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Conspiracy Narratives Research Articles

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264 Articles

Published in last 50 years

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Articles published on Conspiracy Narratives

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Social cohesion and the inclination towards conspiracy mentality: comparing Germany and the Visegrad countries

ABSTRACT As a relatively stable concept, social cohesion remains a prominent focus of current public discourse. One hope is to find possible solutions or coping strategies for current crises and unstable times. Enhancing social cohesion is one suggestion. A shift to the political right in many European governments, growing support for conspiracy narratives, and anti-democratic tendencies are increasing the urgency for action. The research presented in this article examines the role of social cohesion as a buffer against ill-being and conspiracy mentality. A moderated mediation model was tested in a representative survey study (N > 5,342) in Germany and the Visegrad countries. Results suggest that greater perceived social cohesion is associated with lower levels of detached uncertainty and, in turn, a lower inclination towards conspiracy beliefs. There are differences between countries: Germany, where social cohesion is relatively strong and the level of conspiracy mentality is lower, emerges as profoundly different from Poland, where the conspiracy mentality is much stronger. In Poland, the importance of perceived social cohesion in predicting conspiracy beliefs is weaker than in all other countries. Different religiosity levels in the five countries will likely be the basis for cross-national differences.

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  • Journal IconJournal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe
  • Publication Date IconJun 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Carina Hartz + 10
Just Published Icon Just Published
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How risk communication affects public trust in government: the moderating role of policy expectations.

Conspiracy narratives are a prevalent narrative framework in risk communication, often provoking public fear and defensive reactions, challenging the healthy interaction between governments and the public in social governance. Through two survey experiments, this study explores the effects of conspiracy narratives on public trust in government and the moderating role of policy expectations. In Study 1 (N = 119), conspiracy narratives increased public perceptions of and concerns about the risks of genetically modified (GM) foods. As a result, the public was more likely to expect the government to adopt a strictly restrictive control policy on GM foods. Study 2 (N = 119) further reveals that public trust in the government increases when the public perceives the government as implementing a restrictive policy on GM foods. Conversely, public trust declines if the government is perceived to promote GM foods actively. Policy satisfaction plays a fully mediating role in this process. The study reveals the influence mechanism of conspiracy narratives on government trust, offering both a theoretical basis and practical recommendations for effective government communication and the development of harmonious government-public relations.

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  • Journal IconFrontiers in public health
  • Publication Date IconMay 14, 2025
  • Author Icon Nuoxue Li + 3
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Apokalypse nå!

The article examines how Rudolf Steiner’s anthroposophy and apocalypticism have been interpreted by anthroposophists who were confronted with Nazism in the 1930s/40s, as well as the impact these ideas have had within recent conspiracy theories related to the coronavirus. The article examines Steiner’s theodicy and how it is linked to so-called “resistance beings” who are said to have infiltrated and still infiltrate politics and technology. Discussing the term “occult imprisonment”, I reflect on the extent to which conspiracy narratives based on Steiner’s anthroposophy and apocalypticism place anthroposophy outside of time, so that it appears as a peculiar, sectarian Bessewisser culture. This is contrasted with interpretations of anthroposophy that are more commensurable with established discourses in science and culture.

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  • Journal IconAURA - Tidsskrift for akademiske studier av nyreligiøsitet
  • Publication Date IconMay 6, 2025
  • Author Icon Frode Barkved
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A bibliographic archeology of game-like conspiracy narratives: examining the Ong’s Hat Incunabula catalog

PurposeThis paper aims to reframe contemporary research on conspiracy narratives by examining a formative document in online conspiracy culture using bibliographic archeology and focusing on its use of intertextuality.Design/methodology/approachThe study’s methodology is bibliographic archeology. After identifying a document that is particularly notable in the genealogy of contemporary conspiracy cultures, instances of intertextuality are counted and classified. Next, patterns in the data are identified and compared against the interpretive frameworks proposed in existing literature.FindingsAlthough the Ong’s Hat narrative is constructed using a combination of authentic and fictional sources, both are subjected to the same interpretive techniques. These interpretive techniques include antagonistic framing and other features that are consistent with Walter Ong’s concept of “secondary orality.”Originality/valueThis paper establishes genealogical connections between recent game-like conspiracy movements and one of their early antecedents. By focusing on intertextuality’s role in constructing such narratives, the paper also demonstrates bibliographic methodologies’ utility in explaining the narrative cohesion of conspiracy narratives.

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  • Journal IconJournal of Documentation
  • Publication Date IconApr 21, 2025
  • Author Icon James A Hodges
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Exploring expert figures in alien-related UFO conspiracy theories

This study investigates expert figures’ roles in alien-related UFO conspiracy theories, focusing on their impact on public perception through social media analysis. Utilizing a blend of content and trend analysis, we examine the invocation of scientific authority in UFO conspiracy narratives, identifying a reliance on expert endorsement to legitimize claims about extraterrestrial activity and government secrecy. Findings highlight a common use of expert figures, often without empirical backing, to bolster conspiracy theories.The research reveals the challenge of distinguishing credible information from conspiracy in a landscape where expert authority is easily co-opted. This underscores the importance of scientific literacy and critical thinking in combating disinformation. The study’s implications extend to educational and policy measures aimed at fostering a skeptical and informed public debate on controversial topics. By exploring the dynamics between authority, belief, and disinformation, this work contributes to understanding the mechanisms behind the spread of conspiracy theories and the complex role of expertise in shaping public discourse in the digital age.

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  • Journal IconHumanities and Social Sciences Communications
  • Publication Date IconApr 15, 2025
  • Author Icon Maria Lipińska + 2
Open Access Icon Open Access
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The Strategic Exploitation of Conspiracy Theories by Populist Leaders

Populist leaders have strategically exploited conspiracy theories as powerful political tools to shape national identities, delegitimise opponents, and consolidate their authority. This paper examines the historical genealogy of conspiratorial populism, tracing its evolution across distinct political and economic crises from the 1970s to the present. Using a threefold analytical framework—(1) constructing external threats, (2) demonising domestic elites, and (3) positioning populists as the defenders of the “pure people”—the study demonstrates how conspiracy theories have been central to the rise and endurance of nativist populism. By analysing key historical waves—ranging from the economic turmoil of the 1970s, the collapse of communism, the post-9/11 security environment, the 2008 financial crisis, and the 2015 refugee crisis, to the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing geopolitical conflicts—this paper highlights how conspiratorial narratives have been repeatedly adapted to shifting socio-political contexts.

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  • Journal IconGenealogy
  • Publication Date IconApr 8, 2025
  • Author Icon Eirikur Bergmann
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Hidden in plain sight: antisemitic content in QAnon subreddits.

When is online content antisemitic? This matter is highly contested, except in the case of explicit language. Yet implicit antisemitic content and conspiracy narratives about Jews have been on the rise, especially on moderated platforms. This paper maps empirically the connections between explicit antisemitic content and these other forms of content, showing the language game at play in an online community identified as antisemitic and providing a relatively simple answer to the classification of content question. Using data from two QAnon subreddits, r/CBTS_Stream and r/greatawakening, we identify the co-occurrence of explicit and implicit antisemitic language posted to the subreddits. The language game involves an ingroup having specialized knowledge related to implicit language or dog whistles; the ingroup knows and uses the secret meaning of these terms as an insider's code. Content network analysis and qualitative coding illustrate that QAnon taught this insider's code by presenting the overt, antisemitic meanings of implicit terms and generalized narratives in posts that combined them with explicit language. While explicit language appeared rarely and was used by only a small proportion of users, more than a third of QAnon users employed implicit antisemitic language in their posts. This implicit language communicated antisemitic conspiracy narratives and antisemitic ideas more generally, to an audience "in the know" while also offering the user plausible deniability. Moreover, the implicit antisemitic terms circumvent platform censorship and provide an opportunity to leverage common ground around antisemitic conspiracy narratives with new users without the stigma of explicitly antisemitic content. The question of whether content is antisemitic may easily be answered by looking at a community's posts that combine explicit and implicit antisemitic language. (272 words).

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  • Journal IconPloS one
  • Publication Date IconMar 19, 2025
  • Author Icon Dana B Weinberg + 9
Open Access Icon Open Access
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Value Foundations of Conspiracy Thinking: New Evidence From European Democracies

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe COVID‐19 pandemic and other recent crises have fueled the spread and political exploitation of conspiracy theories across both the United States and Europe. Despite growing concerns about their influence, particularly in election campaigns and public discourse, research on conspiracy beliefs' psychological and value‐based roots remains underdeveloped in the European context. This study addresses this gap by examining how individuals’ deeply ingrained values shape their susceptibility to conspiratorial thinking.MethodsDrawing on data from the European Social Survey (ESS) from 20 European democracies and the Schwartz Value framework, I use linear regression models to analyze how values influence the likelihood of believing in conspiracy theories and how these effects differ across countries.ResultsThe findings highlight that specific values make individuals more prone to conspiracy beliefs. Individuals who prioritize the well‐being of others (self‐transcendence) are less likely to endorse conspiracy theories. In contrast, those who focus on personal gain and power over others (self‐enhancement) are more susceptible to conspiracy thinking. However, these findings vary substantially depending on national contexts.ConclusionBy empirically demonstrating these patterns, this study advances our understanding of the psychological foundations of conspiracy beliefs and offers insights for developing tailored, context‐sensitive interventions that leverage value framing to counteract the spread of conspiracy narratives.

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  • Journal IconSocial Science Quarterly
  • Publication Date IconMar 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Victoria A Haerter
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Bridging the Cognitive/Collective and Supply/Demand Divides in Conspiracy Theory Research

ABSTRACTObjectivesDespite the fast growth of the social scientific literature on conspiracy theories, fragmentation rather than dialogue is the norm across disciplines. One such division is between the individual/cognitive versus sociopolitical dimensions of conspiracy beliefs, which are often studied in isolation. This article aims to contribute to bridging the gap.MethodsWe carry out a selective review of the post‐2010 literature that approaches conspiracy theories from (social) psychological and political sociological perspectives to highlight and compare their main inquiries and findings.ResultsThe examination finds that the psychological scholarship, which deals with individual and group‐based variables, is more attuned to studying the public “demand” for conspiracy theories. By contrast, research on conspiracy theories in collective phenomena such as populism and social movements is more inclined to elucidate the “supply” side of the equation.ConclusionsIn addition to the quantitative‐qualitative rift already identified in the literature, conspiracy theory scholarship is also shaped by the divides that pertain to the level of analysis and the supply and demand sides of the conspiracy “market” dynamics. The article argues for a closer dialogue between micro (individual), meso (interpersonal), and macro (national/global) levels of analysis to integrate the demand and supply factors nourishing conspiracy narratives.

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  • Journal IconSocial Science Quarterly
  • Publication Date IconFeb 21, 2025
  • Author Icon Efe Peker + 1
Open Access Icon Open Access
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The Interplay of Politics and Conspiracy Theories in Shaping Vaccine Hesitancy in a Diverse Cultural Setting in Italy.

Vaccine hesitancy presents a significant challenge to public health, particularly in culturally diverse regions, such as South Tyrol, Italy. This article examines the interplay between political influences, conspiracy theories, and vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol, an autonomous province characterised by its linguistic diversity and historical scepticism toward central authority. This study aimed to identify the important drivers of vaccine hesitancy and propose targeted strategies to enhance vaccine acceptance. Peer-reviewed and grey literature was examined to explore the sociocultural factors, political dynamics, and conspiracy narratives influencing vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol. The analysis incorporated publicly available materials, including propaganda from anti-vaccine organisations, and regional public health data to contextualise the findings. Vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol was influenced by historical tensions with the central government, cultural alignment with Austrian healthcare practices, and politically motivated opposition to vaccination. Conspiracy theories disseminated by local organisations and political entities exploit concerns regarding governmental overreach and personal autonomy. These dynamics are compounded by the selective misrepresentation of scientific discourse, which further polarises public opinion. Addressing vaccine hesitancy in South Tyrol requires culturally sensitive communication, community engagement through trusted local figures, transparency in health policies, and the proactive monitoring of misinformation. These strategies can mitigate mistrust and promote vaccine acceptance in regions with similar sociopolitical complexities.

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  • Journal IconInternational journal of environmental research and public health
  • Publication Date IconFeb 6, 2025
  • Author Icon Christian J Wiedermann + 4
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Need for cognitive closure, political trust, and belief in conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic

IntroductionThis research examines the effect of individual differences in the need for cognitive closure and political trust on the endorsement of COVID-19 conspiracy theories. We hypothesize that individuals high in cognitive closure and low in political trust will seize on conspiracy accounts of the pandemic. In contrast, we expect that individuals high in cognitive closure and political trust are more likely to disregard conspiracies surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodTo test our preregistered hypotheses, we rely on data from multiple waves of a representative survey among the German population (N = 2,883). The need for cognitive closure and general political trust was assessed before the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, while belief in COVID-19 conspiracy theories and specific trust in handling the crisis was fielded during the second wave of the pandemic.ResultsWe find that individuals with a high need for cognitive closure are more likely to accept conspiracy narratives, but the effect size is small. At the same time, pre-pandemic trust and concurrent trust in political and medical institutions are strongly negatively related to conspiracy beliefs. We find no support for a moderating effect of political trust.ConclusionThis study finds only small effects for individual differences in the need for cognitive closure but strong effects for political trust in explaining conspiracy beliefs. It underlines the importance of a lack of trust in political institutions for democratic societies in the age of misinformation and post-truth politics.

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  • Journal IconFrontiers in Social Psychology
  • Publication Date IconJan 22, 2025
  • Author Icon Alexander Jedinger + 1
Open Access Icon Open Access
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BOYCOTT WOKENESS, SHOP LIKE A PATRIOT: A DISCURSIVE ANALYSIS OF CONSERVATIVE MLM PROMOTION ON INSTAGRAM

Female conservative political influencers are an obscure but growing force within American politics, steadily sewing distrust in public institutions. By exploiting the inadequacies and inequalities in a capitalistic society, these women profit off the fears they cultivate through conspiratorial narratives such as the government poisoning food and indoctrinating children to encourage their Instagram audiences to boycott “woke” corporations by purchasing their household supplies through Patriot Wellness Boxes and other conservative MLMs. Guided by Abidin’s (2021) framework of refracted publics and Cotter’s (2019) concept of “playing the visibility game,” this study seeks to understand the ways that vaguely coded conservative MLMs such as Patriot Wellness Box enable conservative female influencers to circumvent algorithms and sentiment seed more radical conspiracies within lifestyle content. The major findings reveal that these women utilize self-amplification groups to simultaneously to grow their audiences and obscure their connections to the far-right and one another. Second, the MLMs are discussed in ways that mirror sovereign citizen/white militia rhetoric that positions the government as an existential threat they must be prepared to fight. While they are not organizing militias, they are promoting anti-democratic messages, xenophobia, and authoritarian-esque sentiments under the guise of a conservative lifestyle achievable through MLM participation. As the 2024 presidential election looms large, we must analyze the ways that trust in government and public institutions is being undermined through neoliberal conservative MLMs one subscription box ad at a time

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  • Journal IconAoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research
  • Publication Date IconJan 2, 2025
  • Author Icon Diana Michelle Casteel
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Conspiratorial narratives as cultural repertoires and methodological tools.

This article builds on data and field work notes from two ethnographic studies conducted in two cities: Istanbul and Trabzon, Turkey. It examines the socio-political dynamics behind the prevalence and impact of conspiratorial narratives. We explore the emergence, circulation, and effects of these narratives and how they shape political orientations and mobilisation. We raise methodological questions about these narratives and propose researchers closely scrutinise them rather than dismissing them as illogical or incoherent. Our research reveals three novel relational and methodological insights derived from conspiratorial narratives. First, these narratives serve as sense-making tools during times of uncertainty. They provide accessible explanations for abrupt changes, and they rely and draw upon 'cultural repertoires'. Second, by challenging the mainstream narratives, they shape subjectivities; empowering narrators to act as agents. Third, how conspiratorial narratives circulate has implications for the dynamics of state-public relationships, often following the neoliberal logic, they portray political leaders as central figures in navigating complex decision-making processes. Our case studies demonstrate that actors, even in less powerful positions, may not necessarily antagonise the state. We underscore the methodological significance of these narratives for researchers, to examine actors' agency, group dynamics, and responses to everyday injustices.

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  • Journal IconThe British journal of sociology
  • Publication Date IconJan 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Ebru Soytemel + 1
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Jack and Joseph: The Thwarted Media Publicization of the French Ripper

This article explores the contrasting media legacies of Joseph Vacher, known as the “French Jack the Ripper,” and his London counterpart, Jack the Ripper. Both notorious for their gruesome murders, their public perceptions diverged due to differing cultural, geographic, and narrative factors. Vacher’s crimes in late 19th-century rural France involved shepherd boys and girls, characterized by brutality and sexual violence. Despite initial media attention following his arrest and trial, his story faded quickly, overshadowed by larger national events like the Dreyfus Affair. Vacher’s insistence on controlling his media image, coupled with his eventual capture, undermined his mystique as a criminal. In contrast, Jack the Ripper, operating in London’s urban Whitechapel district, remains an enduring figure in popular culture. His unsolved crimes, localized geography, and victims’ perceived moral ambiguity contributed to his mythologization. Over time, Jack became a symbol of mysterious, unpunished evil, fueling fictional and conspiratorial narratives. Vacher’s rural settings and association with an outdated archetype of the “wandering predator” limited his resonance in modern storytelling. While Jack inspired a global cultural industry, Vacher’s legacy persists primarily in academic circles and regional memories, reflecting the divergent ways society constructs and perpetuates narratives of crime.

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  • Journal IconContemporary French and Francophone Studies
  • Publication Date IconJan 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Marc Renneville
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Unraveling the infodemic: The role of WhatsApp amid COVID-19 misinformation in Mexico

Introduction Information epidemics, called “infodemics”, are common during health emergencies. Social media and in particular WhatsApp notably spread mis/disinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic; the use of these disinformation channels has persisted and continues to expand. Objective: This study critically analyses the infodemic discourses disseminated on WhatsApp in Mexico during the first three months of the pandemic, providing insights into the nature of these discourses and highlighting key elements for enhancing responses to infodemics. Methodology: We conducted a mixed-methods study and collected a convenience sample of 124 qualitative observations consisting of WhatsApp messages. A descriptive quantitative, and thematic qualitative analysis was conducted using an infodemics framework and categorizing by topic, type, and authorship. Results: Out of the 107 messages analyzed, most were fabricated (43%), misleading (34%), or impostered (19%). Conspiracy as an argumentative thread was a key qualitative finding across all themes and explained the infodemic from different angles. A conceptual map of conspiracy in health and detailed dendrograms explain the mis/disinformation on topics such as virus origin, prevention, and care in infodemics. False medical authorship attributes authority and credibility to the messages, and self-medication with non-proven remedies was a key recommendation. Conclusions: The findings reveal types of mis/disinformation shared during the pandemic, highlight main public health concerns, and reveal conspiratorial narratives and their mechanisms of dissemination in Mexico and Latin America. Understanding WhatsApp discourse can guide effective institutional and AI-driven interventions and public policies for future health emergencies.

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  • Journal IconSalud UIS
  • Publication Date IconJan 1, 2025
  • Author Icon Pilar Torres-Pereda + 8
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Tam i z powrotem do gwiazd: sprzężenie zwrotne pseudonauki i popkultury. Przypadek Dänikena

Erich von Däniken’s ideas looked until recently to have been exploited and partly forgotten. Meanwhile, the last few years have brought several super-productions referring directly to his theories. In Ridley Scott’s Prometheus, Steven Spielberg’s Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and Chloé Zhao’s Eternals, Dänikenian ideas have returned with full force. These were used as practical foundations, allowing the imagination to develop. On the other hand, the movies received an ambivalent reception from critics and audiences. The feedback loop between pseudoscience and pop culture seems typical of our times. While it is difficult to imagine contemporary pop culture without pseudoscientific and conspiracy narratives, it is also worth considering how much paranoid thinking and the popularity of conspiracy theories owe to their constant presence in pop culture.

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  • Journal IconPanoptikum
  • Publication Date IconDec 30, 2024
  • Author Icon Wojciech Świdziński
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Spiski możnych i uprzywilejowanych. Cal noir i narracja konspiracyjna

One of the cinematic phenomena that laid the foundation for modern conspiracy narratives is film noir, where an outsider, not identifying with the optimistic vision of America, begins an investigation from a small case, and eventually reaches the heights of influence–into the gray areas of hidden power. In this way, noir fits into the category of conspiracy narratives, related to the plots of the powerful, now referred to as the “one percent.” A specific subgenre of film noir, in which this element is almost defining, is Cal noir where, under the scorching sun of the happiest state, Byzantine intrigues of the wealthiest unfold, and they are never punished. From Howard Hawks’ The Big Sleep to I Am the Night by Patty Jenkins and Sam Sheridan, Cal noir–sometimes based on true stories–explores, in an atmosphere of paranoia and fears related to the (conspiratorial) informal power held by elites who abuse it, corrupting both themselves and society.

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  • Journal IconPanoptikum
  • Publication Date IconDec 30, 2024
  • Author Icon Patrycja Włodek
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Chleba naszego, paranoiczno-spiskowego. Uwagi wstępne na temat wybranych meandrów dyskursu (pseudo) konspiracyjnego we współczesnej kulturze audiowizualnej

This essay is an introduction to the topic of conspiracy and paranoid narratives in cinema and other audio-visual texts in culture, which is the theme of this issue of Panoptikum. The author uses the ideas of Orrin W. Klapp and Umberto Eco to introduce the roots of modern fears and suspicions associated with the tradition of gnosis, and later demonstrates various trends in film plots that are situated between neognosis and techgnosis perspectives. The exemplary films are linked to the fears and propaganda of 1950s American cinema, the satanic panic of the 1970s and 1980s, and the technophobic and technophilic motifs of 1990s and contemporary science fiction. Another subject is the mind games and mystery narratives of Cal noir, which often refer to urban legends and dark secrets of influential American families. The essay ends with reflections on the contemporary cybersphere, which is full of documentaries dealing with various pseudo-scientific themes and YouTube shows presenting alternative ideologies as propagated by the Tradwifes movement.

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  • Journal IconPanoptikum
  • Publication Date IconDec 30, 2024
  • Author Icon Sebastian Jakub Konefał
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Ruch tradwife jako przestrzeń propagowania radykalnych ideologii i narracji spiskowych

The article undertakes an analysis of the tradwife movement as a contemporary socio-political phenomenon closely linked to right-wing ideology. In the context of the growing popularity of the movement, the text explores how tradwives use social media to formulate and spread beliefs based on conspiracy narratives contextualizing gender ideology as a threat to Christianity and the institution of the family. The tradwife movement is placed in the broader context of extreme and populist right-wing movements, which together produce a coherent narrative about the need to defend traditional values from attack by creating an ideological order in which a conspiratorial vision of reality becomes the foundation of political mobilization. The role of tradwives is shown as part of a broader strategy to push extreme ideas into the mainstream, while highlighting their crucial role not only in demonizing the enemy, but also in offering an alternative to modernity by idealizing their own way of life.

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  • Journal IconPanoptikum
  • Publication Date IconDec 30, 2024
  • Author Icon Dominika Zajączkowska
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The beauty of conspiracy

ABSTRACT Why are people attracted to conspiracy theories? This essay conceives of conspiratorial motivation as an aesthetic phenomenon. To defend this account, I offer a coarse-grained taxonomy of contemporary motivational hypotheses that have been proposed to answer this question, describing their strengths and weaknesses. Next, I offer an aesthetic account of conspiratorial consumption; I argue that people’s preference for conspiratorial narratives is the product of a taste for a particular kind of story. To clarify the approach, I show how aesthetic appreciation is often confused with epistemic evaluation, leading the conspiracy theorist to believe she is involved in epistemic practice instead of aesthetic practice. I then describe the genre of conspiracy theorizing, explaining how my proposed genre account makes sense of several puzzles about conspiratorial consumption. The essay concludes by suggesting that the genre account offers a unique mode of engagement with conspiracy theorists that might be employed in order to profitably dialogue with those who hold these fringe and often dangerous beliefs.

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  • Journal IconInquiry
  • Publication Date IconDec 27, 2024
  • Author Icon Jeremy Killian
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