Conservative Character Research Articles

Conservative character of the germ-line cyst organization within enchytraeids (Annelida: Clitellata) ovary – new proofs based on two Achaeta species

Ovaries in a minute and mainly aquatic clitellates, collectively termed microdriles, are usually tiny paired gonads localized, depending on the family/subfamily, in segments VI, XI, XII, or XIII. Sometimes, two pairs of ovaries are present in consecutive segments, or ovaries are unpaired. Usually, accumulating yolk (vitellogenic) oocytes detach from ovaries and float in the coelom cavity.This study presents the microscopical analyses of unpaired ovaries found in two representatives of the genus Achaeta (family Enchytraeidae). The ovary is an inconspicuous organ composed of germ-line cysts uniting early meiotic cells. Cysts comprise 16 synchronously developing cells interconnected via cytoplasmic bridges to the central cytoplasmic mass, termed cytophore. Each interconnected cell has one bridge connecting it to the cytophore. Clustering germ cells are enveloped by elongated somatic cells. The developmental synchrony within cysts is lost when one cell per cyst forms prominent microvilli, gather vast amounts of nutrients (yolk), and becomes an oocyte. The remaining 15 cells do not form microvilli, grow slowly, and are regarded as nurse cells that supply the oocyte with organelles and probably macromolecules. Such cysts detach from the ovary and float freely in the segmental cavity. Nurse cells and vitellogenic oocyte are still connected to the ball-like cytophore. Vitellogenic oocytes gather vast amounts of reserve material, mainly protein spheres. Finally, oocytes lose contact with the cytophore, and nurse cells no longer accompany them.The ovary organization and oogenesis scenario observed in this study are broadly similar to that described for other enchytraeid species, such as Enchytraeus albidus and Grania postclitellochaeta, and have been classified as the “Enchytraeus” type of ovary. The obtained results show that despite the unpaired nature of the Achaeta ovary and some differences in ovary morphology and oogenesis between different enchytraeid taxa, the ovaries of these clitellates are consistently composed of 16-celled germ-line cysts equipped with cytophore. Moreover, the presence of cysts equipped with cytophore in the ovaries of the studied Achaeta specimens provides the subsequent evidence that the formation of such germ-line cysts is a conserved aspect of oogenesis within the Clitellata. This consistency in the ovarian and oogenic patterns underscores the evolutionary conservation of these reproductive traits within the Enchytraeidae and clitellate annelids.

Schools don’t care: Rearticulating care ethics in education

Schools self-identify as caring communities and teach young children to be caring for each other. But schools also teach other contradictory and competing messages, such as individualism and self-reliance, rationalist concepts of justice and meritocracy, and other neoliberal approaches to life and community. Furthermore, while endorsements of care are commonly found in educational institutions, caring is not always (or even often) practiced or regarded as a major aim in schools, in contrast with human capital approaches to youth development. This essay examines how schools do and don’t care. At its core is the rearticulation of care ethics in education, and what caring means within the contemporary field. Over time, enthusiasm for care ethics has peaked and waned. It begins with a brief explanation of what caring is within the field of care ethics, before it considers how caring is ideally involved in education. In this case, discourses of care ethics and caring in education can be coopted against the writings of care ethicists to complement positive psychology, socially conservative character education and civic education, and individualistic and neoliberal approaches to education. As a result, schools can appear to care, but do so in highly distorted ways. These distortions, I argue, do not reveal fundamental limitations or flaws within care ethics approaches to care. Instead, they demand a reconsideration and rearticulation of care ethics in the contemporary education landscape: a context which has changed considerably since debates and articulations of care ethics in the 1980s.

Strengthening character of cultural conservation through an android application containing public history for high school students in Indonesia

Introduction. The cultural heritage passed down by our ancestors to the next generation must be preserved. It is necessary to understand the history of the formation and development of the preservation of this cultural heritage to know its importance. Innovative methods are needed to increase the awareness and understanding of the younger generation regarding the history and conservation of cultural heritage. This research aims to analyze the strengthening of the character of cultural conservation when students learn history using an Android application with public history content. The public history content developed contains historical narratives of Semarang, as shown in videos. Information about the content is compiled using historical methods, including discussions about the importance of understanding historical heritage conservation for a society. Study participants and methods. This research involved 25 students in the experimental class and 25 in the control class to test the effectiveness of the Android application on students' cultural conservation characteristics. This research was conducted at SMA 5 Semarang (a High School) in Central Java Province, Indonesia. This school is one of the schools in the province with intense research activities. This study uses a quantitative research approach with quasi-experimental methods. The statistical method used is the Pearson chi-square test to evaluate the relationships between relevant categorical variables. Results. The results showed that high school students in the experimental group had a higher understanding and appreciation of public history and cultural conservation than students in the control group. The calculation results (χ² = 8,72; α < 0,05) conclude a significant relationship between the use of Android applications and interest in cultural preservation activities. So, the Android application is called DiHistory, developed to increase students' access to information on historical objects or buildings. This application was developed by the Research Center from the History Education Laboratory at Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. The application is practical in increasing the interest and motivation of high school students to study public history and strive to participate in preserving the local cultural heritage. Practical significance. This research has practical significance in education and cultural preservation in Indonesia. Through the development of the DiHistory application, which contains public history, this research has been proven to strengthen the character of secondary school students by introducing and increasing their understanding of Indonesia's cultural heritage. This research also shows the impact on strengthening character, student involvement, understanding cultural preservation, and increasing awareness. This research combining these aspects, this research has practical significance, which can positively contribute to education, student character, and cultural preservation in Indonesia.

The Character of Legal Products in Indonesia: A Study of Changes to the Marriage Law from a Political-Law Perspective

Politics and law are two variables that can influence each other in a legal system. Legal politics is a form of state policy carried out through authorized state institutions to establish the desired regulations, which are expected to be used to express what is contained in society and to achieve the desired goals. This research aims to examine the character of statutory legal products, namely the character of legal products of Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This research is normative legal research which makes norms the object of study using a legal approach analyzed using legal political theory. The data collection technique used is literature study. Research findings show that in general the character of the legal product of Law Number 16 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage is responsive in view of the birth of the law. However, the provisions of Article 7 paragraph (2) of Law Number 16 of 2019 do not show a responsive or conservative character. The provisions in this article are not in accordance with the spirit of change based on Constitutional Court Decision Number 22/PUU-XV/2017 and seem ahistorical. Theoretically, the conservative character in legal politics is a legal product that is not democratic, different from responsive legal products, namely legal products that accommodate a variety of opinions. Other findings show that there is no judicial institution that has the authority to check the consistency between the provisions of one article or paragraph and another in one form of legal product.

A Lie group variational integrator in a closed-loop vector space without a multiplier

Abstract. As a non-tree multi-body system, the dynamics model of four-bar mechanism is a differential algebraic equation. The constraints breach problem leads to many problems for computation accuracy and efficiency. With the traditional method, constructing an ODE-type dynamics equation for it is difficult or impossible. In this exploration, the dynamics model is built with geometry mechanic theory. The kinematic constraint variation relation of a closed-loop system is built in matrix and vector space with Lie group and Lie algebra theory respectively. The results indicate that the attitude variation between the driven body and the follower body has a linear recursion relation, which is the basis for dynamics modelling. With the Lie group variational integrator method, the closed-loop system Lagrangian dynamics model is built in vector space, with Legendre transformation. The dynamics model is reduced to be the Hamilton type. The kinematic model and dynamics model are solved using Newton iteration and the Runge–Kutta method respectively. As a special case of a crank and rocker mechanism, the dynamics character of a parallelogram mechanism is presented to verify the good structure conservation character of the closed-loop geometry dynamics model.

The Analysis of Pro-Environmental Conservation Attitudes and Behavior Assessment Instruments Upon High School Students Using the Rasch Model

The purpose of this research was to examine the validity and reliability of a questionnaire assessing pro-environmental conservation attitudes and behavior for high school students with 50 statement. Research on pro-environmental conservation attitudes and behavior of secondary school students has probably often been carried out, as was done by Syarief with the title The Role of Geography Learning in Developing Conservation Character of Participants in SMA Negeri 9 Gowa. This research was conducted without using standard instruments to collect data regarding students' attitudes and behavior towards the environment. Research conducted by Lubis et.al entitled Profile of Environmental Concern Attitudes of High School Students in Aceh. This research focuses only on students' caring attitudes towards the environment. Meanwhile, in this study, data collection used standard instruments that had been tested for validity and reliability, and separated attitude indicators from behavioral indicators, so that the focus was not only on pro-conservation attitudes but also on conservation behavior. Statement that were created to measure high school students pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. The method usin in the research is Research And Development is the approach employed, which alludes to Borg & Gall in Sugiyono (2013). Using simple random selection, 250 high school students from 3 different schools including SMA Negeri 3 Pontianak, SMA Abdi Wacana Pontianak and SMA Kemala Bhayangkari Kubu Raya were used to test the instrument. The findings indicated that the items' validity had been established, as 47 statement items were approved and 3 statement items were refused. Cronbach's alpha value was 0.90, Person Reliability was 0.89, and Item Reliability was 0.97, as determined by reliability analysis. Based on these findings, the instrument for measuring high school students' pro-environmental conservation attitudes and actions may be described as "valid" and "reliable."

Analysis of Student Responses to Downstream of the Inquiry Learning Model Integrated Ethno-STEM for Aroma Compounds from Indonesian Herbal Tea to Give a Conservation Character

This research is related to downstream research from an innovative learning model. This research aims to (a) downstream the Ethno-STEM integrated inquiry learning model, (b) analyze the profile of aroma compounds from herbal tea extracts in Indonesia, and (c) analyze student responses to the downstream of the Ethnoscience and STEM (Ethno-STEM) integrated inquiry learning model. STEM). Research was conducted at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The research subjects were students of chemistry education at UNNES for the 2022/2023 academic year. The research instruments consisted of questionnaires, questionnaires, and observation sheets from the test results of Indonesian herbal tea aroma compounds. In this research the trapping of tea aroma compounds uses Arduino sensors. Data obtained from questionnaires and data on Indonesian herbal tea aroma compounds were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the research concluded that (a) the integrated Ethno-STEM inquiry learning model that was down streamed was the Sudarmin syntactic model, (b) Indonesian herbal tea aroma compounds consisted of hydrogen compounds, propane, carbon monoxide (CO), alcohol, carbon dioxide (CO2), toluene, ammonia, acetone, heptane, and sulfuric acid gas, and (c). students respond well to the integrated Ethno-STEM inquiry learning model that was developed, and this model is able to increase the Conservation character.

Environmentally Oriented Chemistry Practical Worksheets to Improve Conservation Character and Environmental Literacy

Management of chemistry practicum implementation has become a problem center that must be faced. This is caused by limited equipment and materials available in the laboratory, shortage of laboratory personnel , as well as its height costs required to carry out the practicum. Apart from that, chemistry practicum requires a high level of creativity from Chemistry teachers, well when they have to organize practicums independently and in classical learning for students. Therefore , guidance and mentoring _ from the service team is very important to help Chemistry teachers in developing their learning materials. This assistance takes place from June 22 to August 16 2022, starting with coordination between chairman of the MA Chemistry MGMP with the UNNES service team. The aim of the Community Service Program (PPM) is to build conservation character and environmental literacy among Chemistry teachers, also involving students, and of course MA students in Semarang. To date, there have been 2 environmentally oriented Chemistry Practical Worksheets created successfully , which is the result collaboration between one teacher and one student. At the end of August, we will proceed with further implementation steps . Results _ from this service activity will be published in a national journal accredited SINTA 3-6 . The process of writing the publication is ongoing, as are the manuscripts that will be published published through mass media . Devotion team firmly underlines the cultural importance of implementing environmentally oriented Chemistry Practical Worksheets that use the potential of natural materials available around the home.

Phylogenetic Analysis of Baccaurea Spp. in West Sumatra Using MatK Molecular Markers

Baccaurea is a group of fruit-producing plants found in wild forests. Many of these plant species have not yet explored their potential. The high rate of deforestation in West Sumatra poses a threat of extinction to the genetic resources of the genus Baccaurea before being explored and identified. The research aims to analyze the sequence characters and phylogenetic of Baccaurea found in West Sumatra using the MatK molecular marker. Phylogenetic analysis using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) method in MEGA X application. The results of the analysis of the six species of Baccaurea found that the sequence length ranged from 854-1019bp, the percentage of G+C base composition is 33.4%, the percentage of A+T base composition is 66.6%, the genetic distance range is 0-4% with a conservative character of 484bp and informative characters of 4bp. While the phylogenetic analysis using the ML method grouping the six species of Baccaurea to form a monophyletic clade with a bootstrap value of 100%, all species collected were in the same clade. These results reveal the first time that the MatK sequences from six species Baccaurea native to West Sumatra will be included in NCBI for use by other studies in conducting broader phylogenetic research.

The Legacy of Clóvis Moura: A Marxist Critique of Race in Brazil

Clóvis Moura (1925–2003) was a working class intellectual who immersed himself in the study of Brazilian history and contemporary reality, producing historiographical and theoretical works of great importance. Moura’s primordial contribution was to identify the nature of the capitalist mode of production in Brazil that combined slavery and the elaboration of a particular ideology of racism in the transition to wage labor. Moura identified the conservative character of the Brazilian bourgeoisie that had been forged in the colonial path and which, after the abolition of slavery, articulated and implemented an Aryanization policy, with far-reaching consequences for the evolution of the Brazilian social formation in the twentieth century. Moura provided rigorous critiques of the ideologues of the Brazilian bourgeoisie, at the same time as he illuminated the struggles of the descendants of African slaves at the margins of a developing capitalist economy. His contributions remain fundamental to the analysis of the contemporary Brazilian reality.

A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF KLAUS SCHWAB’S CONCEPT OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The purpose of this study is to critically analyze the concept of the fourth industrial revolution by K. Schwab and its role in the development of modern societies. It has been established that this concept has a pronounced conservative ideological character and is aimed at preserving and legitimizing the current status quo of privileged social groups, as well as the status quo based on a new system of dispositions. It performs projective-mobilizing, political, evaluative and practical functions aimed at forming a “common understanding” and building an “inclusive and just” society. The sociological content of the theory of industrial revolutions is revealed as an attempt to revise the established theoretical constructs that have lost their empirical adequacy in the changed conditions. It is shown that the concept of the fourth industrial revolution is based on evaluative descriptions, has no clear criteria and indicators for its diagnosis. It is argued that in K. Schwab’s interpretation the fourth industrial revolution is indistinguishable from the third one. It is hypothesized that the concept of the fourth industrial revolution is not new in content and is a product of “intellectual marketing”. Using the methodology of A. Goudner, the critical analysis is carried out and the non-articulated components that make up the infrastructure of the concept of the fourth industrial revolution are revealed by considering the “role” and “personal” reality of K. Schwab.

Chemistry project-based learning for secondary metabolite course with ethno-STEM approach to improve students' conservation and entrepreneurial character in the 21st century

This research aims to develop chemistry project-based learning with an Integrated Ethnoscience Approach in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (Ethno-STEM) to improve students' conservative and entrepreneurial character. The research method refers to the Research and Development (R&D) model with the Four D by Thiagarajan (1997). The research samples are chemistry education students from Universitas Negeri Semarang. The model effectiveness test was conducted in secondary metabolite lectures at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia. Data collection techniques used expert validation sheets to assess the feasibility of the model and observation sheets and questionnaires to measure students' conservative and entrepreneurial character. Based on the results of research, it was concluded that a chemical project-based learning model for the secondary metabolites course on essential oils and terpenes and learning tools with an Ethno-STEM approach was feasible and effective for improving students' conservative and entrepreneurial character with moderate and high criteria based on the N-gain score. The chemical batik motif on canvas based on the secondary metabolites' chemical structure is attractive and creative.

КОМІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ КОНЦЕПТУ ТРАДИЦІЇ У ВЕЛИКІЙ ПРОЗІ ЛУЇДЖІ ПІРАНДЕЛЛО

The article contains the results of the analysis of the specific features for representing the comic aspect of the TRADITIONS concept in the novels "L’Esclusa", "Il Turno", "Il Fu Mattia Pascal", "Suo Marito" by Luigi Pirandello. The basis for understanding how the author comprehended the comic within the TRADITIONS concept lays in his original interpretation of the categories of humour and comic which he elaborated under the influence of H. Bergson’s and G. Simmel’s theories. The thoughts of a literary critic A. Tilgher also had a great impact on L. Pirandello’s creative evolution and worldview, specifically on the writer’s approach to the category of comic. Moreover, the article deals with the ethnic specificity (all-Italian, and Sicilian in particular) as one of the main factors that determined the author’s works. L. Pirandello shows ironic and satyric attitude towards the Sicilian society which is mainly noticeable in the descriptions of the characters inflicted by a conservative worldview. The comic side of the TRADITIONS concept is represented (predominantly in a metaphorical way) in a dichotomy of the closed static social system and the spiritual freedom merged with true deep feelings of an individual. The microconcepts FAMILY and SOCIETY were defined and analyzed within the TRADITIONS concepts. The important qualities of FAMILY and SOCIETY are their static, mechanic, cycle nature, and social determination which the author unifies under a common idea of degrading. One of the main components in the TRADITIONS concept comic representation structure are the generalized characters used for creating the conflict "group VS individual". The TRADITIONS concept represents for L. Pirandello a deformed reality which he verbalizes with the age, religion, invective markings towards conservative characters and their society. The comic side of the TRADITIONS concept is realized through an ironic counterpositioning of a conservative and contemporary worldview.

Foundry 4.0: digitally recordable casting ladle for the application of Industry 4.0-ready manual casting processes

The foundry industry is the main contributor of metallic components for a wide range of industry sectors, from automotive to medicine, from aerospace to the energy sector. Despite this crucial key role for our society, the foundry industry - in Germany characterized by more than 90 % small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) foundries - struggles with important future-orientated topics such as digitalisation and Industry 4.0, thus missing the opportunity to unlock comprehensive potentials for increasing efficiency. The reasons are manifold and range from a high proportion of manually performed work steps to a conservative industry character and a lack of know-how for the new technologies. For this reason, concrete (digital) solutions are required to meet the circumstances of this SME-dominated industry sector, the often high proportion of manual work steps and whose added value is immediately obvious to the users. The development of a digitally linked, patented sensory casting ladle presented here as a further development of a more than 3,000-year-old foundry tool still essential today aims for the digital, transparent recording and visualisation of all relevant process parameters of manual casting processes in order to increase reproducibility and thus improve sustainability through the reduction of rejects and (energetic) resources. In addition, the development presented in this article fulfils the requirements of the new Industry 5.0 initiative of the European Union, which follows a human-centred approach to future production models as a complement to Industry 4.0.

On motifs and patterns on Early Trans-Caucasian IIA pottery from Yanik Tepe in northwestern Iran

This paper discusses the incised and impressed, white-filled motifs employed in the patterning of Early Trans-Caucasian (ETC) black burnished pottery from the site of Yanik Tepe in North-Western Iran. This site was excavated in the 1960s by Charles Burney and a monograph on the pottery and other finds is now in press. Firstly, an overview of the stratigraphy and context of the pottery from Yanik Tepe is provided. In the following section, which is accompanied by selected illustrations, the techniques employed in making the patterns are described. Next, the motifs themselves are broken down into broad categories of linear, bird and animal, flanking and miscellaneous, before moving on to discussion of combinations of motifs into composite, decorative designs. Brief comments on comparanda of motifs on pottery from within the vast ETC cultural zone precede more general observations on the motifs and discussion of possible interpretations. Conclusions allude to the wider setting of the ETC in relation to contemporaneous Central Iran and Greater Mesopotamia, emphasising yet again the inward-looking and conservative character of ETC culture on the one hand and the development of regional styles on the other.

Conservative pedagogical thought of Count Stanisław Tarnowski

Stanisław Tarnowski is a well-known nineteenth-century politician, expert in literary history, university lecturer, and rector of the Jagiellonian University. Analyses of his legacy have been conducted mainly in political science and Polish studies. The pedagogical aspects of his work, on the other hand, have so far received little attention, although reflections on the education of young people can be found in some of his publications. Therefore, in an attempt to study the pedagogical perspective adopted by S. Tarnowski, the aim of this article was to reconstruct the pedagogical thought contained in his academic, oratorical and journalistic output. Attention was drawn to the conservative character of these views, resulting from the ideological approach he presented.

On the conservative character of discretizations to Itô-Hamiltonian systems with small noise

In this paper, we consider stochastic Hamiltonian systems of Itô type driven by a multiplicative small noise. It is well-known, indeed, that stochastic Hamiltonian problems are suitable candidates to reconcile the Hamiltonian classical mechanics with the non-differentiability of the Wiener process, which provides the innovative character of stochastic effects. In particular, in this work, we provide a characterization of the behavior of averaged Hamiltonians arised in such systems, with more emphasis on the separable and quadratic Hamiltonians. Next, we show that, in general, first order approximations to such systems are not able to retain the same behavior discovered for the exact averaged Hamiltonian. Hence, the analysis for the specific case of ϑ-methods is performed. Finally, numerical evidence is depicted in order to confirm theoretical results.

Testing the conservative character of particle simulations: I. Canonical and noncanonical guiding center model in Boozer coordinates

The guiding center (GC) Lagrangian in Boozer coordinates for toroidally confined plasmas can be cast into canonical form by eliminating terms containing the covariant component BΨP of the magnetic field vector with respect to the poloidal flux function ΨP. In an unperturbed plasma, BΨP can be eliminated via exact coordinate transformations, but, in general, one relies on approximations, assuming that the effect of BΨP is small. Here, we are interested in the question whether Hamiltonian conservation laws are still satisfied when BΨP is retained in the presence of fluctuations. Considering fast ions in the presence of a shear Alfvén wave field with fixed amplitude, fixed frequency, and a single toroidal mode number n, we show that simulations using the code ORBIT with and without BΨP yield practically the same resonant and nonresonant GC orbits. The numerical results are consistent with theoretical analyses (presented in the appendix), which show that the unabridged GC Lagrangian with BΨP retained yields equations of motion that possess two key properties of Hamiltonian flows: (i) phase space conservation and (ii) energy conservation. As counter-examples, we also show cases where energy conservation (ii) or both conservation laws (i) and (ii) are broken by omitting certain small terms. When testing the conservative character of the simulation code, it is found to be beneficial to apply perturbations that do not resemble normal (eigen) modes of the plasma. The deviations are enhanced and, thus, more easily spotted when one inspects wave-particle interactions using nonnormal modes.

Testing the conservative character of particle simulations: II. Spurious heating of guiding centers and full orbits subject to fluctuations expressed in terms of E and B

For an axisymmetric tokamak plasma, Hamiltonian theory predicts that the orbits of charged particles must stay on invariant tori of conserved energy in the moving frame of reference of a wave that propagates along the torus with fixed angular phase velocity, amplitude, and shape. The mode structure in the poloidal plane is arbitrary if the fluctuations are expressed in terms of potentials Φ and A, which satisfy Faraday's law and the solenoidal condition by definition. Consequently, smoothing operations (such as gyroaveraging and noise suppression) do not violate the conservative laws. However, this is not guaranteed for models expressed in terms of the physical fields E and B. Here, we demonstrate that manipulations of E and B in the poloidal (R, z) plane can cause spurious heating that is independent of time steps or numerical methods, but can be sensitive to geometry. In particular, we show that secular acceleration is enhanced when one imposes nonnormal modes that possess strong up–down asymmetry instead of the usual in–out asymmetry of normal toroidal (eigen)modes. We compare full gyro-orbit and guiding center models and find similar behavior. We also examine the effect of ad hoc N-point gyroaveraging in a guiding center model, as is done in some simulation codes. If one uses Faraday's law to (re)compute B(t) after gyroaveraging E, the guiding center motion remains conservative. Otherwise, spurious heating should be expected and monitored, but it may be tolerable when normal modes dominate.

LİBERALİZM VE TÜRK SİYASAL HAYATINDA LİBERAL EĞİLİMLER

Bireyi ön plana çıkarıcı niteliği liberalizmi pek çok coğrafyada popüler hale getirmiş, Osmanlı ve Türkiye de bu yönde adımlar atmıştır. Osmanlı’nın son dönemlerinde hissedilmeye başlanan özgürlükçü yenilikler, devletin geçmişten miras aldığı aşırı merkeziyetçilik ve devlet-tebaa ilişkisinden ötürü fazla ileriye gidememiştir. Cumhuriyet ile belirli bir ölçüde liberal fikirlere kayış yaşanmışsa da sanayisi gelişmemiş Türkiye’de Büyük Buhran, İkinci Dünya Savaşı ve hatta Kore Savaşı gibi nedenlerden ötürü devletçi uygulamalar büyük ölçüde baskın kalmıştır. İlerleyen süreçte özellikle ABD’de Ronald Reagan ve İngiltere’de Margaret Thatcher öne çıkan isimlerken Türkiye’de Turgut Özal bu dönemde öne çıkmıştır. Özal ile başlayan liberalleşme rüzgârı bazen muhafazakârlığı bazen dindarlığı bazen de gelenekseli yanına alarak bugünlere gelmiştir. Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi ile birlikte liberalizm her ne kadar doruklara ulaşma olasılığını göstermiş olsa da partinin sergilediği muhafazakâr ve geleneksel karakter bunu engellemiştir.