historical drawings, with large‐scale experiments reproducing the processes of construction, fabrication of building elements, as well as planning and information transfer from design to building. The approach that refers to the built object as its principal source can be characterized as reverse engineering.

Automating historical centering-minimizing masonry vaulting strategies: Applications to cooperative robotic construction

The article discusses constructive and technological solutions for the use of reinforced concrete vaults. At this stage of society's development, in the difficult conditions of survival during hostilities, the issue of the safety of people's lives becomes urgent. The structural solution of buildings in the form of vaults is suitable for solving similar problems. The criterion for choosing a constructive solution is the reliability and functional volume of the building. The most reliable are reinforced concrete monolithic vaults made of modern materials. The most reliable is the arrow-shaped vault. The analysis of different forms of vault arches showed that unlike flat and full cylindrical vaults, pointed vaults have a more useful use of wall space at a height of up to 6.0 m, which makes the premises more functional. The criterion for choosing a technology is the speed of building the vault. The problematic issue of erecting monolithic reinforced concrete vaults remains the imperfect technology of arranging formwork, reinforcement and concreting. When concreting the curvilinear convex surface of the structure, the concrete slips. This article is dedicated to solving this problem. When switching to pointed vaults, it is not known how much the technology of performing the processes of formwork installation, reinforcement and concreting changes. The analysis of the existing technologies for the construction of monolithic vaults showed that the existing structural and technological solutions do not solve the problem of accelerating the construction speed. In order to prevent the process of slipping of concrete, the use of fiber is proposed. Additional studies are planned to study the effect of fiber concrete on sliding. The need for conducting research in the direction of improving constructive and technological solutions, improving the means of mechanization of the process, and in the direction of creating a system of normalization of labor costs for the processes of erecting pointed vaults has been identified.

The research deals with an interesting interdisciplinary case study for the knowledge and dissemination of masonry sail vaults in Malta between the 16th and the 17th centuries. In particular, it focuses on the sail vaults of the Magistral Palace, which have a distinctive structure. Based on a digital survey, the necessary data was extrapolated to critically analyse the geometry, through drawing and three-dimensional modelling. The paper, therefore, presents graphical and geometric investigations, which complement the study of the history of the Magistral Palace. Comparisons with the Maltese architectural context between the 16th and 17th centuries show the use of different solutions for the construction of sail vaults, according to different geometries. This implies knowledge of the international debate on the theory of stonecutting at the time.

There was some important event taking place in the Crimea in the third century AD or a little bit earlier that was probably reflected by the appearance of burial vaults of a special design that had not been previously known in Crimea. These vaults comprised an entrance pit and a burial chamber with a short (0.4–0.8 m long) underground corridor (dromos) dug in between them; the funerals in the burial chamber were made on the floor in one tier. Until recently, only a few short-dromos burial vaults from the third century AD were known in the Crimea. The situation has substantively changed as a result of the cemetery of Opushki excavations, which uncovered 17 burial vaults from the third century AD; every structure contained burials from the first half of the said century, with some burials probably dating back even earlier. This paper publishes some results of these excavations. It has been discovered that the first short-dromos burial vaults appeared in the Crimea much earlier than they were considered before, i.e., in the end or second half of the second century. Initially, dromos was not an inalienable element of the burial structure. The earliest burial structures under analysis obviously kept the Late Scythian traditions, such as many tiers of burials and moving aside the bones of those who were buried earlier. The combination of the burial vault construction, which was new in Crimea, and the traditional burial rites can hardly be explained otherwise than by physical contacts between the migrants and the autochthons. The origin of the migration of people who brought short-dromos burial vaults to Crimea was searched for in the North Caucasus. Among the stable specific rites documented in the third-century burials, there was charcoal bedding on the floor of the burial structure and beads embroidering the hem of gowns. These rites are typical of not only burials in vaults but also in undercut and simple pit graves. The core of the grave goods in the period in question is formed by a quite specific set of artefacts. Precisely the same goods were unearthed in the undercut and pit graves synchronous to the burial vaults.

The purpose of the article: to investigate the peculiarities of the use of scaff old-ing and reinforcing structures made of wood in Byzantine temple construction on the basis of preserved written, visual and archaeological sources; to identify the monument belonging to a certain architectural school (capital/provincial) based on the system of location and walling of technical openings from scaff olding. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, the method of comparative analysis, deduction and induction. The scientifi c novelty lies in the fact that the vast majority of monu-ments of Byzantine temple architecture are destroyed or require immediate restoration to preserve their authentic appearance. Therefore, the study of all aspects of the con-struction process, even such insignifi cant, at fi rst glance, as scaff olding, their connection with the stages of construction, will help to better understand the front of work on the restoration of the monument. Conclusions: scaff olding’s are wooden platforms of dif-ferent levels that allow the architect to move to diff erent heights as the construction of walls and vaults progresses. The use of scaff olding by the Byzantines is evidenced by the technical holes left in the walls, which were made specifi cally for fi xing the same scaff olding. In addition to builders, scaff olding was used by masons and painters. The system of location and walling of such openings can clearly indicate that the monu-ment belongs to a certain architectural school. In contrast to the provincial monuments, the variability of the openings from the beams in Constantinople is quite insignifi cant. During construction, it was necessary to strengthen the structure of arches, vaults, and domes while the lime solution hardened (and remained plastically fl uid), – the solution was to lay wooden connections in the thickness of the wall, connected at the corners by means of iron crutches; the system of such connections contributed to the stability of the building by connecting its structure to the entire height; in addition, it is possible to dendrochronologically date the monument, as well as to identify a certain architectural workshop, based on wooden ties. Further research remains promising.

In the present study, we analysed the laser-scanned point cloud of the stellar vault of the Inner City Parish Church of Budapest's Matthias oratorio. Our analysis concerned the global geometry of the rib network, as well as the webbing. During the study of the rib system, we reconstructed a probable construction method of the late 15th – early 16th-century vault, which seems to be a self-contained construction system in regard to the rib system's plan, the height of the junction points and the curvature of the individual ribs. We found, that to the latter the widely known "Prinzipalbogen" theory applies, however, the "theory of the longest route", which is often mentioned together with the former, most likely was not used. Mapping the webbing and the ribs allowed us to examine the building technique of the webs too.

The linear attenuation coefficients and tenth-value layers are determined experimentally for the newly developed Cement-based high-density Concrete and Fly-Ash-based Geopolymer high-density Concrete using Red-Mud-based synthetic aggregate made up from industrial waste. Linear attenuation coefficients were determined in narrow and broad beam conditions for five megavoltage X-ray photon beam energies, i.e. 6, 10, 15 MV, and 6 and 10 MV-FFF generated by Varian TrueBeam medical linear accelerator. These materials are found to be more effective in radiation shielding when compared with ordinary concrete and hematite ore-based high-density concrete making it a useful construction material for radiotherapy accelerator vaults. Similar values of linear attenuation coefficients are observed for all the above-mentioned X-ray beam energies when cement is replaced with fly-ash in ordinary concrete, hematite-based high-density concrete and red-mud-based high-density concrete, making it a good eco-friendly alternative of cement and useful for the construction of radiotherapy vaults.

PurposeThis paper aims at discovering the traditional techniques of Persian architecture for covering large-span spaces with a kind of ribbed vault titled “Karbandi”. This structure is generated by intersecting several arches with a harmonic stellar geometry. Preliminary studies show that span factor affects the structural form of karbandi and large-span cases, despite similar architectural forms, have different structural systems and specific construction methods. The main focus of this paper is how karbandi has been designed and built on large-spans. To answer this question, the configuration and construction of a large-span karbandi in Tabriz Bazaar were recognized.Design/methodology/approachData collection of the research was initially done in three parallel directions through the archival study of restoration documents, direct observation of the corpus of the vaultings and interviews with the master mason of the Haj-Mohammad-Qoli Timche restoration team. Then by cross-referencing the gathered data, the construction process of the karbandi was simulated in Rhino 6 and Grasshoppers software and its BIM-M models were created in three levels of development: LOD300, LOD350 and LOD400. In the next step, the preliminary BIM-M models of the karbandi were presented to the interviewed mason and revised and completed based on his comments.FindingsAnalyzing the BIM models by reverse engineering, resulted in (1) Discovering a unique self-supporting masonry construction method applied for the erection of karbandi vaulting on large-spans. (2) Finding the effect of scale factor on the architectural and structural form of the karbandi vault. (3) Discovering the connection types of the karbandi vault based on the construction details.Originality/valueDespite the wide applications of karbandi vaults throughout history, very little information of their construction techniques is available. The techniques have mostly been experientially and orally passed down from masters to apprentices and rarely been documented. The quest to design and construct a karbandi vault is therefore like solving a puzzle whose most important guide is historical cases. Due to the geometric complexity of karbandi and its ability to cover large-span spaces, solving the puzzle can lead to achieving some technical ideas for masonry cross-ribbed vaulting. A great riddle of the karbandi vaults is how to design and build them on a large span.

Extracting entities and relations, as a crucial part of many tasks in natural language processing, transforms the unstructured text information into structured information and provides corresponding data support for knowledge graph (KG) and knowledge vault (KV) construction. Nevertheless, the mainstream relation-extraction methods, the pipeline method and the joint method, ignore the dependency between the subject entity and the object entity. This work introduces a pre-trained BERT model and a dilated gated convolutional neural network (DGCNN) as an encoder to distinguish the long-range semantics representation from the input sequence. In addition, we propose a cross-attention neural network as a decoder to learn the importance of each subject word for each word of the input sequence. Experiments were undertaken with two extensive datasets, the New York Times Corpus (NYT) and WebNLG Corpus, and showed that our model performs significantly better than the CasRel model, outperforming the baseline by 1.9% and 0.7% absolute gain in terms of F1-score.

With the emergence of the first organized societies and state formations, construction activity was inextricably linked with the methods of material realization. Even when there were no separate professions of civil engineer and architect, quite complex structures were erected, the construction of arches and vaults allowed to cover huge spaces. Professional skills in the field of construction developed in the process of building associations, so architecture and the beginnings of civil engineering intertwined into a single conglomeration of empirical knowledge passed from teachers to students and consolidated directly in the constructed facilities. The strength of the structure was achieved through the balancing of the structural system and proven in practice methods of load distribution. Construction techniques passed from one era to another, taking into account differences in cultures and worldviews. Each historical culture developed its own style, which reflected the peculiarities of its worldview. The ideological and symbolic content of architecture in those days, of course, dominated the means of functional organization and design solutions. Subsequently, architecture and civil engineering became separate disciplines, which were supplemented by additional ones. Initially, architectural education was provided within art academies, but with the advent of the first educational institutions that graduated civil engineers, it began to be provided there. At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries, the rationalist approach to architecture became increasingly popular. When the final distinction between engineering and architectural training in universities took place, a number of both positive and negative consequences of this phenomenon emerged. Currently, the dominance of construction technology and the widespread introduction of standard architectural solutions have led to the idea that architects can be replaced by developers who need to complete any accelerated courses. To correct the situation at least to some extent, it is necessary to understand that technology exists for the implementation of architectural solutions, and not vice versa.

Abstract This research shows the results of an experimental campaign of masonry specimens tested until failure. The masonry is made of special voussoirs for the construction of arches and vaults. The voussoirs were made of plain concrete. The experimental campaign focused on obtaining the flexural and the compressive strength of this type of masonry specimens. Specimens were subjected to compressive loads with different eccentricities to obtain the axial load–bending moment interaction diagrams, which indicate the strength of these pieces against eccentric compression. The ultimate purpose of this research is to foresee the behavior of structural elements, such as arches and lowered vaults with a circular directrix, built using this type of voussoirs. These structural elements aim to reintroduce anti‐funicular structural elements in bridges, culvert, tunnel, floor, and roof of buildings. Constructions that solve the basic needs of the population in any country. This innovative idea on a new block geometry, designed specifically for construction of arches, allows covering distances up to 6–7 m. The use of steel is not necessary; therefore, the risk of corrosion is eliminated. Finally, a study on the use of this new masonry type on the statics of arches is assessed.

The emergence of body area networks (BANs) has paved the way for real-time sensing of human biometrics in addition to remote control of smart wireless medical devices, which in turn are beginning to revolutionize the smart healthcare industry. However, due to their limited power and computational capabilities, they are vulnerable to a myriad of security attacks. To secure BAN sensors against these threats processor-intensive cryptographic techniques need to be avoided as they are not suitable in this context. This article focuses on authentication service for BAN sensors and proposes an original scheme named “RAFV: Rotational Assisted Fuzzy Vaults” to harden the security of any authentication solution using the fuzzy vault construction approach. The evaluation results have shown that RAFV can successfully conceal the secret of the vault even if the locking elements are known to the adversary. Also, RAFV may improve upon communication overhead by enabling a reduction in the size of the vault without compromising its security. It has achieved all of this while remaining competitive with regards to additional computational overhead.

ABSTRACT Auguste Fabre was a French contractor specialized in the construction of masonry vaults. He founded his company in 1896 and patented different systems of light and economic vaults, among them one for tile vaults. Fabre built thousands of vaults in France, Belgium and Algeria, some of them of great importance, such as the dome of the Petit Palais for the international exhibition in Paris in 1900, or the dome of the Congo Museum in Tervuren (Belgium). Historicism was a breeding ground for the construction of vaults, however, there is scarce technical documentation about them in the journals of the time. This paper explains the work of Auguste Fabre, his patents and some of his buildings, focusing in particular on the construction of tile vaults