Peace Journalism Research Articles

The Practice of Peace Journalism in the Coverage of Rohingya Crisis: A Study on Bangladeshi Newspapers

Abstract In modern journalism conflict resolution has become one of the significant issues. This paper evaluates the print media coverage of Rohingya crisis, which is one of the world’s most discussed topics in recent years. This study is based on the notion that media has potential to impact conflict prevention and its resolution. Based on their circulation, this study selected four Bangladeshi national daily newspapers. The aim is to examine Rohingya conflict-related news and editorials. The primary results confirmed that the issue’s coverage is negatively presented and consistently concentrated on abuse, violent incidents and the lack of peaceful solutions. It concludes that Bangladeshi print media did not play any crucial role in the peaceful resolution of the Rohingya crisis.

Reporting of Kashmir Conflict in Elite press of Pakistan. A Descriptive Analysis

The study attempts to analyze the coverage of Jammu and Kashmir conflict through peace and war journalism along with understanding how the ideals of peace journalism can be translated into conflict reporting. The descriptive analysis of news stories published fromAugust 5, 2019 to Dec 5, 2019in the mainstream contemporary English press of Pakistan (Dawn and The Nation) and India (Times of India and The Hindu) is carried out through content analysis. The time period is significant because of the scrapping of Article 370 and its violent effects on the region. The approach of peace and war journalism is explored through in-depth interviews of Pakistani and Kashmiri journalists. The study concluded that both Pakistani and Indian press employed war framing more dominantly than peace framing while reporting Kashmir conflict. A higher instance of peace journalism was recorded in the Pakistani press in comparison to the Indian press. The ideals of peace journalism can be achieved by not justifying human rights violations and by refraining from becoming part of propaganda paradigm.

Xenophobia in South Africa: An Insight into the Media Representation andTextual Analysis

This paper examines print media coverage of xenophobicrelated behaviours and its possibility to incite xenophobic violence in South Africa considering the fact that the press has had accusations of publishing unbalanced and inconsistent stories about xenophobic-related violence. The method adopted was textual analysis of the selected South African newspapers’ headlines. Thus, this paper has made use of headlines from the Daily Dispatch, The Citizen, Sunday Times, Business Daily, and Independent Online news (IOL), between the period of May 2008 to August 2018. Interestingly, most of the selected newspapers in this paper have published vastly during this period, and they have been accused of misrepresentation, biasness, unbalanced reportage mostly on xenophobic-related violence. The findings of this paper revealed that these headlines are capable to putting readers on the edge and thus incite xenophobic violence across the country. In an attempt to discourage xenophobic behaviours, this paper has therefore recommended peace journalism and Ubuntu journalism as alternative models for reporting xenophobic violence and conflict.

War or peace journalism? Kenyan newspaper framing of 2007 post-election violence

This study sought to examine the dominant frame in terms of ‘war’ and ‘peace’ in the coverage of the 2007/2008 post-election violence. At the time, Kenya had eight daily and over 10 weekly newspapers (Mbeke, 2008). The Daily Nation and The Standard were selected for the purpose of this study. The study applied systematic sampling method to select stories from The Standard and simple random sampling to select the stories from Daily Nation. A sample of 35 news articles (an average of 5 every day) for each of the newspapers and a maximum of 10 for each of the other categories were selected from 294 and 180 articles from The Standard and Daily Nation respectively. Details of each story were recorded in the coding sheet. This information was afterwards transferred to SPSS, a statistical data analysis programme. The study employs 11 of Johan Galtung’s 13 indicators of war/peace journalism to analyse the framing of the conflict. Galtung has proposed a new approach to reporting war and conflict that he terms 'peace journalism'. The two newspapers had an equal number of war journalism-framed stories (6 or 2%). Peace journalism framing was dominant in both newspapers. The findings contrast Galtung’s argument that in reporting war and conflict the media always give emphasis to war journalism frames.

War and Peace Journalism: Coverage of Syrian Conflict in International Press

The Syrian conflict has been one of the main issues of the current decade and was widely covered by the international media. Our research aims to explore how the international press portrayed the Syrian conflict from the lens of 'peace' and 'war' journalism. Four newspapers of different countries which were directly involved in the issue were selected. Editorial pages of The New York Times of America, The Moscow Times of Russia, Tehran Times of Iran, and Khaleej Times of Arab States were chosen as a unit of analysis for the study. A sample of 918 stories was selected for examination. We used the content analysis methodology and selected the time period from March 15, 20ll to March 15, 2016. Our findings show that the Syrian issue is dominantly framed as war-oriented by the international media as compared to peace-journalism. Among war-indicators, a dichotomy is the most used approach, whereas in peace-indicators solution-oriented approach is the most repeated one.

Framing Peace Process and Sharia: An Evidence of Peace Journalism during Violent Conflict in District Swat, Pakistan

This study contently examines the editorial coverage of the [violent] conflict/ militancy in district Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, in two leading local newspapers, i.e. Daily Chand and Daily Shamal, from a peace journalism perspective. The findings, based on content analysis of overall 145 editorials written on the issue of militancy/conflict, indicate that the local newspapers backed the peace process and implementation of Islamic laws (Sharia) and viewed them as important elements for conflict resolution.

Conclusion of Peace in Printing Forms of Communication of Westphalian System (Based on Peace Journalism in the Middle of the XVII and the Beginning of the XVIII Centuries)

The article presents a comparative political analysis of peace journalism during the end of the Thirty Years’ War and the first decades of the Age of Enlightenment. The author believes that the Early Modern Period became the first peak of peace journalism, and peace congresses were the highest point of international
 communication. The Thirty Years’ War was the first religious-political conflict, during
 which information on military events, both officially propaganda and oppositional
 one, was spread throughout the continent. The article notes that it was peace
 journalism that gave the name to this long and destructive European war. Almost
 half a century later, from peace congresses in Ryswick (1697), and in Utrecht
 (1713), a new «medial type» appeared, which purpose was to periodically familiarize
 European society with the development of the negotiation process and comment
 on the events taking place. To convey events to the reading public and for propaganda
 the activities of sovereigns and governments, materials of peace congresses
 began to be published shortly after their conclusion.
 In general, by the Age of Enlightenment, the peace press had obviously changed, new international publications appeared, peace projects had been created, and the periodicals became more open and full of discussion. Many years of the
 conflict had contributed to the growing perception of Europe as an international
 community, and performative nature and congress journalism emphasized European character of peace and the protopatriotic moods evoked by the concept «Europe ». The author comes to the conclusion that the peace journalism of the studied period was a form of communication that perfectly reflected the contradictions and
 transformations in European society before, during and after the conclusion of
 peace, and, in general political terms, the developed the function of «enter» that characterized the subject political culture. It was like an indicator showing the level of political competition and helped contemporaries and descendants to look at the ongoing international transformations objectively.

Peace Journalism in Theory and Practice: Kenyan and Foreign Correspondent Perspectives

ABSTRACT Peace journalism (PJ) is a framework intended to improve conflict coverage by challenging traditional news values. Our study aimed to compare the use of PJ in the local and foreign coverage of two key violent events in Kenyan history—the 2017 election violence and the 2019 Dusit attack—as well as collecting reporters’ views and understandings of the concept. A content analysis of 257 articles across 10 legacy newspapers from Kenya, the United States, the United Kingdom and South Africa was supplemented with 14 semi-structued interviews with local and foreign reporters. We found war journalism (WJ) to be the prevailing frame, with no significant difference in the use of PJ between Kenyan and international newspapers apart from a few variations across individual indicators. The interviews exposed a lack of awareness of PJ in the case of foreign correspondents, and an interpretation that fundamentally differs from traditional understandings of the concept in the case of Kenyan reporters. We conclude that PJ is not a one-size-fits-all approach and needs to be embraced and transformed in cooperation between journalists and academics before it can become a reality in mainstream newsrooms.

Moderation of Islamic Messages Based on Cyber Media

The spread of radical ideology through cyber media was balanced by moderate journalism constructed by the journalism of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah. This study aims to understand the moderation construction of Islamic messages on the nu.or.id and Muhammadiyah.or.id sites. This research uses a constructivist approach with the kind of discourse analysis research model of Teun A. van Dijk. The results of the study describe that thematically, the two sites construct the Islamic message Wasathiyah. The schematic construction of the two sites is constructed with a news journalism frame. Semantic construction on the nu.or.id site emphasizes the connotative meaning of deviation, site; Muhammadiyah.or.id emphasized the importance of preventing religious deviations. Site syntax construction; nu.or.id emphasizes the connotative meaning, site; Muhammadiyah.or.id emphasized denotative meaning. Site stylistic construction; nu.or.id uses allegory figurative language, website; Muhammadiyah.or.id does not use a standardized language style. The rhetorical construction of the site; nu.or.id uses connotative sentences, site; muhammadiyah.or.id uses the phrase 'foreign' as a characteristic of the development of thought. The moderation construction of media cyber-based Islamic messages on both sites is presented in a tolerant manner, does not corner other religions, is fair, maintains a balance of news, and follows the latest events. The results of this study have contributed to the development of news writing based on peace journalism.

Cross-border news framing of social issues in India and Pakistan’s English dailies

This study analyzed cross border news coverage by India and Pakistan’s English dailies (The Times of India, The Hindu, Dawn and The Nation) from 1st June 2014 to 31st May 2018 by focusing on Social indicators such as religion, culture and social structure which are further sub-divided into issues.
 The research design of the study implied quantitative and qualitative approaches. The author analyzed the content of 4480 news headlines and sub-headlines from front, back and international pages with their directional analysis and tested by two sample proportion tests as per the significance and association of variables.
 It was found that more coverage was given to the religious news than other social indicators. Cultural indicator was given most positive and religious news most negative coverage among the indicators while Hindu-Muslim issues was given most negative coverage among news issues. It was observed that 62.20% news stories were framed negatively, 19.74% positively and 18.06% neutrally. Indian newspapers covered Pakistani social issues more negatively than Pakistani newspapers. Times of India and Dawn framed cross borders social issues less negatively than The Hindu and Nation respectively.
 The content of the news is observed to be direct announcements, attacking proclamations, biased and partial pronouncements, patriotic statements and denoted war rather than peace journalism. This study recommends professional and peace journalism to promote neutral opinion about culture and especially religious thoughts among people from both sides.
 Keywords: Culture, Religion, Hindu-Muslim, News Coverage, Peace Journalism

Peace journalism strategy for covering online political discourses in a multipolar society and the new public sphere

The relationship between political competition and social polarization has been studied extensively while overlooking the divisive rhetoric in online political discourses and how media’s coverage creates the social-psychological barriers to peace and a unified sense of national identity/unity. Adapting Galtung’s peace-journalism model through the qualitative content and news frame analyses of contenders’ tweeting activities and news coverage during Nigeria’s 2019 presidential contests, this study reveals the prevalence of othering discourses in contenders’ tweets and the attributes of conflict-escalatory coverage by Nigerian newspapers. Implementing peace-journalism strategy become essential to create shared values for improving political communication amidst the new public sphere in multipolar Nigeria.

Expanding peace journalism: A new model for analyzing media representations of immigration

This article aims to expand peace journalism scholarship by proposing a new peace journalism model for analyzing media representations of immigration. By employing framing and content analysis, the paper takes a closer look at the ways in which four Greek newspapers portrayed immigration in crisis-stricken Greece between 2011 and 2014. Results indicate that a conflict frame prevailed in the majority of all newspaper articles analyzed. In this context, immigration was portrayed (1) as an issue that generated conflict among different political and social groups, (2) through stereotypical portrayals of immigrants as a threat to public health and security, (3) as a mass of people in extreme conditions of exception, and (4) as a problem to almost every aspect of the Greek society: for tourism, trade, the economy or even Greece’s relationship with the EU. A peace frame, conversely, was identified in around one fourth of all news stories. At the same time, findings lead us to conclusions that transcend the peace and conflict journalism dualism revealing five distinct subframes that provide a more nuanced understanding of the peace journalism concept; (1) a ‘direct conflict subframe’ enhancing division and dispute over immigration, (2) a ‘journalism of conventions subframe’ following well-established journalistic conventions with important consequences on the quality of information, (3) a ‘journalism of values subframe’ being closer to the traditional values of journalism, (4) a ‘diversity journalism subframe’, including all elements referring to a pro-immigrant approach, and (5) a ‘positive peace subframe’, closer to Galtung’s notion of positive peace.

Peace Journalism in Framing Radical Islamic Issues in Bali

Nowadays, radical Islamic issues has becoming an international’s issues. News stories in media filled by this issue. Even local media also put this issue in their agenda, like local media in Bali Province. Since Bali bombing in 2002, people in Bali have their own trauma related to radical Islamic especially terrorism. Media have the power to shape people’s agenda, and to shape people’s perspective in any issues. So, local media in Bali have power to influence how people in Bali to see and understand the issue. The research’s quetions is how the media in Bali framing radical Islamic issues in 2018? Unit analysis in this research are <em>Bali Post</em> and <em>Tribun Bali. </em>Both of them have the highest traffic and the oldest newspaper in Bali. Research is using Entman’s Framing Method, which focus in how media selected issues and what aspect is highlighted by the media during 2018. The result is peace journalism has been practiced in framing radical issues in Bali.

Transitional Justice and Transitional Journalism: Case-Study on Kosovo

Abstract This article documents the findings of an empirical project combining socio-legal and media studies, which examined journalists’ perceptions of their role in relation to transitional justice in Kosovo. Based upon the qualitative analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews with professional journalists in Kosovo during the summer of 2018, the article shows that key issues in the study of transitional justice appear in respect of what, building on notions of ‘peace journalism’, can be termed ‘transitional journalism’. Issues include the extent to which ‘transitional journalism’ is, or should be, a distinct ‘field’ at all; as well as debates about the relative priority to give to accountability, reconciliation, historical accounting, or victims’ rights within the practice of ‘transitional journalism’ at any given time. Identifying and engaging with these issues will allow greater agency in, and ownership of, decisions taken about ‘transitional journalism’.

Reporting Sino-Indian Border Conflict Through Peace Journalism Approach

The study attempts to analyze the coverage of recent Sino-Indian border conflict through peace and war journalism along with understanding how peace journalism ideals can be translated into conflict reporting. The descriptive analysis of news stories published from May 5, 2020, to October 5, 2020, in the mainstream contemporary English press of China (China Daily and Global Times) and India (Times of India and The Hindu) is carried out through content analysis. The period is significant because of the recent border conflict between China and India at Ladakh. The approach of peace and war journalism is explored through in-depth interviews of Indian and Chinese journalists. The study concluded that both Indian and Chinese press employed war framing more dominantly than peace framing while reporting on-going border conflict. A higher instance of peace journalism was recorded in the Chinese press in comparison to the Indian press. The ideals of peace journalism can be achieved by refraining from becoming part of the propaganda paradigm.

Comparison of Op-ed Coverage of Kashmir Conflict by Elite Global Press: a War and Peace Journalism Perspective

The study is a content analysis of Kashmir issue coverage by Indian and Pakistani press. The analysis is based on war and peace journalism categories designed by John Galtung. The study is comparison of Op-Ed of elite Indian and Pakistani press. It is an investigation of use of war and peace frame while covering the grave issue of Kashmir. As India has occupied the large are of Kashmir and has fought three wars over this issue, so this issue is the prime threat to the peace and stability in the region. Study found that press of both sides are using war frame while reporting the issue, hence being part of the problem not the part of solution. It was also found that Indian press is using more war frame on Kashmir issue than Pakistani press.

Kashmir conflict and Indian Press: A Literature Review

A multi-cultural and multi-ethnic society of Indian state is ill informed about multifaceted reality of Kashmir conflict due to mediated and fabricated information conveyed through national media. Kashmiris perceive national media as biased and hiding public sentiments which further alienated Kashmiri public to the Indian state and nationalism. Little available literature on media portrayal of Kashmir only discussed Pak-India hostility, peace and war journalism or propaganda. This research is about the coverage of Kashmir conflict by Indian Press. Research proceeding reveals that there is little research studies directed toward this subject. This article review the published research work by academics and media professional collected through websites, research journal archives and catalogues. This research will guide researchers and media practitioners involved in the reportage of Kashmir conflict.

CRISE HUMANITÁRIA E OS DESLOCAMENTOS INTERNOS POR CONFLITOS E DESASTRES SOB AS LENTES DO JORNALISMO HUMANITÁRIO E DE PAZ

Wars, conflicts, climate change, disasters and political and economic instability are the main causes of humanitarian crisis that challenges the social and political institutions created to prevent the widespread violation of human rights. One of the main consequences of these occurrences is forced migrations, in particular, internal displacement caused by disasters, whose invisibility or media opacity contrasts with its statistics and the prolonged suffering of its victims. This article aims to discuss the extent to which humanitarian and peace journalism can contribute to remove migration by disasters from opacity, inhibiting the “naturalization” narrative and providing the visibility and debate necessary to face the problem.

Book Review: Peace Journalism in East Africa: A Manual for Media Practitioners, by Fredrick Ogenga (Ed.)

Book Review: <i>Peace Journalism in East Africa: A Manual for Media Practitioners</i>, by Fredrick Ogenga (Ed.)

Conditioned integration during security crises: the role of Israeli sports media from 1996 to 2014

This study examines peace journalism as manifested toward the Israeli Arab minority in a time of seven security crises from 1996 to 2014 in the Israeli Hebrew sports media. Studies of peace journalism in periods of crises focus mainly on political news and find that the media largely conform to alienation practices. This study argues that sports media encourage a ‘conditional integration’ of all actors that participate in the sport. The sports media have three strategies: acknowledging a notion of ‘normalcy’ in which Arabs encourage the maintenance of the sports season at the national and international levels, curtailing alienation practices such as condemning racism and objection to boycott of Arab teams, and encouraging integration that allows the Israeli-Arabs to have a unique voice, as long as they do not openly adopt anti-Israel political stances such as making pro-Hamas or Hezbollah statements. Therefore, sports sections in the news can deepen our understanding of the diverse role of media in times of security crises.