Type Of Connective Tissue Research Articles

Метаболічні складові поєднаного перебігу остеоартриту та ожиріння

According to statistics provided by the World Health Organization, in 2020 there will be about 2 billion adults, 41 million children under the age of 5 and 340 million children and adolescents aged 5 to 19 who are obese. It is proved that quite often obesity is a predictor of the formation of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. The purpose of the study was to determine the state of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in patients with different stages of obesity and to establish their influence on the course of osteoarthritis. Materials and methods. The study involved 75 patients with osteoarthritis, which proceed on the background of obesity (main group). 50 patients had manifestations of osteoarthritis without changes in body mass index and 37 almost healthy individuals were included in the control group. Anthropometric data and body mass index were calculated. The state of lipid metabolism was determined by indicators of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high, low and very low density lipoproteins, atherogenic factor. The rate of carbohydrate metabolism was assessed by the presence of insulin resistance by calculating the Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance index. Body mass index was calculated by the Kettle formula. Other anthropometric parameters were determined by measuring the volume of the thigh, waist volume and calculated the ratio of volume of the thigh to waist volume. As markers of lipid metabolism we studied the content of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins and very low-density lipoproteins in the blood system with peroxide. The atherogenicity index was determined by the formula of Klimov A. M. Statistical analysis was performed using the software package "Statistica 10.0" and Excel 2010. To quantify the results, the results were presented as the median with a quarterly interval [Q25%; Q75%] taking into account the lack of normal distribution. Quantitative and ordinal changes were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. The correlation was calculated using Spearman's rank correlations. In all procedures of statistical analysis, the significance level p was assumed to be equal to or less than 0.05 (p <0.05). Results and discussion. We divided the patients of the main group into subgroups depending on the body mass index: overweight patients with I and II obesity degree. The comparative analysis of indicators of lipid metabolism allowed to establish increase of indicators of all atherogenic classes in comparison with control. A statistically significant difference in the rate of total cholesterol was determined only in the case of its comparison between the group with elevated body weight and I degree of obesity. Conclusion. In patients with osteoarthritis, occurring on the background of overweight or obesity, there are shifts in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, which contribute to metabolic disorders in the body and, in particular, cartilage as a type of connective tissue. Patients with isolated osteoarthritis also have hyperlipidemia and in some cases insulin resistance, which is a negative basis for the progression of the pathological process. One of the factors in the progression of osteoarthritis in obese patients can be considered the activation of free radical oxidation of lipids, which occurs both as a result of osteoarthritis and the presence of concomitant pathology

Hydrogels Based on Oxidized Cellulose Sulfates and Carboxymethyl Chitosan: Studies on Intrinsic Gel Properties, Stability, and Biocompatibility

Cellulose and chitosan are excellent components for the fabrication of bioactive scaffolds, as they are biocompatible and abundantly available. Their derivatives Ocarboxymethyl chitosan (CMChi) and oxidized cellulose sulfate (oxCS) can form in situ gelling, bioactive hydrogels, due to the formation of imine bonds for crosslinking. Here the influence of the degrees of sulfation (DS), oxidation (DO), and the molecular weight of oxCS on intrinsic and rheological properties of such hydrogels and their ability to support the survival and growth of human-adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) is investigated. It is found that the pH of the hydrogels is generally slightly acidic, while their network density and E-modulus are found to be dependent on the DS and DO, which makes the properties of hydrogels tunable. Extensive studies show that hydrogels can be stable for up to 14 days and that their stability is largely dependent on the DO, molecular weight, and the components mixing ratio. Cytotoxicity studies of the hydrogel with hADSCs show biocompatible gels in dependence on the molecular weight and degree of oxidation with viable cells up to 14 days. These findings can help to develop specifically tailored hydrogels for tissue engineering applications to replace different types of connective tissue.

Diabetes Mellitus and the Development of Lumbar Canal Stenosis: Is There Any Relevance?

Study DesignRetrospective study.PurposeTo assess the relationship between the severity of lumbar canal stenosis (LCS) and type-II diabetes mellitus (DM).Overview of LiteratureDM is a multiorgan disorder that has an effect on all types of connective tissues. LCS is a narrowing of the spinal canal with nerve root impingement that causes neurological claudication and radiculopathy. Identification of the risk factors of LCS is key in the prevention of its onset or progression.MethodsLCS patients were divided into three groups as per DM status: group A without DM (n=150); group B patients with well-controlled DM; and group C patients with uncontrolled DM. Groups B and C were subdivided into group B1: patients with DM with a duration of ≤10 years (n=76), group B2: DM with duration of >10 years (n=68), group-C1 DM duration ≤10 years (n=56), and group C2 DM duration >10 years (n=48). The severity of LCS was evaluated using the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Scale (SSSS) and Modified Oswestry Disability score (MODS). Operated patients ligamentum flavum sent for histological staining and quantitative immunofluorescence analysis.ResultsThe demographic data of groups did not show any difference except in age. There was no difference between the mean SSSS and MODS of groups A and B1. Groups B2, C1, and C2 had higher average SSSS and MODS than group A (p<0.05). Groups B2 and C2 had higher SSSS and MODS than groups B1 and C1. Groups C1 and C2 had higher scores than groups B1 and B2 (p<0.05). The severity of LCS was significantly related to the duration of DM in groups B and C (p<0.05). Uncontrolled and longer duration of DM had significant elastin fibers loss and also higher rate of disk apoptosis, high matrix aggrecan fragmentation, and high disk glycosaminoglycan content.ConclusionsLonger duration and uncontrolled diabetes were risk factors for LCS and directly correlate with the severity of LCS.

The mysterious values of adipose tissue density and fat content in infants: MRI-measured body composition studies.

Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue composed of closely packed adipocytes with collagenous and elastic fibers. These adipocytes store triglycerides at a high percentage and the estimate of this amount is important for the calculation of body fat mass. For example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures adipose tissue volume, but adipose tissue density (fat content percentage and density) is required to calculate fat mass. However, in previously published studies, the conversion factor for white adipose tissue density varies from study to study. This paper aimed to investigate the different adipose tissue densities used as conversion factors to clarify differences between studies. Furthermore, we include a new proposal for adipose tissue density and fat content of infants based on the results of recent water-fat MRI studies. IMPACT: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the methods used to measure body composition in infants and the inherent density of tissue/organs is needed in order to calculate the mass of target organs and tissues. The conversion factor used for white adipose tissue density currently varies from study to study. This article includes a new recommendation for the adipose tissue density and fat content of infants based on the results of recent water-fat MRI studies.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ, РОСТА И СТРОЕНИЯ КОСТЕЙ СОБАК И КОШЕК

This article is devoted to the systematic and comparative aspects of the phylo - and ontogenetic development, growth and structure of the bones of dogs and cats. We know that bone (lat. os) is a solid organ of humans and vertebrates, consisting of several tissues, the most important of which is bone. The bone performs musculoskeletal and protective functions, is an integral part of the vertebrate endoskeleton, produces red and white blood cells, and stores minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. Bones come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes, depending on the function of the particular bone. There are between 289 and 292 bones in the body of dogs and cats (a range of difference due to the diversity of the caudal vertebrae). Each has a complex structure, so that they are quite light, but at the same time rigid and durable. The bone may include in its structure: bone marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels, cartilage. Bones are made up of various bone tissue cells: osteoblasts are involved in the formation and mineralization of bones, osteocytes maintain structure, and osteoclasts provide bone resorption. The mineralized matrix of bone tissue has an organic component mainly from collagen and an inorganic component of bone tissue from various salts. Therefore, the coverage of the features of development, growth and structure of bones, as well as the role of bones in maintaining calcium homeostasis, blood supply and biomechanical aspects in cats and dogs, today is necessary for teachers, practitioners and students.

Peptide Probes with Aromatic Residues Tyr and Phe at the X Position Show High Specificity for Targeting Denatured Collagen in Tissues.

The construction of potent peptide probes for selectively detecting denatured collagen is crucial for a variety of widespread diseases. However, all of the denatured collagen-targeting peptide probes found till date primarily utilized the repetitive (Gly-X-Y)n sequences with exclusively imino acids Pro and Hyp in the X and Y positions, which stabilized the triple helical conformation of the peptide probes, resulting in severe obstacles for their clinical applications. A novel series of peptide probes have been constructed by incorporating nonimino acids at the X position of the (GPO)3GXO(GPO)4 sequence, while the X-site residue is varied as Tyr, Phe, Asp, and Ala, respectively. Peptide probes FAM-GYO and FAM-GFO containing aromatic residues Tyr and Phe at the X position showed similarly high binding affinity and tissue-staining efficacy as the well-established peptide probe FAM-GPO, while peptide probes FAM-GDO and FAM-GAO with the corresponding charged residue Asp and the hydrophobic residue Ala indicated much weaker binding affinity and tissue-staining capability. Furthermore, FAM-GYO and FAM-GFO could specifically detect denatured collagen in different types of mouse connective tissues and efficiently stain various human pathological tissues. We have revealed for the first time that the incorporation of nonimino acids, particularly aromatic residues at the X and Y positions of the repetitive (Gly-X-Y)n sequences, may provide a convenient strategy to create novel robust collagen-targeting peptide probes, which have promising diagnostic applications in collagen-involved diseases.

360 Awardee Talk: The evolution of meat flavor measurement and its importance to the livestock industry

Abstract Meat flavor is part of the trilogy of traits that determine taste: tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. For meat, juiciness is influenced by the amount of intramuscular fat and moisture that is retained during the cooking process. Meat tenderness is primarily determined by the amount and type of connective tissue, degree of protein degradation, and muscle sarcomere length. Tenderness has been managed genetically in livestock, with significant strides being made to reduce the number of steaks rated tough. The last factor that influences consumers’ perception of meat taste is flavor and aroma. Compared to juiciness and tenderness, flavor is much more complex, as it is influenced by lipids and water-soluble compounds that serve as precursors to meat flavor. These precursors are then developed into flavor and aromas during the cooking process. Flavor is measured by consumers via sensing on the tongue, trigeminal senses, and volatile aroma compounds and is largely variable from one consumer to the next. Objectively measuring flavor is much more complicated than either juiciness or tenderness and requires either a highly-trained human sensory panel or expensive, highly-sensitive equipment. The development of the beef flavor lexicon in 2011 provided a comprehensive list of beef flavor descriptors with objective references for each and anchors along a scale of 0 to 15, allowing a trained sensory panel to objectively measure and score the flavor descriptors. Gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy objectively measure volatile aroma compounds and flavor precursors, respectively. Now the use of “omics” techniques have been adapted to flavor research to help relate protein, lipids, and other metabolites with flavor characteristics. Meat flavor is what most appeals to consumers and sets it apart from plant proteins. Furthermore, flavor serves as the guardrails to keep a premium marketability on track and is something that the livestock industry has that makes their product unique and desirable.

Применение протеаз в мясной индустрии: обзор

The rigidity of meat systems is due to many factors, including different ratio of fibrillar and globular proteins, as well as their structural features. The need to soften meat systems with a high content of various types of connective tissue, as well as the possibility of correcting the processes associated with abnormal autolysis during the maturation of meat raw materials and the formation of a dry rigid structure, are relevant today. The review presents the use of peptidases of plant, animal and bacterial origin, including their separate class — collagenases, which are used for tenderizing meat. Also, recombinant targeting proteases that have high potential are presented; so, there is a need to develop effective applications for their use.

A novel RGB-trichrome staining method for routine histological analysis of musculoskeletal tissues

Morphometry and histology are essential approaches for investigation and diagnosis of musculo-skeletal disorders. Despite the advent of revolutionary methods of image analysis and high resolution three-dimensional imaging technology, basic conventional light microscopy still provides an incisive overview of the structure and tissue dynamics of the musculoskeletal system. This is crucial to both preclinical and clinical research, since several clinically relevant processes, such as bone repair, osteoarthritis, and metabolic bone diseases, display distinct, if not pathognomonic, histological features. Due to the particular characteristics of the skeletal tissues (i.e., the existence of mineralized extracellular matrices), a large number of staining methods applicable to either decalcified or undecalcified tissues are available. However, it is usually the case that several staining methods need to be sequentially applied in order to achieve the different endpoints required to fully assess skeletal tissue structure and dynamics, and to allow morphometric quantification. We describe herein a novel staining method, the RGB trichrome, amenable for application to decalcified, paraffin embedded human musculoskeletal tissues. The acronym RGB corresponds to the three primary dyes used: picrosirius Red, fast Green, and alcian Blue. Although these individual pigments are commonly used either isolated, in binary combinations, or as part of more complex polychrome staining methods, when merged in the RGB trichrome staining produce high-quality/high-contrast images, permitting not only clear identification of different tissues (i.e., the different types of cartilage, bone and fibrous connective tissue), but also discrimination between calcified and uncalcified bone and cartilage, as well as an unexpected diversity of shades of color, while displaying singular properties among polychrome staining methods, such as the unveiling of the bone osteocyte dendritic/canalicular network. Hence, we propose the RGB trichrome as simple but highly-reliable tool for the preclinical and clinical study of the musculoskeletal system.

МЕТОДИ ВИВЧЕННЯ РУХОВОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ У ТВАРИН

У огляді літератури наведені відомі методи вивчення рухової активності у тварин. Рухова активність тварин – це координоване скорочення скелетних м’язів, яке супроводжується зміною положення тіла в просторі. Рухова активність організму здійснюється за допомогою системи руху. ЦНС відповідає з координацію рухів тіла, а самі рухи виконуються м’язами за допомогою кісток скелета та їх з'єднань (суглобів, а також нерухомих та малорухомих з’єднань кісток). Усі кістки об’єднуються між собою різними видами сполучної тканини і утворюють скелет — пасивну частину системи руху, а прикріплені до кісток скелетні м'язи — її активну частину. Є досить багато методів і підходів визначення рухової активності тварин. Метою даної роботи було науково обґрунтувати та узагальнити існуючі методи визначення рухової активності сільськогосподарських та домашніх тварин і птиці.

Reactions of Subcutaneous Connective Tissue to Mineral Trioxide Aggregate, Biodentine®, and a Newly Developed BioACTIVE Base/Liner.

Aim. There is an increasing interest in the application of BioACTIVE materials to achieve hard tissue formation and maintain pulp vitality. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine® are BioACTIVE materials used for pulp capping. Recently, dental researchers have produced BioACTIVE glass-incorporated light-curable pulp capping material. The study is aimed at evaluating the subcutaneous connective tissue reactions to MTA, Biodentine®, ACTIVA BioACTIVE Base/Liner. These materials were placed in polyethylene tubes and implanted into the dorsal connective tissue of Sprague Dawley rats. The presence of inflammation, predominant cell type, calcification, and thickness of fibrous connective tissue was recorded by histological examination 7, 30, and 60 days after the implantation procedure. Scores were defined as follows: 0 = none or few inflammatory cells, no reaction; 1 = <25 cells, mild reaction; 2 = 25 to 125 cells, moderate reaction; and 3 = ≥125 cells, severe reaction. Fibrous capsule thickness, necrosis, and formation of calcification were recorded. ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett's tests were used for statistically analyses (p < 0.05). Results. In terms of oedema, inflammation, fibrous capsule, and necrosis, no significant differences were found in any time period for any material. MTA and Biodentine® showed higher calcification than in the ACTIVA BioACTIVE on day 30, and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). After 60 days, while calcification was not seen in the control group, it was observed in the test groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the control and the others. Conclusion. All materials were well tolerated by the tissues in the 60-day evaluation period. One notable finding is the presence of dystrophic calcification in the connective tissue adjacent to the newly developed BioACTIVE Base/Liner material. Therefore, this new BioACTIVE Base/Liner material may be safely recommended to clinicians as a pulp capping material.

Undenatured Type II Collagen (UC-II) in Joint Health and Disease: A Review on the Current Knowledge of Companion Animals.

Simple SummaryOsteoarthritis (OA), the most common joint disease affecting humans and animals, is a painful, degenerative, and inflammatory disease that affects synovial joints and ultimately leads to loss of mobility. Non-pharmacological preventive approaches, several pharmaceutical therapeutic agents, and some medicines may reduce the progression of OA in animals. Many clinical and experimental studies have revealed that the undenatured form of type II collagen (UC-II) offers common health benefits to patients with OA.OA is quite common in companion animals, especially in large breed dogs and horses. Collagen, the most abundant protein of mammals, has specific connective tissue types for skin, bones, reticulate, basal lamina, bones, cell surfaces, while type II collagen (UC-II) forms the main structure of cartilage tissue. Even at the smaller dosages, UC-II has also been reported to be more effective than the glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate supplements, which are the supplements most frequently used in the market. In this review, we summarize the effects of UC-II on joint health and function in health and disease conditions in companion animals.

Formulation of a Jasmine Grandiflorum containing mucoadhesive and evaluation of its healing effect on oral biopsy ulcers.

The present research aimed to explore the effect of a mucoadhesive containing Jasminum grandiflorum leaves on the process of oral wound healing in animal samples. The present double-blinded research was conducted on animals. To this aim, 28 rats were randomly selected and assigned to groups of control and experiment. The lesion was created by punch no. 3 in the midline of the mandibular labial mucosa of all mice. Each group received either a medicine or a placebo exclusively coded. The extent of contraction and wound healing was clinically assessed. To compare the two research groups, chi-squared test, repeated-measure ANOVA, and Mann-Whitney U test were run. SPSS software was used to do the statistical analyses. Statistically significant differences were found between the percentage of wound contraction on the 3rd day (40.91% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.04) and the 7th day (92.9% vs. 69.2%, p = 0.05), wound recovery (57.1% vs. 21.4%, p = 0.05) and degree of inflammation on the 7th day (p = 0.00), type (p = 0.04) and thickness of epithelium (p = 0.00) and type of connective tissue (p = 0.00) on the 14th day. Investigations showed that the drug was more effective than the placebo in accelerating wound healing in clinical and histopathological terms. Accelerating wound healing in dental treatments and oral ulcers can also affect the quality of life of individuals.

Moonlighting in myxobacteria: measuring the covariation in GAPDH

Myxobacteria are an order of well-known social predators that able to prey upon a wide range of microbes (including fungi and bacteria). It is currently unknown how they are able to consume such a wide range of prey, although moonlighting proteins, those possessing more than one function, appear to be involved. One moonlighter, is the virtually ubiquitous enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Typically present in the cytoplasm, it has also been found on the outer surface of cells, in the extracellular matrix, and secreted through membrane vesicles. In various pathogenic organisms, GAPDH has been shown to have adhesive properties, binding to several types of human connective tissues. Myxobacterial predation can be viewed as analogous to pathogenic infection, and there is evidence that GAPDH might be involved in attacking prey cells. To complement experimental analyses of the predatory role of GAPDH in myxobacteria, we undertook sequence analysis including multiple sequence alignment (MSA) and covariation analyses. Covariation calculations, using a variety of metrics and matrices, have been used to identify areas and individual residues where structural, functional or phylogenetic correlations occur within the sequence. The MSA data highlighted key conserved residues, likely involved in the catalytic reaction and potentially involved in adhesion. The covariation scores suggest compensatory mutations have taken place in discrete locations along the sequence. These results can be used to selectively mutate residues in order to determine their effect in predation.

Histologic and Histomorphometric Assessment of Xenograft Bone Substitute versus Synthetic Nonceramic Hydroxyapatite for Canine Tooth-Socket Preservation.

This study sought to histologically and histomorphometrically assess and compare application of xenograft bone substitute and synthetic nonceramic hydroxyapatite for tooth-socket preservation in dogs. This split-mouth clinical trial was conducted in five hybrid dogs, using four tooth sockets in each dog, with a total of 20 sockets for evaluation. Group 1 received xenografts, and group 2 received synthetic nonceramic hydroxyapatite in the sockets. In group 3 (positive controls), sockets remained empty. All sockets were covered with collagen resorbable membrane, and the flap was stitched using nonresorbable sutures. In group 4 (negative control), sockets were without membrane, left empty, and sutured. After 12 wk, 8-mm-high bone core biopsies were harvested from inside the sockets, using a trephine bur with an internal diameter of 2 mm. We assessed the tissue in terms of percentage of newly formed viable bone, percentage of remaining particles, degree of inflammation, and type of connective tissue. Data were statistically analyzed. The percentage of newly formed viable bone was 34.98% in group 1 and 41.30% in group 2, and this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.710). The percentage of remaining particles was 15.95% in group 1 and 14.14% in group 2; this difference was also not statistically significant (p = 0.902). Both synthetic nonceramic hydroxyapatite and xenograft bone substitute showed similar efficacy, histologically and histomorphometrically, when used with resorbable collagen membrane for tooth-socket preservation in dogs.

CHARACTERISTIC OF SKIN MORPHOLOGY OF SUNDA PORCUPINE (Hystrix javanica) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

This study was conducted to investigate the histological characteristic, type, and distribution of connective tissue in Sunda porcupine skin. The investigation was carried out in three adult of sunda porcupines at microscopic level using hematoxylin eosin, Masson thrichrome, Verhoeffs van Gieson, alcian blue pH 2.5 and periodic acid Schiff staining methods. Skin consists of epidermis, dermis hypodermis, and subcutaneous muscle. Quill follicles were the main and dominant structure as well as the specific characteristic on Sunda porcupine skin. The connective tissue was distributed well in basal membrane, dermis, quill follicle, and hypodermis with various intensity and density. The collagen was the main fiber found in the skin while the elastin fiber was not observed. The acid carbohydrate was found distributed well in the skin while the neutral carbohydrate was not detected in this study. In addition the fibers of connective tissue associated with the adipose tissue which found plentifully in quill follicles and hypodermis. The present results showed that the wide distribution of connective tissue might have an important role on the wound healing physiology of Sunda porcupine skin.

Types Of Connective Tissue With Examples

Types Of Connective Tissue With Examples

Exploring the potential of polyurethane-based soft foam as cell-free scaffold for soft tissue regeneration

Reconstructive treatment after trauma and tumor resection would greatly benefit from an effective soft tissue regeneration. The use of cell-free scaffolds for adipose tissue regeneration in vivo is emerging as an attractive alternative to tissue-engineered constructs, since this approach avoids complications due to cell manipulation and lack of synchronous vascularization. In this study, we developed a biodegradable polyurethane-based scaffold for soft tissue regeneration, characterized by an exceptional combination between softness and resilience. Exploring the potential as a cell-free scaffold required profound understanding of the impact of its intrinsic physico-chemical properties on the biological performance in vivo. We investigated the effect of the scaffold’s hydrophilic character, degradation kinetics, and internal morphology on (i) the local inflammatory response and activation of MGCs (foreign body response); (ii) its ability to promote rapid vascularisation, cell infiltration and migration through the scaffold over time; and (iii) the grade of maturation of the newly formed tissue into vascularized soft tissue in a murine model. The study revealed that soft tissue regeneration in vivo proceeded by gradual infiltration of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells though the periphery toward the center of the scaffold, where the rapid formation of a functional and well-formed vascular network supported cell viability overtime. Statement of significanceExploring the potential of polyurethane-based soft foam as cell-free scaffold for soft tissue regeneration.In this work, we address the unmet need for synthetic functional soft tissue substitutes that provide adequate biological and mechanical support to soft tissue. We developed a series of flexible cross-linked polyurethane copolymer scaffolds with remarkable fatigue-resistance and tunable physico-chemical properties for soft tissue regeneration in vivo. Accordingly, we could extend the potential of this class of biomaterials, which was so far confined for bone and osteochondral tissue regeneration, to other types of connective tissue.

High Glucose Induces Autophagy through PPARγ-Dependent Pathway in Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells.

Diabetes mellitus is a multiorgan disorder affecting many types of connective tissues, including bone and cartilage. High glucose could accelerate the autophagy in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. In our present study, we investigated whether peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) pathway is involved into autophagy regulation in NP cells under high glucose condition. After NP cells were treated with different high glucose concentrations for 72 hours, the rate of autophagy increased. Moreover, the levels of PPARγ, Beclin-1, and LC3II were significantly increased and p62 was significantly decreased compared to control group. Then, NP cells were treated with high glucose plus PPARγ agonist or PPARγ antagonist, respectively. The rate of autophagy and the levels of Beclin-1 and LC3II increased, but p62 decreased when PPARγ agonist was used. On the contrary, the rate of autophagy and the levels of Beclin-1 and LC3II decreased, while p62 increased when PPARγ antagonist was added. These results suggested that autophagy induced by high glucose in NP cells was through PPARγ-dependent pathway.

Expression of some cytokine genes and amount of their products in fibroblast cultures from skin and lung of rats in ontogenesis

The expression of interleukin (IL 1, 2, 6, 8, 10–13, 15, 18), fibroblast growth factors 1, 2, 8, and transforming growth factors α and β1 genes in skin and lung fibroblast cultures (donors – white rats at the age of 0.5, 1, 3 and 24 months) was studied. It is known that these molecules regulate the development and restoration of connective tissue in postnatal ontogenesis, at the same time, different types of connective tissue, in connection with their functional characteristics, develop under unequal conditions and under the influence of various internal and external factors, but not yet investigated the age specificity of the production of these molecules in the cells of connective tissue of various types. That is why, in this paper, the age dynamics of these indicators was compared in cultures of fibroblasts taken from various organs – skin and lungs. The content of the products of these cytokine genes in cultures was also determined, in order to compare the ratio of production of pro- and anti-inflammatory interleukins in cultures of skin and lung fibroblasts. The age dynamics of these indices and its features in connection with the functions of the cytokines studied are discussed. For the genes of all investigated types of cytokines – interleukins, fibroblast growth factors and transforming growth factors – a change in the intensity of expression and accumulation of their products in postnatal ontogenesis was recorded. Dynamics of both the expression intensity of the studied genes and the accumulation of their products is qualitatively similar in cell cultures of both types of tissues, but for skin fibroblasts the age and quantitative variations of these parameters are more pronounced. The maxima of expression and concentrations of all three types of cytokines studied are between 0.5 and 3 months with significant quantitative differences both between cytokinins of different types and between cultures of fibroblasts of the lungs and skin. The significance of the ratio of both expression and accumulation of the products of the anti-inflammatory interleukin genes to pro-inflammatory genes in ontogeny increases in cell cultures of both types of fibroblasts, it can reflect both the developmental features of the organism and the decrease in the ability to regenerate connective tissue with age.