Construction Of Tanks Research Articles

The potential benefits of rainwater harvesting for households in the Jaffna Peninsula

Recent development activities in the Jaffna Peninsula are threatening the viability of the region’s natural groundwater supply. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) represents one important approach to remedying this situation. By accumulating freshwater during Jaffna’s wet season, household RWH systems can supply drinking and cooking water for use during the water-limited dry season. Additionally, a RWH calculator created by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) can be used to customize a RWH system for each family given particular household parameters such as rooftop size and daily extraction rate. When paired with cost estimates for tank construction, a RWH installation cost-benefit analysis can be determined for either a specific household or for a collection of households within the Jaffna region.

PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR TREATMENT WETLAND APPLICATION FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN DISPERSED DEVELOPMENT

The aim of the paper is to present the conducted analyses of pre-feasibility study of different approaches for wastewater management in a settlement of 180 persons. In the assessment both technical and economic aspects were analyzed. The costs were calculated for three different and, at the same time, most popular as well as possible technical solutions like: (i) construction of local wastewater treatment plant with gravitational and pressurized networks, (ii) construction of single family wastewater treatment plants, (iii) construction of sealed septic tanks. Carried out analyses of investment and maintenance costs revealed that at the stage of construction the most expensive is local sewer network with treatment plant, while the construction of a single family treatment plant has similar cost regardless of the technology used. When the long term operation and investment cost are accounted the most economical reasonable solution is the application of wetland treatment for household wastewater treatment.

ЛАЗЕРНАЯ И ГИБРИДНАЯ ЛАЗЕРНО-ДУГОВАЯ СВАРКА ХЛАДОСТОЙКИХ СТАЛЕЙ С СОДЕРЖАНИЕМ НИКЕЛЯ ДО 9%

Heat treated 9%Ni steel is considered the most suitable and economic material for construction of large-size liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tanks which operate at cryogenic temperatures (-196°C). Strength above 700 MPa as well as a minimum impact value of 60 J are required to ensure reliable operation of the LNG tanks at operating temperature. Conventional arc welding processes, including shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding and submerged arc welding, are currently used in construction of LNG tanks. Ni based filler wire is the preferred filler metal of choice in LNG tank construction. The main problem with this choice is the lower mechanical properties, particularly tensile strength of the weld metal. To compensate, the wall thickness needs to be excessively thick to ensure the strength of the welded structures. Ni based filler material is expensive and a large quantity is needed to fill the multi-pass weld grooves. These factors significantly add to the cost in the fabrication of LNG storage tanks. For these reasons, exploration of new welding technologies is a priority. A big potential can be seen in laser based welding techniques. Laser beam welding results in much smaller fusion Zone with chemical composition and mechanical properties similar to that of the base material. Laser welding is a much faster process and allows for a joint geometry which requires less filler material and fewer welding passes. The advantages of laser welding can help to overcome the Problems pointed out above. Trials of autogenous laser welding, laser cold-wire welding and hybrid laser-arc welding conducted on the 9%Ni steel are presented in this paper. Chemical composition of the weld metal as well as effects of welding parameters on the weld formation, microstructure and tensile strength is discussed. Filler wire penetration depth as well as character of its distribution in the narrow laser welds was examined using EPMA - electron probe microanalysis.

LNG低温储罐罐壁保冷施工技术研究

LNG低温储罐的保冷施工是罐体施工的关键工序，而罐壁的保冷施工既是保冷施工的重点也是施工难点。罐壁保冷层具有结构设计复杂、高空作业多、安装标准高的特点，在施工中要严格遵循规定的程序和技术要求，而施工全程的安全高效、施工的质量控制等问题的解决是LNG低温储罐罐壁保冷工作顺利实施的重要保证。文章以模拟LNG低温储罐罐壁空间进行保冷施工为例，对罐壁保冷层的结构特点、施工顺序、施工方法等内容进行详细叙述。 The cold insulation construction of LNG low-temperature storage tank is the key process of construction of tank shell and the cold insulation construction of tank wall is both key point and difficult point of cold insulation construction. The cold insulation layer of tank wall is with characteristics of complicated structure design, frequent overhead operation and high-standard installation, strictly abiding by stipulated procedure and technique requirements during construction. And solution to problems of safety and high efficiency during whole process of construction and control of construction quality is important guarantee of carrying out cold insulation construction of LNG low-temperature storage tank wall smoothly. This paper cites simulation of cold insulation of LNG low-temperature storage tank wall as example and describes detail contents of structure characteristics of cold insulation layer of tank wall, construction procedure and construction methods.

The Advance Experience of Foreign Top-level Think Tanks and its Enlightment to the Construction of Chinese University Think-Tank

This paper expounds the development course and current situation of foreign top-level Think Tank, and analyzes the important effects of foreign colleges and universities Think Tank in supporting national scientific decision-making and rapid development. It analyzes the development course and advanced experience of top-level Think Tank in America and other countries. The paper summaries the advance experiences, combines with the background and features of Think Tank construction of colleges and universities in China. It puts forward that Chinese colleges and universities Think Tank should aim at the national strategic needs, play the advantages of talents gathering and main innovation force, insist on opening, and set constructing professional colleges and universities Think Tank as the breakthrough point. The think tanks produce strategic consulting research results with high quality. The paper proposes the reference effect of foreign Think Tank on characteristic Think Tank construction of colleges and universities in China and the development strategy recommendations.

Economic and environmental analysis of five Chinese rural toilet technologies based on the economic input–output life cycle assessment

Building toilets are critical infrastructure to promote public health. The current sanitation technology in developed countries is based on diluting human excreta with large volumes of centrally provided potable water. This approach is a poor use of water resources and is also inefficient and energy intensive, which is not suitable for water-shortage rural areas of northern China. Therefore, comprehensive schemes of Chinese rural toilets, including standard flushing, rainwater harvesting flushing systems, urine separation and composting systems, were considered in this study by means of five scenarios simulation. Economic net present value method was adopted for economic analysis and economic input–output life cycle assessment model based on Chinese economic input–output table and life cycle database was developed for comparing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission implications, aiming to guide the selection of toilet schemes. A mountainous village in Mentougou District of Beijing was taken as the example. Based on total cost and net present value method, the results showed that scenario 5, namely urine diverting composting systems, outweighed the other four alternatives on the cost even in the different discount rates ranging from 0% to 10%; scenario 3, namely urine-diversion and potable water flushing toilet, was sub-optimal economic solution which net present value was negative when discount rate was over 8%. This study also present scenario 3's environmental superiority to scenario 5 on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission. These two technologies were proved viable options for standard flushing toilet. Nevertheless, for another two scenarios of rainwater harvesting flushing toilets, they had higher amounts of investment, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission due to the high investment on rainwater tank construction. Moreover, the vast majority of construction materials required high energy consumption and were carbon intensive sectors in China. Finally, some suggestions were given for the implementation of urine separation toilets and composting toilets in the practical application. Meanwhile, impact of the rising water price in selecting alternative technologies and tradeoff about the priority consideration for rural toilet technologies were analyzed in this study. Considering the great significance of rainwater harvesting toilet technology to save the water resources, measures of how much government should subsidize for guarantee its extension and motivation was discussed as well.

Experimental investigation of Steel–Concrete–Polymer composite barrier for the ship internal tank construction

Transportation of dangerous cargo by ships demands ensuring an appropriate protection level in case of an accident. Two of the most dangerous accident types resulting in an oil spill are grounding and ship to ship collision. The article presents results of research on a new composite construction for a ship hull that increases structural safety during collision. The concept of semi-elastic Steel–Concrete–Polymer structure is presented. The most important results of the research are discussed. The resistance to collision and grounding of the new sandwich solution is investigated by means of two independent large scale experiments. The first collision experiment was conducted on a reference ship section representative for a double bottom or a double side of a ship. The second test was performed on a construction similar to the first one, but with an additional semi-elastic protective barrier. Both ship sections were loaded in the same manner by a sphere-shaped intender simulating the assumed collision scenario. On the basis of large-scale collision experiments the new solution of semi-elastic protective barrier was proven to significantly increase resistance to collision and grounding.

Numerical Analysis of Fluid Motion Inside Partially Filled Container Which is Moving in Unsteady Way

Abstract The paper describes the behavior of the liquid in a container that moves with a constant speed along a track consisting of three arcs. Such a complicated track shape generates complex form of inertia forces acting on the liquid and generates the sloshing effect. The behavior of the tank container vehicle is affected by the time-dependent inertia forces associated with the transient sloshing motion of the liquid in the non-inertial frame. These internal excitations, acting on a tank construction, can cause a loss of stability of the vehicle. For that reason, the authors analyze the dynamic loads acting on the walls of the tank truck container. The variation of the position of the liquid cargo gravity center, that depends on the filling level of the container, is also analyzed. The simulations were performed according to the varying fill level, which was 20%, 50% and 80% of a liquid in the whole tank volume. The simulations were carried out for a one-compartment container. Another aim of this study was the investigation of the influence of container division (tank with one, two and three compartments) on behavior of the liquid. These simulations considered only the half-filled container which was treated as a dangerous configuration prohibited by the law regulations for one-compartment tank. The results of simulation are presented in the form of visualization of temporary liquid free surface shape, variation of forces and moments, as well as frequency analysis. The results of simulation were analyzed, and some general conclusion were derived, providing the material for future investigation and modifications of the law regulations.

The Hyper-K experiment: Present and R&D for the next decade

Hyper Kamiokande (Hyper-K), a proposed one-megaton water Cherenkov detector is the logical continuation of the highly successful program of neutrino physics and proton decay using the water Cherenkov technique. In its baseline design, the Hyper-K detector consists of two cylindrical tanks lying side-by-side, the outer dimensions of each tank being 48m×54m×250m. The inner detector region will be instrumented with 99,000 20in. photo-sensors. Hyper-K will offer a broad program of physics and astrophysics including precise measurements of the lepton mixing matrix and leptonic CP asymmetry with accelerator and atmospheric neutrinos and searches for nucleon decay. An international collaboration has been intensively working on the R&D of key components such as optimization of cavern and tank construction, development of high performance photosensor, calibration, readout and trigger systems, J-PARC neutrino beam improvement, and development of simulation and reconstruction software. In addition, new near detectors are being designed that employ novel techniques to maximise the Hyper-K beam physics potential. An overview of the R&D for Hyper-K and its near detectors is presented.

Environmental and geometric optimisation of cylindrical drinking water storage tanks

Urban water cycle construction processes are an important element to consider when assessing the sustainability of urban areas. The present study focuses on a structural and environmental analysis of cylindrical water tanks. The goal is to optimise cylindrical water tanks from both an environmental (environmental impacts due of life cycle assessment (LCA)) and a geometric perspective (building material quantities for construction purposes depending on the tank characteristics). A sample of 147 cases was defined based on different positions (buried, superficial and partially buried), dimensions (combinations of heights and radii) and storage capacities (between 100 and 10,000 m3). A structural analysis was conducted for a defined set of cases to determine the quantities of steel and concrete required for its construction. The environmental impacts of the entire life cycle were assessed through a life cycle assessment (LCA). Additionally, environmental standards (the less impactful option for each dimension assessed: geometry, storage capacity and position) defined in the study were applied to realistic cases to evaluate potential environmental savings. The LCA shows that materials are the main contributor to environmental impacts (more than transport, installation and end of life cycle stages). For this reason, the results of the structural and environmental assessments coincide. Taller water tanks have shown to be less impactful (60 to 70 % less impact for a 10.000-m3 tank). Regarding the position, superficial water tanks have shown to have between 15 and 35 % less impact than buried ones. The environmentally preferred water storage capacity is between 1000 and 2500 m3, being between 20 and 40 % less impact. For instance, an 8000-m3 tank would emit 1040 t of CO2 eq. Applying the environmental standards 170.5 t of CO2 eq could be saved (16 % of the total amount). The results of this study show that among the cases analysed, superficially positioned cylindrical water tanks of 8.5 m in height and of between 1000 and 2500 m3 in storage capacity present fewer impacts. The use of these standards in municipal water tanks construction projects may significantly reduce environmental impacts (10 to 40 %) in all impact categories.

Optimal sizing of storage tanks in domestic rainwater harvesting systems: A linear programming approach

This paper proposes an optimization model to determine the optimal tank size of a single residential housing unit for rainwater harvesting and storage. Taking into account the site specific data such as the rainfall profile, the roof area of the building, the water consumption per capita and the number of residents, an integrated optimization model based on linear programming is proposed to decide on the size of rainwater storage tank to build such that the net present value of the total tank construction costs and freshwater purchase costs is minimized. The proposed model was tested on a case study from Northern Cyprus, the results of which emphasized the feasibility of rainwater harvesting as a sustainable supplement to the depleting aquifers in the region. The study also offers managerial insights on the impact of various parameters such as the number of residents, roof area, discount rate, water consumption per capita, unit cost of building the rainwater tank, and rainfall characteristics on the optimal tank size and on the net financial benefit gained from rainwater harvesting through detailed sensitivity analysis.

Research on Path of the New Colleges and Universities Think Tank Construction With Chinese Characteristics

Think tank construction and development level are gradually becoming an important component of a national governance system. Has also become an influence in the world political power structure and economic order which sustained significant changes “soft power”. Think tank in response to the challenges of globalization, it must play an irreplaceable role to give advice and suggestions to the government. Universities Think tank it is one of the important forces on Chinese Think tank construction. The construction of the new universities think tank with Chinese characteristics under the new historical conditions of service of the government scientific decision making, to solve development problems, the urgent need for comprehensive deepening reform, to enhance or improve the country’s soft power, promoting national governance systems and governance ability modernization in great significance. According to the resources of advantages, the policy research process, achievement publication, promotion programs and many other perspective views, Chinese University think tank has the official and unique Think tank and among them Think tanks do not have the unique advantage. But there are also the outcome of the decision making contribution to the think tank is low, the problem social influence is not strong and so on. China’s University think tank construction is facing new development opportunities, how to maximize an elaboration in universities Think tank advantages and characteristics. At the same time, effectively avoid new problems which may arise, it is the key point of this research.

Rooftop level rainwater harvesting system

Unfortunately, in Lebanon and other countries in the Middle East region, water becomes scarcer than ever before, and over the last decades the demand on domestic water has increased due to population and economic growth. Although rainwater harvesting is considered to be a safe and reliable alternative source for domestic water, the inconvenience or impracticalities related to the cost and space needed for the construction of ground or underground storage tanks makes this practice not widely common in rural areas and rarely implemented in urban cities. This paper introduces a new technique to rainwater harvesting which can be easily used in both rural and urban areas: it collects and stores rainwater directly in tanks already installed on building roofs and not necessarily in special ground or underground ones. If widely adopted in Lebanon, this technique could help in: (1) collecting around 23 MCM (70 % of the current deficit in the domestic water supply) of rainwater and thus increasing the available water per m2 of building by 0.4 m3 per year, (2) saving around 7 % of the amount of electric energy usually needed to pump water from an aquifer well and ground or underground tank, and (3) considerably reducing the rate of surface runoff of rainwater at the coastal zones where rainwater is not captured at all and goes directly to the sea.

Recent perspectives for ferrocement

Ferrocement is the oldest form of the reinforced concrete, dating back two centuries. It is composed of mortar and galvanized steel wire mesh. It is used for a wide range of application including construction of boats, water tanks, slabs and roofs, and lining of tunnels. Nowadays, reinforced concrete is widely known and used material, whereas ferrocement has limited applications. Properties such as high strength/weight ratio and good resistance to cracking and impact loadings are bringing ferrocement under the spotlight again. New applications have been developed in the recent years, such as low cost dwelling buildings and strengthening of a wide variety of structural elements. However, these applications are still in their first stages. The aim of this paper is to summarize existing literature on the use of ferrocement and to discuss new applications of ferrocement.

A Novel Solution for Biogas Applications in Poultry Industry: CLAMBS approach

Chicken manure has high solid and high ammonia content which dictates the dilution of feed material with huge amount of freshwater in order to minimize ammonia toxicity, if it is to be digested alone. In this study, a novel approach is presented to significantly minimize fresh water need for biogas application and to eliminate the construction of costly digestate storage tanks. For this purpose, membrane process which allows recycling of digestate after ammonia removal was integrated to the conventional biogas system. Therefore, the selection of proper membranes for the removal of ammonia from digestate was carried out by testing six different types of Nano Filtration (NF) membranes (NF270, NF245, NF200, NF90, NF-NF, NP010) and three different types of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes (BW30, SW30, X20) in cross flow microfiltration experiments. The performance of the membranes was tested by monitoring parameters such as pH, conductivity, COD, TN, NO2-N, NO3-N, TP in the permeate under various operating conditions. NF90 (83%) and X20 (92%) type membranes were found to be most effective for the removal of TN from the digestate. Moreover, COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) removal efficiency reached up to 99% for both NF90 and X20 membrane.

GIS Based Mapping of Groundwater Fluctuations in Bina Basin

Groundwater is a precious and most widely distributed distinguished resource of the earth and unlike any other natural resource, it gets annual replenishment from the precipitation. Knowledge of spatial and temporal behavior of groundwater is utmost important for its management. Levels of groundwater are generally gathered at random points. But for groundwater modelling, the measured groundwater levels are often required to be interpolated at the grid nodes. In the present study Kriging technique was used to interpolate the groundwater levels in Bina river sub-basin of Betwa river Basin in drought affected Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh. Spherical Model was found the best fit after drawing a semi-variogram from the output of the spatial correlation operation. Also, the best parameters for nugget, sill and range were obtained from the best fit spherical model. Interpolation of pre and post monsoon groundwater levels was carried out for the year 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. Finally, the water table fluctuation maps were generated showing the fluctuation in the pre monsoon period between the years, 1995-2000, 1995-2005 and 1995-2010 and the areas under rising/falling trend of groundwater table were delineated. The study shall be useful for planning groundwater development in Bina river basin and to suggest alternate cropping pattern for sustainable water resource development in part of Sagar and Raisen districts. The results reveal that the groundwater table in the central to northwest part of Bina watershed is declining in recent years. The groundwater recharge may be improved by construction of percolation tanks and farm ponds in the lower most corner of thegricultural fields.

The Artificial Additives Effect to Soil Deformation Characteristics of Oil and Oil Products Storage Tanks Foundation

The comprehensive analysis was carried for searching the ways of load reduction to the environment in the process of oil and oil products tanks construction and maintenance. The laboratory studies results of expanded polystyrene granules adding effect in an average size sandy soil to a relative vertical deformation of the obtained mixture under the loadings arising under the tanks bottom for a liquid hydrocarbons storage in the process of their maintenance are presented.

Research of Large LNG Tank Structure

In recent years, the demand of Large LNG storage tank increases over time, but large LNG cryogenic storage tank has not yet established a series of standards and norms, and tank construction technology is also lagging behind. Aiming at the design of the tank form a single, smaller, did not tackle the issue of, this paper mainly discusses from Large LNG tanks, such as type, material selection, structure ,size optimization and so on, which can provide reference for independent construction of storage tank.

The Effect of Land Use on Water Quality in Lam Takong Basin, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand

The water quality assessment of Lam Takong River and tributaries, from 20 stations, 6 times (October and December, 2008; February, April, June and August, 2009), revealed that overall water quality was in class 3 of Thailand surface water standard, except NH3-N, P and BOD. The maximum of NH3-N (12.6 mg/L), Phosphate 2.7 mg/L and BOD (8.7 mg/L) were found at Quartermaster Department Royal Thai Army Bridge, Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality pump in Lam Takong reservoir and Ban Ta Krasang, respectively, causing class 4 surface water standard in these areas. Moreover, trophic level of Lam Ta Khong River was mesotrophic; except they were meso-eutrophic after passing through Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality, Ban Ta Krasung, and Kan Pom dam before reaching Mool River. The season also affected on water quality. The value of pH, DO, BOD and NH3-N were significantly higher in dry season (p<0.01), while temperature, salinity and TSS were significantly lower in dry season (p<0.01). However, turbidity, TOC, NO3, NO2 and Chlorophyll-a in rainy season were higher than dry season but not statistically different. Pearson’s Correlation of 9 land use types on water quality showed that urban area was correlated with BOD, DO, NH3-N, PO4 and Chlorophyll-a (0.425, 0.380, -0.259, 0.445, and 0.339, respectively) higher than industrial area, scrub forest and water body. However, nitrate was mostly correlated with water body. Later, statistical models were developed from these results. WAPS was used to predict water quality in Lam Takong River. Three scenarios (present, 10 years, and 10 years with 25% BOD reduction) were simulated. The model predicts that water quality still decreases when flow through Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality. The minimum DO would reach 1 mg/L in ten years. However, if 25% BOD are reduced by future wastewater treatment plant and septic tank construction, the minimum DO would be 2.75 mg/L.

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of 9%Ni Steels Used for the Construction of LNG Storage Tanks

The growing needs for energy combined with the will to reduce CO2 emissions lead to the increase of the demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG), which will be stably available for many decades to come. Cryogenic materials used for the manufacture of the inner tanks for LNG storage are composed of 9% Ni steel plates with excellent low-temperature toughness, great ductility and crack resistance for a high safety level. To guarantee the reliability and safe operation of large-scale metallic structures exposed to cryogenic temperatures for extended periods, it is important to evaluate structural and mechanical properties of the metal base as well as the welded zone in their own operating conditions in order to prevent damages that could occur.