Extreme Length Research Articles

Outcomes of Limb Lengthening with Computer-assisted Hexapod External Fixators in the Treatment of Fibular Hemimelia.

Fibular hemimelia (FH) represents the most common deficiency of the long bones and is associated with multiple deformities. Reconstructive treatment with external fixators in FH restores normal lower extremity alignment and length with plantigrade feet for a balanced and effective gait. The aim of this study is to evaluate the outcomes of lower limb lengthening and simultaneous tri-plane deformity correction with a computer-assisted hexagonal external fixator in children with FH. A retrospective review was performed for FH cases treated with a computer-assisted hexagonal external fixator in a tertiary referral center. Leg length discrepancy (LLD), interphyseal angles, tibiocalcaneal distances, healing index (HI), and callus shapes were analyzed for radiologic evaluation, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) was used for functional assessment. Limbs with HI <50 days/cm, PedsQL >75, and without regenerate fractures were considered successful lengthenings. Twenty-four limbs of 23 patients were included. The limbs were lengthened for a mean of 7.24cm (range, 4.7 to 15.6). The initial LLD of 5.6cm (range, 0.5 to 19cm) increased to 1.7cm (range, 0.1 to 6cm), and the mean interphyseal angle was 12.7 degree (range, 1.5 to 54.2 degree), tibiocalcaneal distance was 0.85cm (range, 0.1 to 1.7) at final follow-up. The most common regenerated bone morphology was cylindrical, as seen in 11 limbs (45.8%). The average PedsQL score was 83.5 (range, 69.5 to 96.7). Sixteen limbs (66.7%) had successful lengthening at their first, and 4 limbs (80%) had successful lengthening at their second surgeries. Seven limbs had complications requiring surgical intervention (29.1%), with 3 (12.5%) regenerate fractures after external fixators removal. Limb reconstruction with computer-assisted hexapod fixators is a successful and reliable option for the treatment of LLD in FH, and patients demonstrate good functional outcomes. Surgeons should be aware of potential complications and should utilize prophylactic measures when necessary. Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Examination of Upper Extremity Length Discrepancy in Patients with Obstetric Brachial Plexus Paralysis.

Since the natural course of obstetric brachial plexus palsy is variable, several problems are encountered. One important question, in considering patients with OBPP under observation in outpatient clinical settings, is whether children will have length discrepancies in their arms. The aim of this study was to determine differences in the length of the affected extremity, in comparison to the opposite upper extremity. As such, 45 patients, aged 6 months to 18 years, with unilateral brachial plexus palsy developed due to obstetric reasons, were included in the study. Affected and healthy side humerus, ulna, radius, 2nd metacarpal and 5th metacarpal lengths were evaluated according to gender, age, side, Narakas classification, primary and secondary surgery. Statistically significant differences were found in the change rates of affected/healthy humerus, radius, 2nd metacarpal and 5th metacarpal lengths according to age (93%, 95%, 92%, 90% and 90%, respectively). Affected/healthy change rates of ulna, radius, 2nd metacarpal and 5th metacarpal lengths were found to differ statistically (p < 0.05) according to the Narakas classification variable (94%, 92%, 95%, 94% and 94%, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in the ratios of affected/healthy change in the lengths of the humerus, ulna, radius and 5th metacarpal compared to the primary surgery (p > 0.05). The ratios of affected/healthy change in ulna, radius and 5th metacarpal lengths were found to differ statistically (p < 0.05) according to secondary surgeries (93%, 91%, 91% and 92%, respectively). Joint and bone deformities and bone shortening were observed after changes that occurred in the postnatal and growing periods due to obstetric brachial plexus palsy. Every increase in function to be gained in the upper extremity musculature was also potentially able to reduce problems, such as shortness.

Probability of rainstorm and flood disasters due to extreme precipitation in Fen River Basin, China.

Analysis of the probability of extreme precipitation events leading to rainstorm and flood disasters can aid in disaster prevention policy development. Using daily precipitation data from 16 meteorological stations from 1960 to 2019, we calculated eight extreme precipitation indices to analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation in the Fen River Basin (FRB) through ensemble empirical mode decomposition and Kriging interpolation. Extreme precipitation events and disasters were defined based on a combination of the antecedent precipitation index (API) and extreme precipitation on the event day and classified; extreme precipitation and the API were ranked from small to large and classified into dry, wet, and moderate (mod) precipitation periods, respectively, yielding nine extreme precipitation event categories. The probability of disasters caused by different types of extreme precipitation events was calculated using a binomial distribution. The results are as follows: (1) between 1960 and 2019, except for extreme precipitation period length, which continuously increased, the extreme precipitation indices changed from a downward to an upward trend since the 1980s. All extreme precipitation indices showed similar interannual variation over short periods and different interdecadal variation over long periods. (2) The extreme precipitation indices showed latitudinal and zonal spatial divergence patterns, but different spatial characteristics were observed around the 1980s. (3) More than 70% of extreme precipitation events in the midstream and downstream fell into four categories: "dry-dry," "dry-mod," "mod-dry," and "mod-mod." (4) A single category VII (VIII) extreme precipitation event in the midstream (downstream) had a maximum probability of causing disaster of 14%. When more than four extreme precipitation events occurred in a year, the probability of one disaster was the highest and that of four or more disasters was < 0.1%. The probability of rainstorm and flood disasters increased gradually with increasing frequency of annual extreme precipitation events.

44 Detecting conformational differences in Fragile Foal Syndrome carriers utilizing artificial intelligence

Conformation traits impact gait and performance, and as a result vary based on intended use of the horse. For example, a horse with longer legs can cover a greater distance per stride than one with shorter legs. Limb length, therefore, is advantageous for horses expected to travel long distances for extended periods of time but may not be for those who go short distances at top speeds. Fragile Foal Syndrome (FFS) in horses results from a sequence change in PLOD1, the same gene that causes Ehlers Danlos Syndrome type IV (EDS-IV) in humans, a condition that results in longer limbs. Based on the phenotype observed in EDS, we hypothesize that FFS in the carrier state may impact extremity length including the neck, forelimbs, and hindlimbs in horses. To measure conformation parameters, we first digitally labeled specific anatomical points on a video recording of a trotting horse using the software package DeepLabCut (DLC). Representative frames for each horse at the same point within the stride were extracted from the video. The X, Y coordinates of each anatomical label were used to quantify conformation geometry. Frame extraction was done with a custom designed graphical interface that ensured the user could identify the ideal frame matching an identical body position across all horses examined. X,Y coordinate output files were thenanalyzed with a custom gait parameter pipeline written in MatLab to calculate the neck, forelimb, and hindlimb length. Each measurement was scaled to account for the varying distance horses were from the camera. Pulled tail hair was utilized to extract DNA and genotype each horse using PCR-RFLP, then followed by Sanger Sequencing for confirmation. Conformational measures were compared between genotype categories (wild type vs, carrier) in JMP Pro. Preliminary results showed that FFS carriers (n = 7) had significantly longer forelimb (P = 0.0344, t-test), hindlimb (P = 0.0258, t-test), and neck (P = 0.0013, t-test) lengths compared with wild type horses (n = 7). Future work will increase the overall sample size and number of frames captured per individual to increase statistical power and allow investigation of more conformation traits including static joint angles and back lengths. Improved understanding of conformational phenotypes that may result from the FFS carrier genotype will inform future studies of equine physiology and connective tissue disorders, leading to better decision making for breeding, sales and training, and preventing injury and loss of foals to this disease.

Patient perception of leg length after total hip arthroplasty does not correlate with sagittal lumbar spine stiffness, history of spinal pathology or fusion.

Although spinal pathology or fusion can change patients' posture and pelvic orientation, their correlation with perception of limb length discrepancy (LLD) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is not well understood. We hypothesised that LLD perception after THA would not correlate with a history of spinal pathology, fusion or sagittal lumbar spine stiffness among patients who underwent THA. Four hundred consecutive patients who underwent THA and had a complete set of anteroposterior and lateral EOS® imaging in standing and sitting positions were included in this retrospective case-control study. All patients underwent THA between 2011 and 2020. Sagittal lumbar spine stiffness was measured by changes in lumbar lordosis and sacral slope from the standing to the sitting position (lumbar spine stiffness: standing sacral slope-sitting sacral slope < 10°). Anatomical and functional lower extremity length, change in the centre of hip rotation, coronal and sagittal knee alignment, and hindfoot height were measured. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate the correlation between patient perceptions of LLD, and the variables found to be significant in the univariate analysis. There was a substantial difference between the patients with and without LLD perceptions regarding axial pelvic rotation (p = 0.001), knee flexum-recurvatum (p = 0.007) and hindfoot height (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference between patients with and without LLD perceptions regarding differences in femoral length (p = 0.06), history of spine pathology or fusion (p = 0.128) and lumbar spine stiffness (p = 0.955). Our study found no significant correlation between perceptions of LLD after THA and spinal fusion or lumbar spine stiffness. Changes in the position of the centre of hip rotation can affect the functional leg length. Surgeons should consult patients regarding other factors, such as knee alignment or hind-/midfoot pathologies, as well as compensatory mechanisms, such as axial pelvic rotation, that could affect perceptions of LLD.

Correlations between one-repetition maximum weights of different back squat depths

BACKGROUND: Although squat depth determines the weight that can be lifted while squatting, it is unclear whether the one-repetition maximum (1RM) at one squat depth can be used to estimate the 1RM at another squat depth. OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlations between 1RM weights at different back squat (BSQ) depths in frequently trained male collegiate athletes. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 26 male collegiate athletes. Body composition, lower extremity length, and 1RM of BSQ were measured. 1RM of BSQ was measured at three positions (quarter, half and parallel positions), defined as 45 degrees of knee flexion (quarter, Q-SQ), 90 degrees of knee flexion (half, H-SQ), and femur parallel to the ground (parallel, P-SQ), respectively. All testing was conducted by a certified strength and conditioning specialist. Pearson’s correlation analysis and Spearman’s rank correlation were used to examine the correlation between 1RM at each squat depth. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between 1RM in the H-SQ and P-SQ positions (p&lt; 0.001, r= 0.725, R2= 0.526, y= 1.0728x+ 24.641), but no significant correlation between 1RM of Q-SQ and P-SQ, and 1RM of Q-SQ and H-SQ. There were significant correlations between the 1RM/BW of Q-SQ and height (p= 0.001, r= 0.594), and with the length of the lower extremities (p= 0.002, r= 0.586). CONCLUSIONS: Mutual estimation of the 1RM of H-SQ or P-SQ from the 1RM of the other squat position is possible. Estimation of the 1RM of Q-SQ from the 1RM of H-SQ or P-SQ is, however, difficult, and must be measured separately. Future studies should be conducted with larger sample sizes, in athletes of various sports, and in females.

Primordial black holes in interferometry

If there is a population of black holes distributed randomly in space, light rays passing in their vicinity will acquire random phases. In the “two-slit” model of an interferometer this can, for a high density of black holes, lead to a diffusion in the phase difference between the two arms of the interferometer and thus to a loss of coherence or “visibility” in interferometric observations. Hence the existence of “fringe contrast” or “visibility” in interferometric observations can be used to put a limit on the possible presence of black holes along the flight path. We give a formula for this effect and consider its application, particularly for observations in cosmology. Under the assumption that the dark matter consists of primordial black holes, we consider sources at high [Formula: see text], up to the CMB. While the strongest results are for the CMB as the most remote source, more nearby sources at high [Formula: see text] lead to similar effects. The effect increases with the baseline, and in the limiting case of the CMB we find that with earth-size baselines a nonzero “visibility” would limit the mass of possible primordial black holes, to approximately [Formula: see text]. Although such limits would not appear to be as strong as those obtained, say from microlensing, they involve a much different methodology and are dominated by very early times (see Table 1 ). Longer baselines lead to more stringent limits and in principle with extreme lengths, the method could possibly find positive evidence for primordial black holes. In this case, however, all other kinds of phase averaging would have to be constrained or eliminated.

Pedicled iliac bone flap grafting in the treatment of late presentation Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a juvenile form of ischemic femoral head osteonecrosis affecting children. The lack of effective and timely treatment results in severe sequelae in children (especially older ones). Although LCPD has been widely studied, little is known about its etiology. As a result, its clinical management is still challenging. This study will investigate the clinical and radiological results of patients older than 6 years and treated with pedicled iliac bone flap grafting for LCPD. A total of 13 patients (13 hips) with late presentation of LCPD were treated with pedicled iliac bone flap grafting. Of the 13 patients, 11 were male and 2 were female. The average age of the patients was 8.4 years (range 6-13). Preoperational radiographs and pain scores were analyzed for lateral pillar classification and the Oucher scale. The final follow-up radiograph was classified using a modified Stulberg classification. Limping, extremity length inequality, and range of motion were clinically assessed. The average follow-up of the patients was 70 months (range 46-120). During the surgery, seven hips were found to be lateral pillar grade B, two were grade B/C, and four were grade C. In the final examination, 12 hips were evaluated as good (Stulberg class I or II) and one as medium (Stulberg class III). There was limb shortening in one patient who was Stulberg class III. There was a significant difference between the preoperational and postoperational radiographic values and the Ocher scale, regardless of the surgical staging (P < 0.05). Pedicled iliac bone flap graft can treat LCPD accompanied by pain and lateral pillar stage B, B/C, and C in children over 6 years. Level IV-case series.

Patellofemoral Angle, Pelvis Diameter, Foot Posture Index, and Single Leg Hop in Post-Operative ACL Reconstruction.

Background and Objectives: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur as a result of the deterioration of the static and dynamic stability of the knee. One of the structures involved in providing static stability is the patellofemoral angle (Q angle). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between Q angle, pelvis diameter, lower extremity length, and foot posture index (FPI) in patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction (ACLR) with the semitendinosus/gracilis (ST/G) technique on both the operated and non-operated sides. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five male recreational athletic patients between the ages of 18 and 35 who had undergone semitendinosus/gracilis (ST/G) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction at least 6 months earlier were included in the study. Femur length, lower extremity length, pelvis diameter, and Q angle measurements, total foot posture index (FPI) scores, and single leg hop (SLH) and triple hop distance (THD) test results were determined on the operated and non-operated sides. Results: When the findings of the patients were evaluated statistically between the operated and non-operated sides, no significant differences were found in Q angle, femur length, and lower extremity length (p > 0.05). In terms of FPI scores, a significant difference was found only in the inversion/eversion of the calcaneus (CALC) parameter (p < 0.05). When the single hop test (SLHT) results were evaluated statistically on the operated and non-operated sides, the results were in favor of the non-operated side (p < 0.05). In the correlation analysis conducted for both the operated and non-operated sides, positive and significant correlations were found only between SLH and THD (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in the other parameters. Conclusions: The fact that ST/G ACLR 6th month post-operative findings revealed similar results in Q angle, lower extremity length, and total FPI scores between the operated and non-operated sides showed that the 6-month process did not cause a difference in these parameters. However, it was found that the operated sides showed lower findings compared to non-operated sides for SLHTs, although these findings were within normal ranges in terms of the limb symmetry index.

Evolution of satDNAs on holocentric chromosomes: insights from hemipteran insects of the genus Mahanarva.

Satellite DNAs (satDNAs) constitute one of the main components of eukaryote genomes and are involved in chromosomal organization and diversification. Although largely studied, little information was gathered about their evolution on holocentric species, i.e., diffuse centromeres, which, due to differences in repeat organization, could result in different evolutionary patterns. Here, we combined bioinformatics and cytogenetic approaches to evaluate the evolution of the satellitomes in Mahanarva holocentric insects. In two species, de novo identification revealed a high number of satDNAs, 110 and 113, with an extreme monomer length range of 18-4228 bp. The overall abundance of satDNAs was observed to be 6.67% in M. quadripunctata and 1.98% in M. spectabilis, with different abundances for the shared satDNAs. Chromosomal mapping of the most abundant repeats of M. quadripunctata and M. spectabilis on other Mahanarva reinforced the dynamic nature of satDNAs. Variable patterns of chromosomal distribution for the satDNAs were noticed, with the occurrence of clusters on distinct numbers of chromosomes and at different positions and the occurrence of scattered signals or nonclustered satDNAs. Altogether, our data demonstrated the high dynamism of satDNAs in Mahanarva with the involvement of this genomic fraction in chromosome diversification of the genus. The general characteristics and patterns of evolution of satDNAs are similar to those observed on monocentric chromosomes, suggesting that the differential organization of genome compartments observed on holocentric chromosomes compared with monocentric chromosomes does not have a large impact on the evolution of satDNAs. Analysis of the satellitomes of other holocentric species in a comparative manner will shed light on this issue.

Updated study of adult and subadult pectoral girdle bones from Sima de los Huesos site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). Anatomical and age estimation keys.

Here we present an updated inventory and study of pectoral girdle remains recovered from the Sima de los Huesos (SH) site. Here, we describe the key morphological traits of adults and, for the first time, subadult specimens. Because morphological traits can change with age, we also discuss some shortcomings related to age estimation in postcranial fossil specimens. Adult clavicles from the SH are long with a low robusticity index and marked curvatures in the superior view. Among these traits, only extreme clavicular length seems to characterize subadult individuals. Neandertals share all these traits. In the case of the scapula, the SH specimens share a relatively long and narrow glenoid fossa with Neandertals. This trait is also present in subadult individuals. Additionally, most specimens from SH, adults, and subadults showed a dorsal axillary sulcus on the scapular lateral border, a trait also present in most adult and subadult Neandertals. These traits in adult and subadult specimens supports substantial genetic control for many of them in both human species.

Association Between Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Type and Quality of Care in Moderate and Late Preterm Infants

A higher level of care improves outcomes in extremely and very preterm infants, yet the impact of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) level on moderate and late preterm (MLP) care quality is unknown. To examine the association between NICU type and care quality in MLP (30-36 weeks' gestation) and extremely and very preterm (25-29 weeks' gestation) infants. This cohort study was a prospective analysis of 433 814 premature infants born in 465 US hospitals between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2020, without anomalies and who survived more than 12 hours and were transferred no more than once. Data were from the Vermont Oxford Network all NICU admissions database. NICU types were defined as units with ventilation restrictions without surgery (type A with restrictions, similar to American Academy of Pediatrics [AAP] level 2 NICUs), without surgery (type A) and with surgery not requiring cardiac bypass (type B, similar to AAP level 3 NICUs), and with all surgery (type C, similar to AAP level 4 NICUs). The primary outcome was gestational age (GA)-specific composite quality measures using Baby-Measure of Neonatal Intensive Care Outcomes Research (Baby-MONITOR) for extremely and very preterm infants and an adapted MLP quality measure for MLP infants. Secondary outcomes were individual component measures of each scale. Composite scores were standardized observed minus expected scores, adjusted for patient characteristics, averaged, and expressed with a mean of 0 and SD of 1. Between May 2021 and October 2022, Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare scores by NICU type. Among the 376 219 MLP (204 181 [54.3%] male, 172 038 [45.7%] female; mean [SD] GA, 34.2 [1.7] weeks) and 57 595 extremely and very preterm (30 173 [52.4%] male, 27 422 [47.6%] female; mean [SD] GA, 27.7 [1.4] weeks) infants included, 6.6% received care in type A NICUs with restrictions, 29.3% in type A NICUs without restrictions, 39.7% in type B NICUs, and 24.4% in type C NICUs. The MLP infants had lower MLP-QM scores in type C NICUs (median [IQR]: type A with restrictions, 0.4 [-0.1 to 0.8]; type A, 0.4 [-0.4 to 0.9]; type B, 0.1 [-0.7 to 0.7]; type C, -0.7 [-1.6 to 0.4]; P < .001). No significant differences were found in extremely and very preterm Baby-MONITOR scores by NICU type. In type C NICUs, MLP infants had lower scores in no extreme length of stay and change-in-weight z score. In this cohort study, composite quality scores were lower for MLP infants in type C NICUs, whereas extremely and very preterm composite quality scores were similar across NICU types. Policies facilitating care for MLP infants at NICUs with less complex subspecialty services may improve care quality delivered to this prevalent, at-risk population.

Nitzschia venerata, sp. nov., a simulacrum for the conopeate, tube-dwelling diatom Nitzschia martiana, has scuta not conopea: a case of convergent evolution?

Abstract Nitzschia martiana, recently restored to Homoeocladia (C. Agardh) emend Lobban et Ashworth, has needle-like cells and forms macroscopic colonies that are so distinctive that they have been reported on the basis of light microscopy alone. It is the type species for Homoeocladia, which have long flaps (conopea) arising from the sternum and covering a valve depression. This group has extreme diversity at the ultrastructural level and it would not be surprising to find another similar to H. martiana. However, Nitzschia venerata, sp. nov., is a surprising look-alike found in a coral reef seaweed sample from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands (Western Pacific Ocean). It was studied with light- and scanning electron microscopy. Attempts to find colonies in live and preserved samples were unsuccessful. It is very long and narrow, with a valve depression like that in conopeate species. However, ultrastructurally it is not conopeate because the long flaps arise from the valve face and grow toward the keel and can therefore be classified as scuta. Although tube formation remains unknown, the extreme length and narrowness of the cells suggest it might occur, so that scientists identifying potential H. martiana should be alert to the possibility that they have N. venerata or some other needle-like Homoeocladia.

Job Desperation: Scale Development and Construct Validation

We introduce a new construct to the vocational behavior literature: job desperation. Job desperation is defined as a state of despair in which a person feels pressure to find a new job, has a negative evaluation of his/her current employment situation, and will go to extreme lengths to find a new job. Using self-determination theory, we provide a theoretical rationale for job desperation . Across two studies, we developed and validated the job desperation scale (JDS). In Study 1, we generated a pool of items and evaluated them using a combination of psychometric techniques including item response theory. In Study 2, we examined the construct validity of the JDS. Results suggest that job desperation is a strong predictor of job search behavior, predicting unique variance in job search behavior over and above other relevant antecedents such as financial strain and job insecurity. We believe job desperation adds to and expands our knowledge of the antecedents of job search behavior by serving as a unique and relevant explanation for why people search for jobs.

Pilot-based channel estimation in spatial modulated OFDM systems for mobile wireless applications

Spatial modulation Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (SM OFDM) is a newly developed transmission technique that has been proposed as an alternative for multiple input multiple output (MIMO)-OFDM transmission. Channel estimation is important for coherent data detection in practical scenarios. This paper investigates estimate power, Mean Square Error (MSE) and Bit Error Rate (BER) parameter metrics with channel estimation algorithm for Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channel on three test environments proposed by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) specified standard model. Simulation output shows that for an AWGN channel, an improvement of approximately 1 dB and 0.3 dB power is obtained with Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) estimate and Least Square (LS)-linear/Spline using DFT. Additionally, for various interpolations employed, MSE decreases as Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) rises, and performance improvement in BER when compared to traditional LS/MMSE estimators also occurs. For Rayleigh fading channel also there arises an enhanced performance in the parameter metrics with MMSE-DFT compared to conventional estimators. In summary, simulation output shows that incorporating DFT algorithm can provide better estimate power, BER and MSE by eliminating the effect of noise externally the extreme channel delay length.

Repercussions of Consanguinity on Metrical Traits At Different Phases of Growth

Introduction: Consanguinity is associated with increase in the likelihood of receiving two copies of deleterious gene from parents, which brings the hidden recessive disorders. This further increases the risk of neonatal and post neonatal mortality. Some of which may also have negative effect on metrical traits of the children, thereby affecting their development and reducing their cognitive abilities. Aim: To examine the effect of parental consanguinity on various metrical traits like linear, circumferential and weight measurements among the Muslim males. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted amongst the Muslim males living in the different river islands of Barpeta district in Assam. The study consisted 1438 males (587 inbred and 851 non-inbred). A total of 936 boys (3 years to 18 years) were measured at an interval of one year. The rest (502 adult men) from 19 to 60 years were in age cohorts of five-years age interval. They were measured for stature, sitting height, lower extremity length, body weight, waist circumference, abdominal circumference and hip circumference. Inbreeding depression on trait was calculated using average coefficient of inbreeding and % of depression in a trait. Wright’s path coefficient method was used for the calculation of inbreeding coefficient. Results: The average coefficient of inbreeding was found to be 0.01637931154. A significant increase in the difference of mean values in all the linear, circumferential and weight measurements has been observed at many ages with the increase in the inbreeding coefficient during childhood and adolescence phase of life. But the difference in mean variance in the adult body parameters between the inbred and non-inbred was statistically insignificant at almost all ages (p&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Consanguinity has not affected any of the adult body measurements. A significant positive association between consanguinity and diminution of body measurements found during the growing period needs to be correlated with the other socio demographic variables because the growing period is always more dependent on environmental variables.

Extremal problems in geometric function theory

This survey is devoted to a number of achievements in the theory of extremal problems in geometric function theory. The approaches to the solution of problems under consideration and the methods used are based on conformal isomorphisms and on the theory of univalent functions developed since the beginning of the 20th century. Results on integral means of conformal mappings of a disc are presented and, in particular, Dolzenko's inequality for rational functions is extended to arbitrary domains with rectifiable boundaries. Investigations in the field of Bohr-type inequalities are described. An emphasis is made on integral inequalities of Hardy and Rellich type, in which the analytic properties of inequalities are intertwined with geometric characteristics of the boundaries of domains. Results related to the solution of the Vuorinen problem on the behaviour of conformal moduli under unlimited dilations of the plane are presented. Formulae for the variation of Robin capacity are obtained. One-parameter families of rational and elliptic functions whose critical values vary in accordance with a prescribed law are characterized. The last results on Smale's conjecture and Smale's dual conjecture are described. Bibliography: 149 titles.

Establishing of Upper Extremities Length of Students of Higher Education Institutions of Bukovyna Depending on the Sport Type

The purpose of the study was to establish of upper limbs length of students of higher educational institutions of Bukovyna depending on the sport type with the further construction of forecasting model. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on 132 students of the first and second years of higher education institutions of Bukovyna aged from16 to 18. Of them, 86 (65.15%) were boys and 46 (34.85%) girls. The main group consisted of 92 (69.70%) students and the control group – 40 (30.30%) students. Among the students of the main group, there are 65 (70.65%) boys and 27 (29.35%) girls. The control group consisted of 21 (52.5%) boys and 19 (47.5%) girls. Students of the main group were engaged in the following sport types: football, volleyball, handball, basketball. Students of the control group did not additionally do sports, except for hours of physical education, in accordance with the curriculum. All students were subjected to an anthropometric study according to the method of V. V. Bunak modified by P. P. Shaparenkо. Anthropometric examination included determination of total and partial parameters. Results and discussion. According to the results of the study, that included the distribution of the length of the right and left upper limbs for gender, there was a significant difference in the average length of young boys and young girls in the main group. This is also evidenced by Welch's t-test: t (49.3) = – 7.253, p &lt; 0.05. The result of the distribution of the length of the right and left upper limbs in the control group for gender also indicates that there was a significant difference in the length of the upper limb of young boys and young girls of the control group on average. This was also confirmed by Welch's t-test: t (25.971) = – 5.670, p &lt; 0.05 (right upper extremity) and t (26.175) = – 5.754, p &lt; 0.05 (left upper extremity). Taking into account the results of the distribution of the lengths of the upper limbs depending on the sport type, it shows that there was a significant difference in the average value of the length depending on the sport type. Since p = 0.25 &lt; 0.05, the difference between the medians of the groups is statistically significant. When comparing the lengths of both upper limbs of the studied young boys and young girls, no significant difference in the average length of the right and left upper limbs was found t (255.92) = – 0.172, p = 0.864. Conclusion. By comparing the length of the right and left upper limbs of the studied students of the main group, depending on the sport type, there was a significant difference in the average value (football players have the smallest length of the upper limbs: right – 69.77 ± 2.0 cm, of them 70.39 ± 2.00 cm in young boys and 67.90 ± 2.00 cm in young girls, left – 70.28 ± 2.0 cm, of them 71.41 ± 2.00 cm in young boys and 68.72 ± 2.00 cm in young girls, while volleyball players have the largest: right – 76.20 ± 2.0 cm, of them 77.32 ± 2.00 cm in young boys and 74.22 ± 2.00 cm in young girls, and left – 77.00 ± 2.0 cm, of them 78.43 ± 2.00 cm in young boys and 75.92 ± 2.00 cm in young girls). A significant factor for the length of both upper limbs is height. A model for predicting the length of the upper limbs was derived: y = 0.422 * x, (where y – the length of the right upper limb, x – height)

Conformal Invariants of 3-Braids and Counting Functions

We consider a conformal invariant of braids, the extremal length with totally real horizontal boundary values $\lambda_{tr}$. The invariant descends to an invariant of elements of $\mathcal{B}_n\diagup\mathcal{Z}_n$, the braid group modulo its center. We prove that the number of elements of $\mathcal{B}_3\diagup\mathcal{Z}_3$ of positive $\lambda_{tr}$ grows exponentially. The estimate applies to obtain effective finiteness theorems in the spirit of the geometric Shafarevich conjecture over Riemann surfaces of second kind. As a corollary we obtain another proof of the exponential growth of the number of conjugacy classes of $\mathcal{B}_3\diagup\mathcal{Z}_3$ with positive entropy not exceeding $Y$.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MODELING OF LOWER EXTREMITIES LENGTH OF STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS DEPENDING ON THE SPORT TYPE

Taking into account the literature, further establishment of anthropometric parameters according to individual sports, followed by building a model to solve problems of selection and sports orientation is relevant and necessary in modern sports Creating the model based on anthropometric parameters will allow us to coduct sports selection among future athletes in order to achieve excellent results in professional sports. The objective of the study was to fi nd out the features of the length of the lower extremities depending on the sport type, followed by building a model for predicting their length.А comparative analysis of anthropometric parameters of the lengths of the lower extremities depending on the sport on 129 students of higher education, aged 16 to 18 years, who were divided into main – 89 (69%) and control group – 40 (31%), followed by model building predicting their length of the lower extremities. The length of the right lower extremities of the studied students of the main group is: volleyball – 91.72±3.0 cm; football – 90.02±3.0 cm; basketball – 89.42±3.0 cm; wrestling – 89.80±3.0 cm; tennis – 89.60±3.0 cm; wrestling – 89.80±3.0 cm; fi tness – 86.55±2.0 cm. Students in the control group, the average length of the right lower extremities is – 85.90±2.0 cm. The length of the left lower extremities of the studied students of the main group is: volleyball – 91.38±3.0 cm; football – 89.72±3.0 cm; basketball – 89.57±3.0 cm; wrestling – 89.40±3.0 cm; tennis – 89.20±3.0 cm; fi tness – 86.66±2.0 cm. Students in the control group, the average length of the left lower extremities is – 85.72±2.0 cm.Anthropometric study (length of the lower extremities) was performed according to the method of VV Bunak in the modifi cation of PP Shaparenko. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using a licensed program RStudio.Comparing the length of the right lower extremity depending on the sport found a signifi cant diff erence in the length of the right lower extremity in the pairs «football»-»fi tness», «volleyball»-»fi tness», «football»-»control group», «volleyball»-»control group», comparing the length of the left lower limb in pairs «volleyball»- »fi tness», «football»-»control group», «volleyball»-»control group». No signifi cant diff erence in the average length of the right and left upper extremities of both study groups was found (main group – 89.51±3.0 cm – right, 89.32±3.0 cm – left; control – 85.90±3.0 cm – right, 85.72±3.0 cm – left).It was found that a signifi cant factor for the length of both lower extremities is growth (based on regression analysis). Based on this, a model for predicting the length of the lower extremities is derived: L = 0.422 x h, (where L is the length of the upper extremity, h is the height).