Construction Business Research Articles

The Theory and Practice of 5D BIM Model for Construction Project Management

This paper explores 5D BIM for construction project management from a theoretical and practical standpoint. Building information modeling (BIM), which enables designers, engineers, contractors, and other team members to more efficiently cooperate using a single digital model of the building, has changed the construction business. In 5D BIM, the two additional dimensions of time and money further improve the model's functionality by allowing for more precise cost estimating, cost control, and project scheduling. This research looks on the main advantages and difficulties of using 5D BIM in building project management. The research assesses how 5D BIM may boost project efficiency, lower risks, and improve project results through a detailed literature review and case studies. It looks on the main advantages and difficulties of using 5D BIM in building project management. The article discovers the various technologies and software tools available for 5D BIM modeling and reviews their capabilities, benefits, and drawbacks. The paper finishes with a list of suggestions, including training programs, communication protocols, and project management approaches, for successfully using 5D BIM in construction project management. Overall, this research offers insightful information about the theory and application of 5D BIM for construction project management, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize the sector and enhance project results.

Factors Contributing to Business Failure in the Construction Industry

As a result of failures of construction companies, economies, owners, governments, creditors, and surety companies receive losses in the form of unfinished projects and responsibilities. Researchers have historically used arbitrary insolvency causes or data that is not readily available to predict construction business failure. In large numbers of studies, it has been demonstrated that identifying the critical factors contributing to the failure of construction businesses does not have a holistic framework, and that such a framework is necessary. As a result, a scoping review study was administered on critical factors contributing to construction industries business failure. Several factors have been discovered as contributing to business failures for construction firms based on research results which will be explored using a scoping review and will be illustrated with a thematic analysis. Additionally, future research is essentially needed to explore some poorly studied critical factors, such as how human capital are organized and managed in an insufficient manner which contribute to construction business failures. Due to the integration of previous works and the use of results for knowledge advancement, the findings presented here are significant contributions to the area of study about business failure in the construction industry. According to the guidelines presented, areas where excessive research occurs will be closed, and areas where further investigation is appropriate will be revealed.

Initiatives to Overcome the Issues and Negative Impacts on the Involvement of Foreign Laborers in the Malaysian Construction Industry

The Malaysian construction industry has been developing and requires a large workforce. Local laborers are not showing much interest in participating due to their perception that construction site work is often dirty, dangerous, and tough. Employers are compelled to engage foreign immigrants who are willing to work in such conditions and accept low pay due to these issues. Foreign laborers dominate the Malaysian construction industry. These circumstances have led to many problems and adverse effects on the sector. This research objectives are to identify issues with foreign labor participation in Malaysia’s construction sector, investigate its negative impact, and propose solutions to mitigate its adverse effects. These objectives were achieved using a mixed-methods technique that involved an online questionnaire survey and interviews. This study reveals important difficulties related to the participation of foreign workers in the construction business, including their negative effects and potential actions to mitigate these effects. The data was examined using the Relative Important Index (RII) and content analysis. Language barriers had the greatest RII of 0.831, indicating it is a crucial issue in the industry. The interview data indicated that the language barrier primarily affects technical communication on site. The most significant negative consequence was the quality of work, with a RII of 0.837. The interview data indicates that foreign laborers with construction experience are crucial for advancing the project successfully. Ensuring sufficient safety training for foreign workers is widely supported in efforts to address negative consequences, with an RII of 0.857, contingent on aggressive measures by the government and other relevant entities to implement regulations more rigorously. The results can assist industry stakeholders, building firms, and other researchers on these issues.

Causal Factors Influencing Decision-Making Use Environmentally Friendly Building Materials of Construction Business Operators in Bangkok

This study explores the decision-making processes among construction business operators in Bangkok regarding the use of environmentally friendly building materials, within the context of heightened global emphasis on environmental sustainability. In response to increasing consumer awareness of environmental impacts, particularly in the residential housing sector, this research aimed to identify the causal factors influencing these decisions. Employing quantitative methods, the study analyzed responses from 320 legally registered construction contractors who had used eco-friendly materials in at least five housing projects during 2023. Data were gathered via questionnaires and analyzed using a structural equation model. The findings indicate that the primary determinants of material choice were the operators’ skills and product trust, with the former showing the most decisive influence. The 4Ps marketing mix and service quality followed these factors in significance. The insights provided by this research are crucial for manufacturers, contractors, and regulatory bodies aiming to promote the adoption of sustainable materials in Thailand’s construction industry, thereby enhancing environmental conservation and reducing pollution from building activities.

Unveiling the profound mindset shift in AEC business: the subtle impact of BIM

PurposeThis study aims to understand how Building Information Modeling (BIM) transforms the working culture and professional mindset in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) business. It integrates the Dynamic Capabilities Approach (DCA) into AEC business management through the BIM , which is a unique mindset emerging in BIM-oriented work environments and a strong dynamic capability in DCA, shaping organizational BIM culture.Design/methodology/approachThis is a qualitative study of 19 in-depth interviews with BIM management experts from AEC companies analyzed through qualitative analysis techniques.FindingsThe findings emphasize that BIM in AEC represents radical mental and cultural shifts, profoundly impacting the management and work ethics. By using the Meta-Micro-Macro BIM mindset definitions, drawn from a broader mindset perspective used in the literature into a more BIM-specific classification, this study suggests a DCA-integrated AEC management framework to help AEC firms transform their business in the dynamic AEC environment.Research limitations/implicationsBy strategically leveraging BIM-induced mindset shifts, the developed management framework empowers AEC professionals to enhance business sustainability and competitiveness. It highlights the crucial role of human factors in adopting technological innovations and advancing BIM-focused research.Originality/valueThere is an unacknowledged approach to BIM as a mindset in the AEC business from a management perspective through DCA, and this study intends to unveil its subtle impact.

Enhancing sustainable waste management strategies for small and medium-sized enterprises: a focus on commercial refurbishment projects in the United Kingdom

With commercial refurbishment projects being identified as large contributors to landfill waste in the United Kingdom (United Kingdom), the aim of this paper is to identify effective Sustainable Waste Management strategies that could be implemented by Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) construction businesses, specifically within the commercial refurbishment sector. The study adopted a mixed method approach engaging industry professionals working within SMEs through both questionnaires and interviews. Findings showed that although SME businesses aspire to make improvements, the construction industry is not making clients and consultants equally accountable. However, some of the most effective tactics that could be employed were low cost and easy to implement but it seems that some SME businesses are still averse to them for mostly economic reasons suggesting for better enlightenment of collaborative procurement routes, implementing sustainability regulations and comprehensive engagement of SMEs by industry authorities; substantial improvements can be made in the realm of sustainable waste management.

A Study on Signless Laplacian Energy of an Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs with Applications to Group Decision Making

Abstract:Introduction: Group decision-making shows a critical job while designating with dynamic issues of quick development of society. Decision make is the manner about discovering the beneficial option among the possible alternatives. In first-rate multiple-criteria choice construction methods, the rankings or the weights of the standards are recognized precisely. However, if selection makers are now not capable in conformity with involve doubt within the defining on linguistic variables based concerning fuzzy sets (FSs) and the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) theory is useful to this job well. The first assurance of this paper is to show the sensibility of some Group decision-making on the Signless Laplacian energy of intuitionistic fuzzy diagrams. We present numerical models, flexibly chain associations in the construction business problem based on extended VIKOR method and Evaluation of the schemes for development of agriculture and farmers’ welfare problem based on MULTIMOORA method to light up the introductions of our arranged ideas in result making to rank the best one. Choice makes is the way about finding the valuable choice among the potential other options. In top mark numerous rules decision development techniques, the rankings or the weights of the guidelines are perceived exactly. In any case, on the off chance that determination creators are currently not skilled in congruity with include question inside the characterizing on semantic factors based concerning fuzzy sets (FSs) and the intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) hypothesis is valuable to this work well. Conclusions: An Intuitionistic fuzzy model is pushed off in PC innovation, correspondence, organizing, when the idea of indeterminacy is current. In this paper, we have acquainted persuaded original thoughts requesting in group decision-making dependent on IFIRs is introduced to delineate the relevance of the proposed ideas of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Graphs. This paper covers the EXTENDED VIKOR method and MULTIMOORA method to resolve the problem of evaluation and ranking the potential alternatives based on Signless laplacian energy of Intuitionistic fuzzy graphs. At long last, mathematical models show a use of the VIKOR technique, EXTENDED VIKOR strategy and MULTIMOORA strategy. These insights are furthermore shown with genuine stage outline. Furthermore, we see the situation with the best one. Furthermore, it gives another aspect in the gathering assessment processes and these strategies can be applied to different circumstances too. Despite the fact that our proposed techniques give another aspect to the calculation viewpoint, the issue on how genuine the contentions are permitted along the judgment cycle actually needs further examination. This issue is left for additional exploration sooner rather than later.

Evolving business models in the construction industry: a comprehensive review and analysis

The business model concept has been applied to the construction industry since the early 2000s to enhance productivity and innovation, its application in construction remains fragmented. The bibliometric analysis presented, quantitatively identifies critical studies and the knowledge structure of the field, while the chronological review presented, traces the evolution of its theoretical foundations and practical implications. The findings highlight how the construction business model concept has evolved from a tool for capturing operations to facilitators of innovation with a growing consensus on the value related key elements and emerging ones such as technology, supply chains, and operational platforms. The study suggests further research on construction-specific business model elements, focusing on the interdependencies between these elements to unfold the processes of business model innovation in the construction industry.

The relationship between financial management strategies and firm financial performance: the moderating role of firm size

Purpose This study aims to explore the impact of financial management strategies on the financial performance of construction projects in Iraq, specifically investigating the moderating role of company size. The primary focus is to understand how different cost components contribute to performance and how this relationship varies between larger and smaller businesses in the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach Utilizing a sample of 296 participants from the construction business in Iraq, this research employed a survey questionnaire. The WarpPLS software facilitated data analysis, employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with bootstrapping for model validation. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with maximum likelihood estimation assessed the measurement model, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the financial management strategies and performance relationship. Findings The study reveals that equipment costs show no significant relationship with performance in Iraq’s construction industry. Larger construction firms exhibit a positive influence on financial performance from material costs, labour costs and permit/licencing fees compared to smaller firms. This suggests a moderation effect of size on the relationship between these cost components and financial outcomes, highlighting the nuanced impact of financial management strategies on performance. Research limitations/implications While shedding light on the size-dependent nuances in the relationship between financial strategies and performance, this study is confined to the construction industry in Iraq. The findings might not be universally applicable, and contextual variations should be considered. Additionally, the reliance on survey data introduces the potential for response bias. Future research could expand the scope to different industries and regions, incorporating diverse methodological approaches for a more comprehensive understanding of the nuances in the financial management and performance relationship. Practical implications Construction companies in Iraq can enhance project performance by strategically allocating resources and effectively managing costs, considering the nuanced impact of company size. Larger firms, in particular, should focus on optimising material costs, labour costs and permit/licensing fees to maximise financial outcomes. This study provides actionable insights for practitioners, guiding financial management decisions and offering practical recommendations for improving project performance in the Iraqi construction industry. Social implications The research contributes valuable insights to the Iraqi construction industry, an area with limited prior research on management matters. By emphasising the role of size in moderating the relationship between financial strategies and performance, the study informs industry stakeholders, policymakers and professionals about the importance of tailoring financial management approaches based on company size. This knowledge can potentially lead to improved financial outcomes, positively impacting the overall economic and social landscape in Iraq. Originality/value This research adds to the body of knowledge by examining the impact of company size on the relationship between financial management methods and performance in Iraq’s construction projects. The study’s originality lies in uncovering the moderating effect of size on the connection between specific cost components and financial performance. The findings provide a unique perspective on financial management strategies, offering construction companies valuable insights into optimising performance based on their size. This research contributes significantly to an underexplored area, filling a gap in the existing literature and providing practical implications for financial decision-making in the construction industry.

High-Performance and Transportable Materials: Analyzing Characteristics and Applications in Sustainable Construction

Using citation-context and the paper's content model, the researcher gives an overview of recent changes in environmentally friendly building methods, such as research into the theory and practice of lightweight and high-performance concrete. Previous efforts to use citations to create scientific summaries were utterly unsuccessful because they neglected to provide crucial context, which rendered the summaries useless. Even though the dataset Researchers use for assessment comes from the construction business, most of our methods are general, so they may be applied to other domains. Sustainable construction innovations are at a crossroads; they need to promote global prosperity while reducing their environmental footprint. The construction sector is at a crossroads; it can either help the globe thrive or harm the environment. If this problem persists, using high-performance, lightweight concrete could be the answer. This material greatly decreases the carbon impact while also improving the sustainability of construction operations. The urgent desire for environmentally friendly alternatives to present construction processes is examined in this research, along with potential implications. It emphasizes the benefits of high-performance plus lightweight concrete,such as increased adaptability, decreased weight, better thermal insulation, and decreased carbon emissions. These cutting-edge materials have already proven their worth in famous projects like Milan's Bosco Vertical and Amsterdam's 3D-printed concrete bridge, which both promote environmentally friendly building methods. If the construction sector is serious about fully embracing this technology, it needs to educate itself, engage stakeholders, invest in research, and secure regulatory approval, according to the study. The results of this study provide hope that development and environmental protection can coexist. Conventional building methods significantly impact the natural world

BUILDING TOMORROW: SHAPING THE FUTURE OF CONSTRUCTION THROUGH THE ADOPTION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

Digital technology is fundamentally reshaping the construction industry, revolutionizing how projects are conceived, planned, and executed. The application of technology in the construction sector typically results in a great deal that is advantageous. However, construction business owners have been hesitant to adopt digital technologies which have been proven in other industries as being effective instruments for improving working efficiency in managing construction works. Therefore, this research aims to determine the appropriate strategy to foster the adoption of digital technologies in construction projects. The quantitative research approach using questionnaire survey was adopted to align with the research aim and objectives. A random sampling technique was chosen with response rate of 41% (107) of respondents that willing to participate for this research. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 quantitative software. To empower the use of digital technology in construction projects, this research enables policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers with insights to devise effective strategies to improve construction project performance. The results revealed that there are five (5)key strategoes that are most commonly agreed upon when it comes to promoting the adoption of digital technologies in construction projects. The findings of this research might benefit practitioners in promoting the adoption of digital technology in construction project practices so as to achieve high project performance and project sustainability.

Critical factors for implementing sustainable construction practices in project delivery and management

Introduction/Background: The construction Industry is central to world economic growth and the ongoing process of urbanization. However, it is also an environmental problematic area as it causes pollution, resource depletion and emission of the greenhouse gases. Modern construction is experiencing significant concerns with sustainability hence the need to shift from the conventional construction practices and embrace sustainable construction. This paper looks at key issues based on construction project delivery and management for sustainability. It also focuses on how the industry can maintain the triple bottom line of sustainability in the different phases of project life cycle. Materials and Methods: This research uses literature review as the method for integrating and analyzing the existing knowledge in the construction sustainable practices. Both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods were used in the present study and the most relevant sources of information consisted of peer-reviewed journal articles, industry reports and literature as well as sustainability assessment tools were also used to analyse the findings and identify the major themes and effective measures in the field. The study focuses on three main areas: A)Functions of construction business in sustainable development, B)Measures towards improving sustainability in social, economical and environmental aspects in construction projects and C)Sustainable construction project management. Further, the research assesses sustainable assessment tools with more emphasis put on sustainable neighborhood development through LEED-ND. Results: The result finds several key factors for supporting a sustainable construction approach. They are; procurement and management of materials, use of green building practices, use of LCA in decision making and engagement of stakeholders. A viewpoint for the research is an integrated approach to the use of sustainable practices within the processes of implementing particular projects, taking into consideration the environmental, social and economic factors at the various stages of the project. Simultaneously, the LEED-ND has presented itself as an all-encompassing instrument for measuring and directing the sustainable development of neighbourhoods, focusing on both the level of buildings and of whole communities. Discussion: These are some of the key findings which indicate the interaction between different sustainability issues in construction projects. However, unlike other approaches that focus on the use of technology or even green building, the study brings out the issue of integrated design process, stakeholder engagement, and long term thinking as critical in sustainable development. They also confirm the effectiveness of targeted and case-based approaches because the issues of sustainability and their priorities differ from country to country and from one type of construction project to another. Conclusion: The need to understand critical implementation factors for sustainable construction is what has informed this research work and so, this study will add to the existing body of knowledge the world over. It stresses the imperative for constructing higher order change in the construction industry towards the type of sustainability solutions that are based on the idea of utilising a life cycle approach to problem solving. Therefore, understanding the nature and the degree of the elements impacts will help the practitioners, policymakers and the researchers to design measures towards making construction projects sustainable. Future studies should build on stronger linkages of impacts, longer time horizons of assessment, and the identification of new sources of financing sustainable practices

The Real Environment Impact of AI: Unveiling the Ecological Footprint of Artificial Intelligence

Global environmental pollution has a devastating influence on the planet's population and jeopardizes humanity's future. The construction business is a major producer of waste and hazardous emissions into the atmosphere. It is vital to discover measures to reduce the damage done to nature. Currently, artificial intelligence technologies are one of the most promising approaches to helping the environment. This research investigates the use of green AI algorithms for measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the context of ecological footprint assessment. Green AI algorithms prioritize sustainability and seek to lower AI systems' carbon footprints while monitoring GHG emissions data. These algorithms use environmentally conscious machine learning techniques to improve resource allocation, encourage energy-efficient model topologies, and prioritize renewable energy sources for AI model training. Carbon-aware optimization approaches are used to reduce the environmental impact of AI computations, resulting in a greener future. The incorporation of green algorithms into AI systems identifies the potential for emission reduction and energy efficiency, promoting environmentally beneficial behaviours across industries. The use of green algorithms allows for a full analysis of GHG emissions and ecological footprints, permitting a symbiotic interaction between technology and the environment for sustainable growth.

Analysis of a data set in a multi-criteria assessment of variants of a building development

One of the most important things to do at the stage of preparing an investment process in the construction business is to develop a few possible solutions and then to choose the variant which best fulfils the expectations of various groups of stakeholders. Making a decision about which variant to select depends on how it satisfies a number of criteria, which in turn reflect the requirements set for the planned investment. The process analysing variant solutions employs multi-criteria analysis methods. In order to make analyses and to identify the importance of measurable and non-measurable criteria, surveys and interviews are carried out to acquire the information on the role of the previously defined criteria. Opinions given by experts tend to be divergent due to differences in education, professional background as well as various professional and private experiences. This article reviews data processing methods, and discusses an example of a procedure, which is part of a more extensive analysis of the route of a planned road. The case presented in this paper focuses on the evaluation of five criteria from the category ‘impact on the natural environment’, which are significant in such development projects. The calculations involved in this assessment proved to be time- and labour-consuming, while raising a number of doubts concerning the stage of data aggregation. Hence, the objective of this study has been to develop a method that will enable more efficient data processing while taking into account all assessments.

Analysis Of Operational Risk Using Loss Distribution Approach : A Study Of Epc Business

This abstract describes a comprehensive analysis of operational risks in engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) business by using calculation of loss distribution approach methods. This research involves an examination of historical operational losses data spanning from January 2019 to December 2022 to calculate the Operational Value at Risk at different percentiles. The OpVar, a key metric in this study, is determined to be Rp17,68Billion at a 95% percentile and Rp41,4Billion at a 99% percentile. These figures represent the estimated financial loss that EPC company may face due to operational risk with a higher percentile may indicate more precise. These results were declared valid through backtesting. From these points, the research emphasizes that the signifance of understanding and learning from historical data, will enable EPC companies to understand potential risks and manage risks through risk mitigation strategies in the complexity of EPC business environment.

An Efficient Novel Model for Multi-Story Building Construction Quantity Estimation using Coupled MATLAB-Revit Software

The nature of the construction business and building projects necessitates the capacity to manage extensive and intricate data and documentation. The processes for documenting, exchanging, and updating data constitute one of the principal administrative challenges being currently confronted by the construction project management. As a consequence of the continued reliance on paper-based processes evidenced in the Iraqi businesses and construction projects, a considerable volume of documentation is likely to accumulate, thereby increasing the complexity and time required for specific data to be retrieved. In this study, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) models were used to document projects by employing the MATLAB-Revit software. The findings demonstrate that the project timeline is also recorded because it is related to the suggested model, which is designed to produce an effective model that mimics reality. A comparative analysis of the data pertaining to the foundations, columns, walls (24 cm and 12 cm), floors, and slabs of four multi-story buildings, was conducted. This analysis was divided into three categories: estimated, SVM-BIM, and actual documentation. The findings indicated that the proposed model demonstrated a high degree of accuracy in predicting the material quantities required in building construction. These values were found to be in close proximity to, and aligned with, the actual documentation.

ANALISIS RASIO PROFITABILITAS SEBAGAI ALAT UKUR UNTUK MENILAI KINERJA KEUANGAN PT. UNITED TRACTORS Tbk DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

The increasingly rapid development of the business world in Indonesia has made this country a destination for local and foreign investors, changes in the business environment are also quite an attractive factor for investors, PT United Tractors Tbk is a construction business unit, and carries out its role as a leading heavy equipment distributor and largest in Indonesia, the aim of the research is to determine the profitability ratio, the profitability ratio is to determine the company's ability to generate profits in a certain period. The policy carried out is to assess the profitability ratio which consists of Gross Profit Margin (GPM) Net Profit Margin (NPM) and Return On Assets (ROA), Return On Equity (ROE). from 2018-2023 This research uses a descriptive method using secondary data. The results of the research are seen from the Profitability ratios, Gross Profit Margin, Net Profit Margin, Return On Assets, with the results in the good category, because they are above industry standards, while for the Return On ratio Equity calculation results in the category are not good because they are below industry standards, Keywords: Profitability,GPM, NPM, ROA, ROE Financial Performance

Система стратегических документов, определяющих приоритеты и перспективы развития ст роительной отрасли в России

The priorities and prospects for the development of the construction industry in Russia depend on a set of strategic documents. The domestic construction industry is a promising area because the state needs to update and improve the housing stock. However, the current market instability indicates many potential risks. In this context, the strategy for the development of the construction industry becomes a priority because certain problem areas make it neither perfect nor effective: the construction industry requires strict state control and a new, unified pattern for strategic decisions. To date, the industry lacks systematic financing programs, which aggravates the situation as medium-sized construction businesses are gradually losing their positions, giving way to large companies. The construction industry has always been the most important element of the national economic system and the key engine of the Russian economy. However, it has accumulated negative phenomena that threaten its strategic development potential. In this regard, the industry needs basic strategic documents aimed at improving the standard and quality of life by providing affordable but high-quality housing. The article describes the opportunities and threats as the basis of the development strategy for the construction industry in Russia, as well as proposes a number of strategic directions that could improve the system of strategic documents.

SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FORMING AN EFFECTIVE INNOVATIVE TEAM

This article highlights issues related to the social and psychological foundations of the formation of a team capable of working effectively and responding to modern challenges of the market environment. It was determined that such bases are the individual motives of the members of the labor team, namely their personal beliefs regarding the expediency of performing professional tasks. It is established that they are formed at the early stages of the socialization of the individual under the influence of education, upbringing, norms of social morality and are corrected during his subsequent working life. It has been found that motives can be more stable than incentives, which can cause an undesirable final result of the enterprise's activity. With this in mind, the task of institutional management should be the creation of an effective motivational system aimed at strengthening the role of incentives in the structure of employee motivation for professional development, professional development, creativity, creativity and initiative. The article provides recommendations on directions for adjusting the national management system in order to create an effective innovative team. In particular, to improve the work of the team and the final efficiency of the enterprise, it is recommended to create an effective system of labor incentives through the introduction of elements of foreign management models. The proposed elements make it possible to create an effective model of personnel motivation management, as they are aimed at strengthening the personal motives of employees to protect their own professional interests and dignity, use the opportunity for self-development and self-realization, involvement in the process of enterprise management and decision-making, evaluation of one's own labor contribution and recognition of the obtained results, adjustment constructive business relations in the team. It was determined that these innovations should become the basis for further improvement of the motivation of employees in the domestic management system, since each branch and field of activity has its own characteristics, taking into account the possibility of their further adjustment.

Smart Contract Generation and Visualization for Construction Business Process Collaboration and Automation: Upgraded Workflow Engine

Smart Contract Generation and Visualization for Construction Business Process Collaboration and Automation: Upgraded Workflow Engine