Construction Of Tanks Research Articles

Field report: Roofwater harvesting on the coastal islands of Guinea-Bissau: rainwater tank construction adapted to the local context

The Republic of Guinea-Bissau in West Africa is not a well-known country. The islands in the south-west are part of a flat and ‘salty’ coastal landscape with severe drinking water problems. The NGO ‘Iagu Limpo – Tabanka San’ (Clean Water – Healthy Village) has adapted cement water tanks – called Balanta tanks – to the context in this part of the world. Using clay blocks as a stable and inexpensive formwork avoids the problem of an unstable mould and thus reduces materials needed. More than 1,000 of these tanks exist in Guinea-Bissau and numbers are increasing fast. A MAPP (Method of Assessment of Projects and Programmes) exercise has shown the importance users attach to the tanks; they are an integral part of their lives. People appreciate them as a source of clean water for drinking, whereas water for other purposes (such as cleaning, washing) usually comes from wells (often with brackish water). Readers interested in this innovative and simple way to build and spread rainwater tanks can join training courses or send masons to work with trained masons in Guinea-Bissau.

Environmental and Economic Life-Cycle Assessment of Municipal Water-Storage Options: Infrastructure Refurbishment versus Replacement

A large proportion of U.S. civil infrastructure will need to be refurbished or replaced in the coming decades. How to do so while considering various aspects of sustainability is a major challenge for engineers, utilities, and government agencies. Additionally, infrastructure decisions have a long time horizon and, as such, the implications of these decisions need to be considered over the life cycle of each project. This study describes a triple-bottom-line analysis that was performed in cooperation with a water utility in the Northeast to quantify the life-cycle economic, environmental, and social impacts of refurbishing or replacing a large water-storage tank. A hybrid environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted and included both on-site use of resources and emissions, as well as those that occur during production and transport of the various materials used in site preparation, construction, and maintenance. The proposed new tank would achieve better water quality and a different overall usable capacity, introducing additional complexity into the comparison. The analysis considered capital and maintenance costs, life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, water consumption, human health impacts, and ecotoxicity, as well as local societal impacts such as congestion costs, noise, and the effect of aesthetic changes on property values. The results show that refurbishing the existing tank is preferable to new tank construction across all environmental impact categories, both in absolute terms and when normalized by the amount of high-quality water storage provided. Economic and societal cost analyses also preferred tank refurbishment, with significant variations depending on maintenance schedule and assumed tank lifetimes. This analysis provides detailed, quantitative data to support project decision making at the municipal level and demonstrates generally the application of multicriteria sustainability assessment to civil infrastructure planning.

Research on Vault Plate Installation Technology of LNG Storage Tank

Vault installation is one of the important parts of the LNG storage tank construction. Due to the large size, installation of high accuracy and the influence affected by complex factors such as wind load in hoisting process, the installation procedure is always controlled by artificial way which is low efficiency and a big risk. In this paper installation process is optimized. According to the structural characteristics of vault plate, this paper proposes a new kind of installation guide equipment and analyses the process of guiding, which can help vault plate realizing itself position. The equipment can greatly improve the installation accuracy and working efficiency, and also can reduce the risk of installation. The technology of vault plate installation of LNG storage tank has important practical value and significance.

LNG Tank Dome Air Raising Technology Research Based on Closed-Loop Tension Control

LNG gains popularity as a kind of clean and efficient energy, LNG tank dome air raising installation technology is a key problem for tank construction, chain preloaded is adopted in traditional balance guidance device, the wire rope tension cant maintain a constant in air raising, which brings great safety hidden trouble. In this paper, the tension control technology based on closed-loop was put forward, the tension control device was designed and the hydraulic system principle was designed. Tensioning force can be adjusted automatically in the air raising process by researching on LNG dome air raising technology based on closed-loop tension control. It is of great significance for improving the efficiency and safety in the process of air raising .

초고속선 실험을 위한 신형식 예인전차의 현가장치 설계시안

In the conventional towing tank, the ordinary towing carriage has a speed barrier which caused not only by the limitation of the length of towing tank but also the limitation of acceleration. Therefore the length of the towing tank should be decided carefully from the planning stage of the towing tank construction. Consequently the acceleration of the towing carriage should be taken less than 0.06g practically to avoid the slip of the wheel on rail. Due to the increasing demand of the high speed experiments on the development of special novel ship, the requirement of the high speed towing carriage is continuously increased recently. When the minimum measuring time of the towing experiment is prescribed as five seconds, the carriage should be accelerated with higher than 0.12 g to get the speed of 18 m/sec even in the towing tank having a length of 400m in length approximately. This means that the requirement of acceleration is bigger than twice of the ordinary practices of carriage acceleration. In such a condition the exerted total power of motor could not converted to traction force for the acceleration of the carriage without slip. To over come these difficulties a pair of horizontal traction wheels are reinforced to each of the ordinary vertical carrier wheel and appropriate suspension system has been devised for the towing tank of super high speed operation. It is believed that the design of novel suspension system adaptable for the high speed acceleration of towing carriage will play a important role as a reference for the remodeling of the towing tank for high speed experiment.

LNG내외탱크 사이의 압력흡수용 탄성 Blanket 설계 특성

LNG의 수요 증가와 함께 LNG기지의 저장탱크의 건설도 증가하고 있다. 내부탱크는 9%Ni강재 그리고 외부탱크는 콘크리트가 적용되는 형식의 LNG탱크의 단열은 내외부 탱크 사이에 펄라이트 분말이 충전되며, 이 펄라이트의 압력을 흡수하기 위하여 탄성이 있는 블랭킷을 사용한다. 본 연구에서는 이 블랭킷을 적용함에 있어 그 특성과 내부 탱크에 미치는 압력 등을 해석, 고찰하여 블랭킷의 적정 설계두께, 설계압력 등 설계기준을 얻고자 하였다. 연구결과, 블랭킷의 적정 두께설계 기준은 내외부 탱크 간격의 30~40%가 되었으며, 설계압력 기준은 블랭킷 두께에 따라 2,200~2,700Pa 이하가 적절한 것으로 얻어졌다. The construction of LNG storage tanks has been increased due to the expansion of LNG demand. LNG tanks which consist of an inner cylindrical 9%Ni metal tank and reinforced concrete, are insulated with perlite powder and resilient blanket for absorbing the perlite pressure in insulation annulus between two inner and outer tanks. This study tries to find out the design specifications and characteristics for blanket thickness and design pressure. The results show that the design basis for the blanket thickness should be approximately 30% to 40% of annulus width and the design pressure be applied below 2,200~2,700Pa with blanket thickness.

Pseudo-Dynamic Analysis and Construction Methods of Substructure for Division Plate of New Tank

Combined with practical experience a kind of new horizontal storage tank with separate plate was put forward. In view of the lack of experience in the design of the new tank and limitations of carrying out shaking table test for full scale horizontal storage tank, the pseudo-dynamic analysis of separate plate substructure with 5m diameter is done by using ANSYS finite element software combined with the actual engineering. The fluid loads action and mechanical model were simplified, and elastic-plastic mechanical properties of separate plate substructure under the cyclic loading actions were investigated, then deformation and stress distribution of separate plate were obtained. The design thickness for separate plate which in the horizontal storage tank is verified by finite element analysis and the horizontal tank construction methods is given. These can provide technical support to improve the practical design of large horizontal storage tank.

MENINGKATKAN KAPASITAS MASYARAKAT DALAM MENGATASI RISIKO BENCANA KEKERINGAN

Drought risk in Indonesia , particularly in Java Island will continuously increase. Global warming, environmental degradation, increased population, and poverty will more and more increase drought risk faced by the community. It is estimated that approximately 77% of the districts and cities in Java Island have experienced one to eight months of water deficit in one year. In 2025 the number of districts and cities experience water deficit will become 78.4% with a deficit from one month to twelve months or one full year. To reduce the risk posed by drought, community’spreparedness will need to be enhanced through the provision of water to deal with drought. Several rain harvesting techniques such as construction of water reservoirs, water tanks and absorption wells, as well as conservation of ground water, may be applied in high risks areas. Such rain harvesting techniques have indeed been implemented in many areas by traditional communities. Community’s capacity may be enhanced through continuous drought risk reduction programs that are based in the grassroots level and involve all relevant stakeholders. The role ofthe community becomes very crucial because in reality the people and local organizations constitute the keys in disaster risk reduction initiatives. The present initiatives involve community’s participation that is based on the following principles: based on the problems faced and the opportunities available in the community; using feasible solutions; encouraging partnerships with external parties; employing local knowledge and skills; focusing on the original conditions; and with clearly visible outputs.

Manuscript: How CFD Modeling and Field Sampling Can Help Unravel Chlorine Contact Tank Problems and Avoid Construction of New Tanks for Dechlorination

Manuscript: How CFD Modeling and Field Sampling Can Help Unravel Chlorine Contact Tank Problems and Avoid Construction of New Tanks for Dechlorination

Rainwater use in airports: A case study in Brazil

Great water consumption in airports is one reason they present high potential for the implementation of policies to promote water rational use. The use of alternative water sources such as rainwater to meet or complement non-potable demands is a global trend which gains strength as water shortages increase. This paper investigates the water consumption profile in a mid-size airport in Brazil in order to determine the non-potable demand associated with the activities performed in these environments. Moreover, a simulation analysis method (daily water balance) was used to assess the performance of rainwater tanks fitted to groups of buildings in the airport considering historical daily rainfall data, roof area, tank volume and water demand. Given a previously defined tank volume, the performance of the system was assessed in terms of reliability, defined as percentage of days in a year when the rainwater tank is able to supply the intended partial demand and efficiency, or the percentage of total water demand which is satisfied exclusively by harvested rainwater. The economic feasibility of rainwater tanks made of concrete or fiberglass was assessed using the net present value model as well as the payback period of such investment. The results indicate that the non-potable demand represents 65% of total water consumption in the airport. The construction of rainwater tanks to supply such demand can provide potable water savings (efficiency) from 66 to 100% with reliability between 57 and 100% and payback periods from 3.4 to 23 years for tank sizes between 100 and 1000m3. For volumes up to 100m3, fiberglass tanks provided shorter payback periods whereas for volumes greater than 100m3, the payback periods for concrete tanks were shorter.

High tolerance to fluctuating salinity allows Sargassum thunbergii germlings to survive and grow in artificial habitat of full immersion in intertidal zone

In this study, a four-way factorial experimental design (three temperatures, four salinities, two frequencies and three durations of osmotic stress) was used to test the tolerance of Sargassum thunbergii germlings shortly released from fertile thalli to osmotic stress. Results showed that the growth and survival of germlings were significantly affected by salinity and duration of osmotic stress, rather than by osmotic frequency. In addition to the main effects, all two-way, three-way and four-way interactions between the four stresses on the growth were significant. Germlings showed quick growth with relative growth rate (RGR, % day −1) over 16% when cultured at 32 psu combined with 30 °C. Although growths of germlings subjected to hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic conditions were significantly inhibited, RGRs over 12% were obtained except for those at 35 °C with the RGRs below 10%. In comparison to growth, survival was more tolerant to osmotic stress. Germlings showed high survivals over 60% when exposed to most osmotic stresses, by the end of experiment. Only under extreme conditions (12 psu for 4 h or 8 h at 35 °C) were the survivals reduced to below 10%. Although the effects of osmotic stress on the growth and survival were significant, germlings exhibited quick growth and high survival under most conditions. And those extreme conditions which had great destructive effect on germlings barely exist in field. Therefore, the construction of artificial tanks is feasible for the restoration of S. thunbergii beds in the intertidal zone.

Feasibility Study of Low Cost Concrete Products as an Appropriate Alternative Construction Material in the Rwandan Construction Industry

This study was carried out as an investigation into concrete products as an appropriate alternative for plastic, rubble stone and steel in the construction of domestic water tanks, door and window frames in the Rwandan construction industry. This project is an innovation aimed at adding value to the available resources of materials and personnel to expose untapped opportunities that are beneficial to the Rwandan community and the world in general through conservation of the environment and creation of employment. In a similar sense, this effort responds to the result of too much consumption of wood products in this rapidly growing infrastructure sector and calls for alternatives such as concrete in construction of door and window frames .In order to answer the research objectives, the researchers opted to observe, carry out demonstrations/ modeling, views of the end users of the product especially for water tanks. Data gathered from this research instrument were then computed and interpreted. Along with primary data, the researchers also made use of secondary resources in the form of published articles and literatures to support the survey results. Curved interlocking concrete blocks are affordable, environment friendly, labour intensive and use locally available materials, adoptable by both the rural and urban settings, uses local materials and uses local labour hence providing employment. At the end, these products were compared with conventional materials for their costs and maintenance. The results show promise as new construction material suitable for use in Rwanda. However, use of concrete for door and window frames is new to Rwanda and should further be investigated for adoptability.

Tolerance of Sargassum thunbergii germlings to thermal, osmotic and desiccation stress

The construction of artificial seaweed beds in the intertidal zone is a challenge due to extreme levels of physical stress. In order to provide a basis for the construction using the dispersal of microscopic juveniles, a three-way factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the tolerance of Sargassum thunbergii germlings shortly released from fertile thalli to temperature, salinity and desiccation in this study. Results revealed that temperature, salinity and desiccation significantly affected the growth and survival of germlings. Germlings showed rapid growth with relative growth rate (RGR, % day −1) over 16% when cultured at 25 °C and full immersion in normal seawater. Although growths of germlings subjected to moderate conditions were significantly inhibited, RGRs over 13% were obtained. The RGRs of germlings below 10% were observed only at 35 °C and 9 h desiccation treatments. In comparison to growth, survival was less affected by physical stress. Germlings showed low mortalities below 10% under appropriate conditions (25 °C and 30 °C combined with full immersion), and below 60% under moderate conditions, by the end of experiment. However, the mortality rates increased to over 90% under extreme conditions (9 h desiccation and 35 °C combined with full immersion in salinity of 12). These results showed that S. thunbergii germlings had high tolerance to physical stresses. In addition to the main effects, both two-way and three-way interactions between temperature, salinity and desiccation were significant. Based on the magnitude of effect, desiccation was the predominant factor affecting both growth and survival. According to the results, construction of artificial tanks in natural habitat to minimize desiccation may be an effective strategy for S. thunbergii restoration using germlings.

An assessment of solutions for combating water shortage in Cyprus: the views of citizens in the Province of Larnaka

This paper investigates the views of citizens of the Province of Larnaka in Cyprus regarding solutions to combat the problem of water shortage in the area in which they live in. The research was carried out in 2008–2009 and used simple random sampling involving 426 individuals. According to the citizens, the most important solutions to the problem of water shortage are, in order of importance, desalination of seawater; less prodigal use of water; reduction of water losses from the transport network; construction of water dams; and reforestation of non-vegetated areas. These were followed by the construction of lake dams on agricultural land; installation of a water recycling system; construction of trenches in surfaces with steep slopes; protection and creation of agricultural evergreen plantations; use of seawater in pools; use of liquid urban waste for irrigation purposes; and construction of water tanks in houses to take advantage of rainwater. Less accepted solutions were deep tillage of arable land along contour lines; construction of terraces; rangeland management; and transporting water in tankers.

DILLINAL 460/630

Abstract Dillinal is a normalized fine grained steel for construction of tanks. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: SA-621. Producer or source: Dillinger Hütte GTS.

지상식 LNG 저장탱크용 고강도 자기충전 콘크리트의 최적배합에 관한 연구

This study is to performed to find the optimum mix proportion of the high strength and self compacting concrete for the above-ground LNG storage tank construction and field application. If LNG storage tank wall thicknesscan be reduced, the construction cost and quality can be improved by using self-compacting high strength concrete with compressive strength 60~80 MPa. For this purpose, low heat cement (Type IV) and class F fly ash are used in concrete mix to control hydration heat, flowability, and viscosity. Mix design variables of unit water, fly ash replacement ratio, water-binder ratio, and fine aggregate ratio are selected and tested for material properties and manufacturing cost of the concrete. Also, fly ash replacement ratio is considered using confined water ratio test. The test results showed that the optimum mix proportion of the self-compacting high strength concrete characteristics are as follows. 1) In case of the concrete with specified compressive strength of 60 MPa, the optimum mix proportion is fly ash replacement ratio of 20% and water- binder ratio of 27~30%. 2) In case of the concrete with the strength of 80 MPa, the optimum mix proportion is fly ash replacement ratio of 10% and water-binder ratio 25%. But unit water and fine aggregate ratio are 165 and , respectively, regardless of the traget concrete compressive strength range. Also, test results showed that concrete manufacturing cost of 60 MPa and 80 MPa concrete require additional costs of 14~22% and 33%, respectively, compared to the manufacturing cost of 40 MPa concrete. Therefore, application of the self-compacting high strength concrete has proven to be economical in the perspective of the material cost, quality control, and site management.

Comportamento da diarréia infantil antes e após consumo de água pluvial em município do semi-árido Brasileiro

Objetivou-se investigar a correlação entre consumo de água das cisternas e comportamento da diarréia infantil. Estudo quantitativo, transversal, realizado em Canindé-CE, com 56 famílias. As principais fontes de água utilizadas antes da construção das cisternas foram cacimbão (21-37,5%) e açude (17-30,4%). Verificou-se correlação linear, inversamente proporcional e estatisticamente significante, entre a taxa de diarréia infantil e o número de cisternas construídas por ano (r=-0,943; p=0,001). A cloração foi o principal tipo de tratamento da água, antes (46-82,1%) e depois (37-66%) da aquisição das cisternas, porém com diluição incorreta (41-89,2%). As cisternas de captação de água pluvial refletiram na melhoria da saúde infantil na região, contudo a população ainda necessita melhorar as medidas de tratamento da água consumida.

Life-cycle assessment of common water main materials in water distribution networks

This paper examines the economy-wide environmental impacts linked to the manufacturing of PVC and ductile iron (DI) pipes, steel tanks, and to the generation of electricity for pumping in water distribution network optimization. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is used to generate Pareto-optimal solutions of the benchmark ‘Anytown’ network expansion problem. Selected Pareto-optimal solutions of the ‘Anytown’ network are evaluated with an economic input–output life-cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) and 14 environmental measures on air emissions, non-renewable energy use and environmental releases. The major findings suggest that DI and PVC pipe manufacturing and electricity generation activities (for pumping) have higher environmental impacts than steel tank manufacturing and construction activities in the ‘Anytown’ network. The EIO-LCA suggests that DI pipe manufacturing is linked to: (i) carbon monoxide emissions from truck transportation and wholesale trade and (ii) land and underground toxic releases from metal mining activities. PVC pipe manufacturing is linked to: (i) carbon monoxide emissions from truck transportation, (ii) toxic air releases from the plastics material and resin manufacturing sector, (iii) land and underground toxic releases from metal mining and resin manufacturing, and (iv) natural gas use for plastics material and resin manufacturing.

Reducing the Economic Risk of LNG Tank Construction under Conditions of Fluctuating Resource Prices

Fluctuating resource prices affect the costs of the materials used in the construction of LNG (liquid natural gas) tanks. In this paper, methods based on the field experience of the writers for the reduction of the cost of LNG tanks in general and in-ground LNG tanks in particular are discussed. Of the various components of the construction cost, the price of steel materials is a significant contributor. Using a newly defined cost impact index, the costs of construction of different types of LNG tanks are compared. Further, by considering actual examples of the construction of in-ground tanks, important issues relating to the use of steel materials are identified and, by using a cost reduction index, recommendations are made for the reduction of the cost risk during fluctuations in resource prices.

Microstructure Transformation Behaviour of 610 MPa HSLA Steel Plate for 150000 m 3 Oil Storage Tank Construction

Static and dynamic continuous cooling transformations (CCT) of 610 MPa HSLA steel plate for 150000 m 3 oil storage tank construction were measured by using an MMS200 thermomechanical simulation system. It was found that with the increase in cooling rate, the proeutectoid ferrite, pearlite, granular bainite, and lath bainite appeared in the transformed microstructure. Compared with those of static CCT, the transformation points of acicular ferrite, granular bainite, and lath bainite in the dynamic CCT curve were shifted to the left, resulting in an increased acicular ferrite and bainite transformation area.