Purpose/Objective(s): This study examines Braskem’s strategic responses to the damages caused in Maceió (AL), identifying recurring patterns of evasion regarding its responsibility for a public and criminological issue. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative, interpretive methodology was applied to analyze Braskem’s responses to the 2018 environmental crime in Maceió. The corpus consisted of 229 pages of socio-environmental reports, corporate communications, and company documents, treated as organizational narratives and subjected to hermeneutic content analysis. Results and discussion: Braskem’s responses revealed three distinct patterns: silencing (withholding information about the damages), denial (rejecting responsibility for negative impacts), and self-correction (emphasizing internal corrective actions). Collectively, these strategies operate as defensive mechanisms that obscure public recognition of accountability and reduce the likelihood of sanctions. Contributions: This study advances the Corporate Social Irresponsibility (CSIR) literature by examining the Maceió case and demonstrating how corporations may strategically evade scrutiny and sanctions for socially harmful actions. It contributes to critical management studies on corporate accountability by systematically identifying patterns and categories of responsibility avoidance. The implications of the study are both theoretical and practical: the findings contribute to the literature on attempts to evade responsibility and to the formulation of public policies, and support civil society organizations and regulatory bodies in identifying effective ways to prevent corporate irresponsibility. Additionally, the study highlights the social and environmental consequences of irresponsible corporate behavior, enforcing the importance of accountability and justice in cases of collective harm.

Purpose Online cheating has become a growing concern in higher education with the rise of online learning. If ignored, it threatens academic integrity and students' ethical development. This study examines how parental achievement pressure and opportunity to cheat affect online cheating among university students, while also exploring the moderating roles of religiosity and punishment. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted at four universities in Lampung, Indonesia, involving 351 purposively selected students from the Faculty of Economics and Business. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using path analysis to assess both direct effects and moderating influences. Findings Results reveal that parental achievement pressure significantly increases the likelihood of online cheating. However, religiosity and perceived punishment reduce this tendency. Furthermore, both variables moderate the effect of parental pressure and opportunity to cheat: higher religiosity and stronger perceptions of punishment weaken the impact of parental pressure and opportunity to cheat on online cheating. Research limitations/implications This study has several limitations that should be acknowledged. First, the data were collected through a quantitative survey using a self-report approach, which may lead to social desirability bias in respondents' answers, especially on sensitive topics such as academic dishonesty. Second, the scope of the study was limited to students from a single region or institution, so the generalization of the findings to other cultural, institutional, or educational system contexts should be made with caution. Third, the study is correlational in nature, and therefore cannot confirm definitive cause-and-effect relationships. Practical implications These findings offer strategic implications for higher education institutions. First, implement parental education programs to reduce excessive academic pressure, encouraging a focus on learning over mere achievement. Second, promote value-based character education through ethics training or spiritual reflection to strengthen students' internal control. Third, enforce clear and consistent sanctions against cheating, supported by awareness campaigns about the consequences of dishonest behavior. Social implications The findings underscore the need for holistic educational approaches that combine psychological support, spiritual development, and clear disciplinary measures to promote academic honesty and ethical decision-making. Originality/value This research contributes to Social Control Theory by integrating internal (religiosity) and external (punishment) mechanisms in understanding academic dishonesty within digital learning. The inclusion of parental pressure as a stressor offers a novel lens to understand student misconduct under academic demands.

The classification and clinical implications of colorectal intramucosal adenocarcinoma remain controversial. Given the increasing frequency of diagnosis through colorectal cancer screening programmes, a reassessment of terminology and its impacts is necessary. This paper critically examines the diagnostic criteria, biological behaviour and clinical consequences of labelling these lesions as colorectal intramucosal carcinoma. While intramucosal adenocarcinoma exhibits cytological and architectural atypia beyond high-grade dysplasia, it remains confined to the mucosa and has minimal metastatic potential, with rare documented exceptions. Conversely, the use of carcinoma terminology has been associated with potential overtreatment, including unnecessary surgical resection, increased patient anxiety and financial burdens such as insurance complications. We explore geographic variations in classification and analyse the impact of terminology shifts. We propose a standardised framework that restricts the term intramucosal adenocarcinoma to intramucosal lesions exhibiting tumour budding or poorly differentiated clusters, signet ring cells, desmoplasia, vascular invasion, mucinous differentiation or features of neuroendocrine carcinoma, while reclassifying adenomas with cribriform architecture and complex glands as high-grade dysplasia. This nomenclature shift aims to reduce overtreatment, align with current oncologic understanding and ensure optimal patient care and communication.

Premarital sexual behavior among adolescents is associated with serious health and psychosocial risks, while school-based sexual health education in Indonesia remains constrained by cultural taboos and limited structured programs. This study examined whether participation in homeroom group guidance was associated with changes in students’ understanding of the risks of premarital sexual behavior. The study employed a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design involving 15 ninth-grade students at SMP Negeri 41 Semarang, Indonesia. The intervention consisted of five homeroom group guidance sessions designed to provide structured information, guided discussion, and reflective learning on the risks and consequences of premarital sexual behavior. Descriptively, students’ mean scores increased from 17.2 on the pretest to 33.9 on the posttest, with a mean difference of 16.73. The available paired-samples output indicated a statistically significant pre-post difference, t(14) = 17.83, p < .001, with an estimated large paired effect size (dz = 4.60). However, because the posttest distribution was non-normal and the study used a one-group design without a comparison group, the finding should be interpreted as preliminary rather than as conclusive causal evidence. Overall, the results suggest that homeroom group guidance shows promise as a school-based approach for improving adolescents’ understanding of sexual health risks. Future studies should employ larger samples, comparison groups, and appropriate non-parametric or robust reanalysis using raw paired data to strengthen inference.

Environmental decisions are often framed as win-lose trade-offs between nature and humanity, where gains for the environment are considered losses for humanity, and vice-versa. These zero-sum beliefs regarding the relationship between nature and humanity (ZSB-NH) may have implications for life satisfaction, given that zero-sum beliefs in human relationships are known to negatively impact life satisfaction. Furthermore, several related constructs overlap with both ZSB-NH and life satisfaction. This study predicted that ZSB-NH would negatively predict life satisfaction and would do so after also accounting for related constructs. Australian adults (N = 363, 59% female, Mage = 60.86) completed an online survey containing measures of ZSB-NH, zero-sum beliefs in human relations, connectedness to nature, connectedness to humanity, nature exposure, demographics, and life satisfaction. Unexpectedly, ZSB-NH was found to be a nonsignificant predictor of life satisfaction when considered alone. When accounting for the related constructs, ZSB-NH emerged as a significant positive predictor of life satisfaction (β = 0.15, p = 0.01), with the bivariate effects of connectedness to nature and to humanity diminishing. Additional analyses revealed connectedness to humanity and nature exposure, but not connectedness to nature, were suppressing the bivariate relationship between ZSB-NH and life satisfaction. Overall, the study concludes that holding zero-sum beliefs about the human nature relationship may not be inherently detrimental to life satisfaction, and may in fact enhance it; however, promoting these beliefs may come with negative consequences for prosocial or pro-environmental behaviors. As such, researchers, practitioners, and policymakers alike should consider developing strategies which address this, ensuring that interventions effectively promote life satisfaction in the context of social and environmental decision-making.

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms pose increasing threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health; yet, the role of zooplankton grazing in regulating blooms remains understudied. We investigated the seasonal feeding behaviour and fitness consequences of feeding preferences in natural zooplankton communities for toxic (microcystin-producing) versus non-toxic cyanobacteria across temperature gradients in eutrophic Lake Greifen, Switzerland. We conducted monthly experiments from April to October 2023 to test the grazing behaviour of four zooplankton groups (daphnids, calanoid copepods, cyclopoid copepods, and microzooplankton) exposed to mixed diets of green algae and either toxic or non-toxic Microcystis strains at 15 °C and 25 °C. Contrary to expectations of cyanobacteria avoidance, zooplankton exhibited predominantly non-selective grazing throughout the seasonal succession, consuming both toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria at similar rates, regardless of temperature. Notably, during the peaks of phytoplankton abundance (April and September), mesozooplankton demonstrated a selective preference for cyanobacteria over green algae, particularly non-toxic strains. Temperature effects were subtle but revealed metabolic constraints: elevated temperatures occasionally triggered selective consumption of cyanobacteria in copepods, while fitness costs (survival) from exposure to toxic species were mostly restricted to transitional bloom periods and high-temperature conditions. These findings suggest that toxic cyanobacteria may not always evade grazing pressure through secondary metabolite deterrent effects. Our results suggest that zooplankton communities can adapt and graze on cyanobacteria regardless of toxicity under the tested conditions, even during bloom conditions. These observations highlight the potential for zooplankton to interact with cyanobacterial populations, which may have implications for bloom prediction and management strategies, particularly under climate warming scenarios.

Disentangling bidirectional relationships between glucocorticoids and behavior: Experimentally elevated corticosterone levels correlate with rapid, sex-specific changes in food-acquisition behaviors of food-limited seabird chicks.

Dear Editor, Obesity is increasingly recognized as a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial disease with strong biological drivers, rather than a simple consequence of individual behavior. While lifestyle factors remain essential components of care, advances in neuroendocrine science and clinical therapeutics have clarified that body weight regulation is tightly governed by complex hormonal and central pathways that defend energy stores. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/GLP-1 receptor agonists have expanded therapeutic options by modulating appetite and satiety pathways, reducing energy intake, and improving cardiometabolic risk factors during ongoing therapy. Their clinical effects are best understood as supporting sustained weight reduction when treatment is maintained, rather than “resetting” a biological set point. In the STEP-1 trial, once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg produced a mean weight reduction of 14.9% at 68 weeks compared with 2.4% with placebo (between-group difference − 12.4 percentage points) [1]. In SURMONT-1, tirzepatide achieved mean weight reductions of 15.0%, 19.5%, and 20.9% at 72 weeks across escalating doses (vs. −3.1% placebo) [2]. These magnitudes approach outcomes seen with some bariatric procedures in selected populations; however, durability generally requires continued pharmacotherapy, and weight regain after discontinuation has been documented [3]. Thus, these agents should be framed as chronic therapies within long-term weight-maintenance strategies. Beyond weight reduction, cardiovascular outcomes data have strengthened the clinical rationale for treatment. In SELECT, which enrolled 17,604 adults with overweight or obesity and established cardiovascular disease but without diabetes, semaglutide reduced the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke by 20% (hazard ratio 0.80; 95% confidence interval: 0.72–0.90) over a mean follow-up of 39.8 months [4]. These findings underscore that obesity pharmacotherapy may confer benefits extending beyond weight alone. At the same time, obesity management must remain comprehensive. Biological regulation interacts with environmental exposures, food systems, socioeconomic stressors, sleep patterns, mental health, and cultural factors. Pharmacotherapy complements – but does not replace – nutritional counseling, physical activity, behavioral support, and when appropriate, metabolic surgery. Treatment selection should reflect individual risk profiles, comorbidities, preferences, and access considerations [2]. Safety and monitoring warrant balanced discussion. Gastrointestinal adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation) are common and often dose-dependent. Prescribing information also highlights important warnings, including risk of thyroid C-cell tumors observed in rodents (contraindicating use in patients with personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2), pancreatitis risk, gallbladder or biliary disease, and dehydration-related complications. Careful patient selection, gradual dose titration, counseling on symptoms requiring evaluation, and ongoing monitoring are essential components of responsible prescribing [1-3]. Real-world implementation raises additional considerations: long-term adherence, cost, supply constraints, and equitable access across health systems. As with other chronic diseases, sustained benefit depends on continuity of care and integration into multidisciplinary frameworks. In summary, contemporary evidence supports describing obesity as a chronic, multifactorial disease with significant neuroendocrine contributions. GLP-1-based therapies provide clinically meaningful weight loss (approximately 15%–21% at 68–72 weeks in major trials) and, in selected populations, cardiovascular risk reduction. Their use should be embedded within comprehensive, patient-centered care models that acknowledge both biological regulation and broader determinants of health. Author’s contribution The author is solely responsible for the conception, drafting, and writing of the manuscript. Data availability statement Data will be available upon request. Financial support and sponsorship Not applicable. Conflict of interests No conflict of interests declared.

This article substantiates the strategic necessity of transforming management approaches from purely financial analysis to an integrated model that combines behavioral and financial-accounting metrics. The study identifies a methodological gap in modern management: traditional financial indicators, such as ROI, ROE, and EBITDA, are lagging indicators that reflect past performance but fail to predict future risks like employee burnout or the hidden drivers of financial growth embedded in personnel behavior. The author proposes a human-centric approach where financial results are viewed as a direct consequence of employee behavior and efficiency. The methodology treats human capital not as a current expense but as a strategic asset. Central to this approach is the integration of HR Scorecard tools into the accounting system. The article suggests a practical mechanism for capitalizing training costs using account 39 “Deferred expenses” and subsequently expensing them based on the Competency Efficiency Coefficient (CEC). This coefficient measures how effectively an employee applies acquired knowledge in practice, turning subjective assessments into objective financial data. To ensure transparency for top management, the study proposes using off-balance sheet accounts (02 “Assets in safekeeping” or 04 “Contingent assets and liabilities”) to track the estimated value of intellectual potential per employee. Furthermore, a system of analytical sub-accounts for accounts 92 “Administrative expenses” and 93 “Selling expenses” is introduced to separate fixed personnel costs from behavioral bonuses and investment components. The proposed methodology enables managers to quantify the financial return on investments in mental health, corporate culture, and training, thereby bridging the gap between behavioral economics and traditional financial management.

This article examines the evolving relationship between religion and economic development in emerging and developing countries (EDCs). Building on large-scale survey data and recent scholarship, we document persistent and, in many regions, increasing levels of religiosity. First, we present global trends in religious beliefs and practices, highlighting a religious divergence between EDCs and high-income countries, as well as the continued prevalence of traditional belief systems alongside major world religions. Second, we analyze the determinants and consequences of religious behavior, showing how income volatility, financial insecurity, and cultural transitions sustain demand for religion. Third, we explore the institutional and political dimensions of religion in EDCs, emphasizing the role of religious institutions as public goods providers and as politically influential actors. This discussion offers a framework for understanding religious organizations as adaptive, competing platforms in pluralistic religious marketplaces. Overall, our findings suggest that religious adaptation, rather than decline, is central to understanding the future of religion and its economic implications in the developing world.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the employee consequences of unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB) by examining how the two conflicting attributes of UPB affect employee behavioral outcomes. UPB, which has both negative (unethical) and positive (pro-organizational) attributes, produces paradoxical consequences. Design/methodology/approach Two independent studies were conducted to explore the relationship between UPB and employee outcomes. Study 1 used a scenario method and then we conducted a survey study (Study 2) with two time periods. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. Findings The findings revealed that UPB can lead to both positive and negative outcomes, including volunteering activities and subsequent UPB intentions in the future. The study also found that an employee's state of guilt mediated the relationship between UPB and volunteering activities, whereas state self-esteem mediated the relationship between UPB and subsequent UPB intentions. Practical implications According to the findings, managers should be aware that UPB is often part of a recurring pattern rather than isolated incidents. Our findings show that ethical values should be integrated into all aspects of operations, including performance evaluations, promotions, and decision-making processes and prioritizing fostering employee moral identity by embedding ethical values into the organizational culture could also be helpful. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by providing a nuanced understanding of the paradoxical nature of UPB and its impact on employee outcomes.

Estimating the impact of out-of-home placement on health risk behavior in adolescents exposed to maltreatment: An advanced causal inference approach.

What does a Cretan mean when he says that all Cretans are liars? What is his intention? While formal logic only relates to the truth values of the Liar paradox, we relate to its normative and social aspects. We argue that such utterances are used to imply that certain behaviors, even if despicable, constitute local norms. One may posit such claims either to point out that he has transcended the local culture, to socialize others into local customs, or to deflect from being caught lying. This paradox exemplifies group self-deprecation, a communicative practice intended to get us to disagree, rather than agree, with the disparaging claim and blunt the negative consequences of poor behavior. Its rhetoric relies upon \emph{tu quoque}, \emph{secundum quid} and naturalistic fallacies.

Emerging evidence suggests a bidirectional relationship between sleep and the gut microbiome. In this study, we explore the associations of sleep characteristics with lifestyle factors and gut microbiome composition in 6941 participants from the Lifelines Dutch Microbiome Project. We show that lower alpha diversity is associated with poorer sleep quality, later chronotype, and greater social jet lag, while beta diversity is linked to both sleep quality and social jet lag. Of the 137 bacterial species associated with sleep, 35.6% are validated in an independent cohort. Mediation analyses indicate that, while changes in species abundance are largely a consequence of sleep behavior, certain species may mediate diet's influence on sleep. For example, we find that Clostridia species UC5_1_1E11 and SGB14844 mediate the effect of coffee intake on social jet lag. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between diet, the gut microbiome, and sleep, suggesting the potential for microbiome-targeted interventions to improve sleep health.

Organisms face numerous biotic and abiotic threats. Behavioural responses to these threats impact individual fitness and often affect population, community and ecosystem outcomes. Although animals face diverse threats, most studies on behavioural responses to danger have focused on responses to either predators or humans. Relatively few have tested for consistent individual differences (CIDs) in response to other common threats (e.g. pathogens, chemical stressors, fire). If behavioural responses to different threats are correlated (i.e. if individuals exhibit fear generalization), this could connect disparate sources of mortality otherwise treated as separate. Despite its potential significance, no studies to date have examined fear generalization in ecological contexts. Here, we assayed behavioural responses of wolf spiders (Schizocosa maxima) to cues associated with predation, fire and pesticide. We provide the first study to quantify CIDs in response to smoke and one of few to document CIDs in response to pesticide. We then document among-individual correlations in behavioural responses to these threats; i.e. fear generalization. We found evidence for across-threat correlations in both the magnitude of response and the type of response (e.g. flee or freeze). These novel results have important implications for the ecological consequences of animal behaviour in the Anthropocene.

Disruptive behavior is a permanent and unprofessional pattern of inappropriate behavior disrupting the workplace and safe patient care that negatively impacts employees and patients. There are limited studies on the causes and effects of such behaviors in Iran’s medical centers. The present study aims to explore the perceived experiences of medical center employees and students about disruptive behaviors. In this qualitative descriptive study, 29 personnel and students in the treatment departments of five medical education centers were investigated using a purposive sampling method with maximum diversity in 2023. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews until reaching data saturation and analyzed with a conventional qualitative content analysis approach. In this approach, systematic coding and categorization were used to interpret textual data. Most of the participants were female (80%), nurses (36.7%), had a master’s degree (36.7%), a bachelor’s degree (33.3%) and a work experience between 6 and 10 years (40%). 40% of the participants were employees in clinical departments, 33.3% were clinical faculty members, and 13.3% were managers and students. The main theme of data analysis was the destructiveness of disruptive behaviors. This main theme has six themes including deviations from norms, agents of disruption, targets of disruption, underlying causes, and consequences of disruptive behavior in addition to mitigation strategies, and several subthemes. This study advances understanding of disruptive behaviors in Iranian healthcare by showing that they stem from interacting organizational and social processes. Using organizational behavior and social learning theories, it identifies prioritized, context‑specific mitigation strategies centered on leadership reform, organizational policies, and training.

Plant-pollinator interactions have become a major research area because of their impact on key ecosystem services. One pollinator behaviour of particular importance is flower constancy, the tendency to temporarily focus on one flower species during a foraging trip, thereby promoting cross-pollination. The costs and benefits of flower constancy for plants and pollinators are varied, complex and far from understood. This review aims to synthesize studies spanning the last decades, from both plant and pollinator perspectives. Flower constancy is often viewed as an epiphenomenon of pollinator cognition, but there is increasing recognition that pollinators show remarkable behavioural flexibility in their flower choice, often in response to ecological and social factors. Plants usually benefit from flower constancy, which reduces pollen loss and interspecific pollen transfer. However, in some situations, pollinator inconstancy can be advantageous owing to increased visits from pollinators shared with co-flowering plants, a process called facilitation. The fitness consequences of pollinator behaviour for rare or invasive plants are intriguing yet little understood, with important implications for plant conservation. Rather than seeing flower constancy as a strategy imposed on pollinators by cognitive constraints, this review emphasises that plants and pollinators pursue varied agendas depending on their ecological context and lifestyle.

Globally, work rumination is a common phenomenon related to nurse burnout. However, most existing studies focus on the single negative impacts of rumination, with less exploration of its dual effects and antecedents. Therefore, comprehensively exploring the effect of nurse work rumination and its influencing factors is crucial for enhancing the accuracy of nursing management. Identify the antecedents and dual effects of nurse work rumination to deepen understanding of this phenomenon and provide references for formulating interventions that enhance nurses' well-being and improve the quality of nursing work. Included studies were original research articles focusing on work-related rumination of nurses in clinical settings. Excluded studies were those involving nurses without patient contact, rumination unrelated to work, studies not addressing the effects or influencing factors of rumination and non-Chinese or non-English language publications. CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Sinomed, Wanfang, VIP and CNKI were searched to identify articles about nurse work rumination which were published up to January 2025. A scoping review of the published articles of nurse work rumination was performed with the methodological process guided by the framework proposed by Arksey and O'Malley. A three-step coding procedure was used to synthesise the impacts and antecedents of nurse work rumination, which were subdivided into four categories individually based on the conservation of resources theory, the three-dimension theory of happiness and the distinctive features of the nursing profession. 30 articles from 12 countries were included. The findings indicate that nurse work rumination has 28 kinds of impacts, including positive, negative and double-edged sword effects, in four aspects: nursing quality and safety (n=7), happiness (n=7), health (n=10) and relationship (n=4) from 29 articles. The findings also suggest that from 26 articles, work rumination will be influenced by 31 factors, which are based on conservation of resources theory classified into four categories: resource depletion (n=14), resource protection (n=4), consequences of resource depletion (n=5) and behaviour and cognition (n=8). This scoping review constructs a conceptual framework of 'antecedent factors-nurse work rumination-dual impacts' by systematically synthesising 30 studies. Rooted in the conservation of resources theory, three-dimensional theory of happiness and nursing professional characteristics, the framework clarifies the classification logic and internal connections of 31 influencing factors and 28 bidirectional impacts. The positive effect of work rumination can promote nurses' personal development by facilitating the problem-solving pondering. Nursing managers can leverage this integrated framework to design targeted intervention strategies, maximising the constructive effects of rumination while mitigating its adverse impacts. Classifying the factors affecting nurse work rumination according to the conservation of resources theory provides an important basis for exploring the influence mechanism of nurse work rumination. Future research should focus more on empirical studies on rumination to reduce nurses' burnout and improve the quality of nursing work.

LGBTQI+ public transport (PT) riders face elevated rates of violence based on gender, sexual orientation, and visible “queerness.” People who are transgender, non-binary, and have intersectional marginalised identities are especially at risk of violence. The current study evaluates data from focus groups and interviews with 25 LGBTQI+ women (cisgender and transgender) and non-binary individuals. We adapted reflexive thematic analysis to a systems theory framework for deep engagement with the dataset and to evaluate interconnected elements of a dynamic and layered PT security environment for practical solutions. Our analysis generated an overarching theme of a PT collective safety agreement that draws its safety/security strength from community relationships and partnerships. Three supporting themes reflect areas participants described as necessary for creating a PT environment where they can ride free from harassment, fear, and violence: behavioural expectations, inclusive communication, and PT authority responsibilities. Applied in a systems framework, we evaluated the overarching theme as a system that requires PT authorities to enforce consequences for unacceptable behaviour while providing safety/security support and resources, active allyship, and inclusive communications. Attempts to meaningfully increase safety/security cannot be done with a limited scope and siloed approach. For safer and more secure PT networks, PT authorities should consider a systems-level approach that supports multiple interconnected elements with appropriately-sized physical, financial, and personnel resources. Committing to a PT collective safety agreement will not provide overnight results; but such a system can provide lasting results over time. • LGBTQI + public transport riders face non-verbal, verbal, and physical violence. • Systemic safety/security improvements are derived from community-based safety. • Public transport authorities must establish and enforce behavioural expectations. • Clear, inclusive communication is necessary for effective anti-violence strategies. • Safety/security efforts cannot be siloed but call for a systems thinking framework.

Grassland certification, grazing behavior, and ecological consequences: Evidence from pastoral China