How Mothers' and Children's negativity predicts conflict resolution.

CORTS: A temporal scheduling framework for physical-cost-aware conflict resolution in multi-agent path finding

Frustration is the negative emotional state that arises from the unexpected omission, reduction, delay, or inaccessibility of an appetitive reinforcer. Building upon a century of discoveries since Edward C. Tolman's pioneering 1925 work on expectancy, this review explores the multifaceted phenomenon of Frustrative Nonreward (FNR), a specific type of frustration. We synthesize psychological and biological perspectives to illustrate how FNR shapes motivation, aggression, conflict resolution, and partial reinforcement phenomena, as well as broader learning processes. By linking foundational animal studies with cutting-edge human research, we underscore the relevance of FNR to clinical conditions such as substance abuse, anxiety, and mood disorders. This integrative overview aims to deepen our understanding of how frustration dynamics operate across species and contexts, while highlighting its translational applications for future scientific and therapeutic advances.

Managing limited natural resources is an important sustainability challenge, requiring efficient conflict resolution among parties in a dynamically changing environment. To address these challenges, humans have developed sequential negotiations-adaptive joint decision-making processes enabling efficient, forward-looking agreements that consider all parties' priorities and the changing value of resources over time. Across three incentivized, face-to-face negotiation experiments (N = 330), we systematically investigate when and why negotiation dyads succeed or fail in reaching efficient agreements in sequential allocation negotiations, thereby leveraging the changing value of resources. Because trust may be an important psychological factor in reaching efficient agreements in such sequential negotiations, we manipulated trust levels (high vs. low) between negotiating pairs and progressively increased its relevance across experiments. Across both distribution (Experiments 1 and 2) and contribution negotiations (Experiment 3) and regardless of trust, dyads consistently prioritized resolving immediate conflicts of interest during the initial negotiation, failing to leverage changes in resource values and limiting their ability to reach efficient agreements over time. Integrating elements from environmental, social, and negotiation psychology, this research highlights challenges in sequential negotiations with dynamic resource values and provides a basis for evidence-based interventions to enhance agreement efficiency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Land dispossession, frequently framed as “land grabbing,” constitutes a critical socio-environmental issue globally, with acute manifestations in resource-rich yet marginalized regions. In Nigeria’s Niger Delta, this phenomenon is closely associated with pollution from oil exploration, resulting in profound disruptions across human, animal, and environmental health domains. This study employed a qualitative methodology involving interviews, focus group discussions, and community narratives, with 75 purposively selected participants from Bayelsa, Rivers, Delta, and Akwa Ibom States; regions severely impacted by oil-related activities. Findings revealed extensive environmental degradation through oil spills, gas flaring, and contamination of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. These disruptions have undermined traditional livelihoods in agriculture and fisheries, heightened poverty and youth unemployment, and fostered social instability. Participants also reported suspected long-term health impacts, including respiratory ailments and cancers, particularly among vulnerable populations, though formal diagnoses were limited by poor healthcare access. Animal health concerns emerged through observations of declining livestock and fish populations linked to ecosystem contamination. Community responses included protest actions, legal challenges, and advocacy campaigns, yet interventions by oil companies and government agencies, often in the form of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives, were largely viewed as inadequate and unsustainable. This study underscores the necessity of adopting a One Health approach that recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health in addressing the multidimensional challenges of land dispossession. In conclusion, we recommend a One Health-informed, community-engaged governance framework integrating environmental restoration, livelihood diversification, and strengthening of healthcare as essential pathways for sustainable conflict resolution in the Niger Delta. A One Health conceptual framework illustrating the interconnectedness of socio-ecological impacts of oil exploration in the Niger Delta. It highlights how environmental degradation from oil spills, gas flaring, and deforestation disrupts ecological systems, with cascading effects on animal health and human health. These interdependencies create feedback loops increasing poverty, food insecurity, and public health risks. The framework shows the necessity for transdisciplinary, integrated interventions addressing environmental remediation, veterinary surveillance, and public health within a unified governance structure. • Pollution-driven land dispossession is on the rise in the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria. • Youth restiveness and conflicts in the region may be direct outcomes of resources deprivation, rather than literacy levels. • Unmonitored oil exploration poses unmeasurable environmental, human health, and livelihood risks to the host communities. • Gaps exist in the current government and corporate responses to community harm • Integrated One Health are participatory governance solutions are necessary to ameliorate hazards and compensate affected communities.

Agents of prevention: A qualitative exploration of Black fathers' strategies to safeguard youth from violence.

Real-time resource conflict resolution in multi-resource constrained port operations: A cascading displacement framework

Cognitive control encapsulates the mental processes that support goal-directed behavior and overcome habitual/automatic drives. Traditional RT approaches obscure the temporal dynamics of conflict resolution. We recently proposed the use of a forced-response paradigm in combination with the response preparation model (RPM) to reveal how processing related to goal-directed and automatic responses unfolds over time during the conflict resolution process. However, this model relies on overt behavior and trials when participants make an error, leaving it unclear if the insight the model provides can be used to infer the dynamic mental states that occur when conflict resolution is successful. Partial errors-subthreshold muscle activation of the incorrect response on incongruent trials before the correct response-offer a solution. Partial errors act as a physiological window into the timing of the habitual process. Across two experiments, participants completed forced-response versions of the Simon and flanker tasks while EMG was recorded from both hands. We demonstrate that the RPM accurately captures behavioral performance and that the estimations of the habitual process by the RPM correspond with the timing of partial errors. Importantly, replacing the habit process in the RPM with the timing of partial errors preserved the model's ability to accurately predict behavior. These findings offer converging behavioral, computational, and physiological evidence for the timing of the habitual response process in conflict tasks and affirm the utility of the forced-response method and RPM in examining conflict resolution.

Workplace conflicts are common and complex, often leading to reduced job satisfaction, health problems, long-term absenteeism, and even job loss. When unresolved, they can seriously disrupt team dynamics and organizational functioning. Understanding the needs of employees, employers, and occupational health professionals in preventing, de-escalating, and resolving conflicts is essential for fostering healthier work environments. Therefore, this study explores the needs and challenges faced by these key stakeholders while triangulating the findings for effectively preventing, managing, and resolving workplace conflicts. A qualitative, explorative study design was used. Between June 2023 and January 2025 semi-structured interviews (n = 18) and focus groups (2x n = 9) were conducted with employees, employers, and occupational health professionals. A thematic analysis was applied to identify recurring themes in the data. The findings of this study highlight the complex and multi-layered nature of workplace conflicts. Three overarching themes were identified from the interviews: (1) Lack of mutual understanding and miscommunication hinder prevention, de-escalation and resolution of workplace conflicts; (2) opposing perspectives on workplace conflicts between employees and employers, often leading to misunderstandings and escalation; and (3) the needs for prevention, de-escalation, and resolution of conflicts. All stakeholder groups emphasized the importance of open communication, a safe and transparent organizational culture, clearly defined roles and responsibilities, approachable and well-trained managers, and accessible support systems such as clear protocols and professional guidance. These preconditions were seen as essential for enabling workplace conflicts to be addressed openly at an early stage. This is, to our knowledge, the first qualitative study integrating employee, employer, and occupational health professional perspectives on the prevention and solution of workplace conflicts in a Dutch context. The triangulation of these perspectives highlights the importance of incorporating these viewpoints when designing interventions. In developing interventions, fostering a culture of openness, safety and shared responsibility is essential for promoting workplace harmony and reducing the adverse effects of conflicts. The findings further suggest that occupational health policies could be strengthened through earlier involvement of occupational health services, clearer protocols to prevent and manage conflict-related sick leave, and the implementation of communication training focused on prevention of conflict escalation.

Creating brave spaces through the implementation of the Oops, Ouch, Whoa dialogue guide in pharmacy education.

This research aims to examine the ethics of conflict management and discipline in educational institutions through a literature review approach. As a space for social interaction, educational institutions are inseparable from potential conflicts arising from differences in interests, values, and perceptions among individuals. On the other hand, discipline is an essential element in establishing order and supporting the learning process. However, conflict management and disciplinary enforcement that are not grounded in ethics can instead damage the academic climate and trigger new psychological issues within the educational environment. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method, gathering data from various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and relevant articles. The results indicate that ethics plays a crucial role as a philosophical and practical foundation in conflict management and disciplinary enforcement that is fair, wise, and humane. An ethical approach is capable of fostering constructive conflict resolution through dialogue, while simultaneously shifting the orientation of discipline from mere punishment toward sustainable character building. Consequently, the integration of ethical values into conflict management and discipline serves as the primary key to creating a harmonious, safe, and conducive educational environment for the growth and development of students.

Sensory dysfunction is common in Parkinson disease (PD) and may impair motor function and quality of life. Although subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation improves motor symptoms, it also modulates sensory function. This study aimed to identify stimulation sites and structural brain networks associated with improvements in sensory decision making. Data from 21 patients with PD treated with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation were retrospectively analyzed. Sensory decision making was assessed using the rubber hand illusion. Measures included proprioceptive drift (shift in perceived hand position), hand stroking illusion (questionnaire-rated visual-tactile synchrony), and hand ownership illusion (feeling the rubber hand is one's own) in stimulation-on and stimulation-off conditions. Computational software modeled stimulated tissue for each patient, identifying optimal stimulation sites ("sweetspots"). A normative connectome determined networks associated with outcome improvement and worsening. Results were validated with permutation testing. A region-of-interest (ROI) analysis examined contributions from sensorimotor and prefrontal brain regions. Normalization of right-hand proprioceptive drift (reduction toward control levels) was associated with stimulation of the left associative-limbic subthalamic nucleus and with bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) connectivity. Improvement in the right-hand stroking illusion correlated most strongly with contralateral motor and prefrontal connectivity. ROI analysis showed that proprioceptive drift improvement was linked to bilateral executive and limbic networks, whereas right-hand stroking illusion improvement involved contralateral executive, limbic, and somatomotor networks. Stimulation of the associative-limbic subthalamic nucleus and connectivity to the PFC are important for improving sensory decision making in PD. These effects may reflect modulation of sensory decisional conflict resolution networks. Understanding these relationships may support individualized, symptom-based stimulation therapies. These exploratory findings warrant further study.

ABSTRACT This article examines the conflict resolution practices, challenges, and resilience of the Abegar system among the Wollo society in northeastern Ethiopia. Employing qualitative research methods – namely in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis – the study investigates the resilience and transformation of Abegar as a traditional institution in promoting peace and social cohesion. Participants were purposively selected from both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of Abegar services, which are widely practiced in the study area. In addition, the study observed the resolution of eight cases adjudicated by Abegar juries in two centers. Thematic analysis of the data indicates that the Abegar court is a well-established and effective local mechanism for dispute resolution and the maintenance of social harmony. Despite challenges arising from changing societal dynamics, state interventions, and modernization, the Abegar system has demonstrated adaptability and innovation in sustaining its role. The study concludes that while the Abegar institution continues to serve the wider community, sustained support from both local communities and state actors is essential to maintain its effectiveness and institutional legitimacy.

Peer bullying in physical education (PE) poses a significant threat to student psychosocial development. This study examines pre-service PE teachers' perceptions, empathy levels, and intervention tendencies towards physical, verbal, and relational bullying situations. Using a vignette-based mixed-methods design, data were collected between April and June 2025 from 105 final-year teacher candidates (N = 105; 67.6% male). Participants were recruited via convenience sampling from six state universities across Türkiye: Dicle, Bartın, Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart, İnönü, and Akdeniz. All candidates had completed or were enrolled in the 12-week teaching internship. Quantitative data were analysed using ANOVA and t-tests, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke's framework. Quantitative results indicated that candidates attributed high seriousness, felt strong empathy, and showed a high likelihood of intervention across all bullying types, with no significant differences regarding gender or prior training. However, qualitative findings revealed three primary themes: Behavioural Control, Emotional Support, and Inclusive/Relational Strategies. These themes highlighted that sensitivity often failed to translate into pedagogical action, as most candidates relied on superficial, authority-based warnings. The findings suggest that high emotional awareness does not guarantee pedagogical competence in conflict resolution. Anti-bullying training should be integrated into teacher education through applied case analyses and scenario-based pedagogical studies to bridge the gap between intention and practice.

In the complex and dynamic landscape of healthcare, preventing medical disputes has become a critical aspect of medical practice. Medical disputes often arise from miscommunication, medical errors, or unmet patient expectations, leading to a breakdown in the doctor-patient relationship and potentially resulting in litigation. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of dispute prevention, current medical education often lacks comprehensive training in communication and conflict resolution. This study aims to explore the feasibility and preliminary educational effects of integrating Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCE) into medical education to enhance medical students' ability to prevent and manage medical disputes. This quasi-experimental pilot study involved 24 sixth-year medical students from Chang Gung University, divided into two groups: one received traditional classroom instruction on medical dispute prevention, while the other participated in formative OSCE-based simulation sessions. Both groups later underwent a summative OSCE. Group allocation was based on existing timetable assignments; no randomisation was performed. Data were collected through MCQ assessments, OSCE performance scores, and a semi-structured group interview conducted by an independent researcher, recorded and transcribed verbatim. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, paired t-tests, and ANOVA; qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. The results suggested preliminary improvements in students' ability to manage and prevent medical disputes following simulation-based familiarisation. The simulation group demonstrated higher scores across all five OSCE communication domains: rapport building (18.4 ± 1.3 vs. 16.2 ± 1.8, p = 0.004), issue identification (17.9 ± 1.2 vs. 15.7 ± 1.9, p = 0.007), active listening (17.5 ± 1.5 vs. 14.8 ± 2.2, p = 0.002), patient-centred language (17.8 ± 1.6 vs. 15.6 ± 2.0, p = 0.006), and respectful discussion of sensitive topics (17.7 ± 1.4 vs. 15.2 ± 2.3, p = 0.003). MCQ scores showed greater gains in the simulation group (pre = 72.5 ± 6.4; post = 85.3 ± 5.8) than in the traditional instruction group (pre = 73.1 ± 7.2; post = 79.4 ± 6.6). Qualitative findings revealed three themes: learning effectiveness, course evaluation, and confidence levels. Students in the simulation group perceived OSCE-based training as more realistic and described increased confidence in handling disputes. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that simulation-based familiarisation using formative OSCEs may support the development of medico-legal communication and dispute prevention competencies in senior medical students. As a pilot study with a non-randomised design and small sample size, these findings should be interpreted as exploratory and hypothesis-generating. A key limitation is that the simulation group practised in the identical format as the summative assessment, which may confer a rehearsal advantage independent of genuine learning. Larger randomised studies are needed before broader curricular implementation can be recommended.

ABSTRACT This article examines the case of Northern Ireland, considering how the IRA was persuaded to abandon violence and adopt a peaceful approach to Irish reunification. In doing so, it utilises Zartman’s “ripeness theory”—not only his idea of a “Mutually Hurting Stalemate,” but also his emphasis on the need for conflicting parties to conceive a “Way Out” of armed conflict. The latter notion is largely ignored by Zartman’s critics, and stressing its importance in the Northern Ireland case allows the piece to make a wider and novel contribution to the debate on “ripeness” in conflict resolution. Specifically, the article shows how constitutional Irish nationalist actors—the SDLP, the Dublin government, and Irish-American elites—offered a way for republicans to align with them in a peaceful approach towards a united Ireland. This allowed the IRA leadership to present its rank and file with a viable, political alternative to violence, minimising dissent from those who claimed that a change in strategy surrendered the ideal of Irish reunification. In turn, republican leaders were able to steer their movement towards peaceful politics without significant splits—a process which may have implications for other regions where ethnonationalism has created violent conflict.

Current approaches to narrative intervention often end in frustration. Parties cherish their narratives and often resist challenges to them, perceiving them as fundamental to identity or even existence. This article offers a new, more calibrated way to listen for what conflict actors are actually telling us. Called “narrative motivation”, this innovation focuses in particular on how conflict parties express their goals and reasons for such commitment to them. Drawing on justice frameworks and conflict engagement, this essay contributes to the theory and practice of narrative conflict resolution by theorizing how the use of narrative motivation as a conceptual practice tool can refine narrative conflict resolution theory and improve practice.

Listeners have difficulty understanding speech in noisy environments, confusing similar sounding words. Cognitive control may be important for segregating the speech signal from background noise and/or selecting between phonological competitors in the mental lexicon. Although cognitive control abilities may be related to speech recognition in noise, the extent to which engaging cognitive control causally improves speech recognition in background noise is unclear. The present study presented pictures that matched (congruent trials) or were phonological neighbors (incongruent trials) of the spoken word to manipulate cognitive control during speech recognition in multitalker babble at + 6 and + 8dB signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). As conflict increases cognitive control levels, performance following incongruent trials indexes the effect of cognitive control on recognizing speech in noise. Following conflict, participants became faster and more accurate at repeating back speech at + 6dB SNR and more accurate at + 8dB SNR. When comparing across SNRs (including a + 4dB SNR from a previous study), higher SNRs reduced the interference effect, predicting better recognition on incongruent trials; however, SNR did not significantly modulate postconflict improvements in word recognition. Results suggest engaging cognitive control improves speech recognition in noise across SNR levels where recognition is challenging but possible.

One critical measure of success in workplaces is an employees’ ability to use competently the knowledge, skills and values that meet the needs of his job, satisfy the demands of the employer, and contribute to the overall achievement of institutional goals. The paper seeks to describe the employability of the graduates of Mindoro State University in consonance with the CMO 75, s.2017. The research utilized descriptive research design. The questionnaire enables the employers to express their feedback and satisfaction on the five areas of employability enumerated as professionalism and work ethic, communication and collaboration, critical thinking and problem solving, adaptability and flexibility, technological savvy and digital literacy. The research findings underline the graduates' commendable performance in demonstrating professionalism and work ethic, a vital aspect for success in the teaching profession. Additionally, the graduates exhibit strong communication and collaboration skills, an essential competency for educators who need to engage with colleagues, superiors, and stakeholders effectively. However, the feedback indicates room for growth in conflict resolution and creative problem-solving within collaborative settings. While the graduates excel in adaptability and flexibility, their aptitude in using technology, although strong, could be enhanced. Furthermore, the graduates' demonstrated strengths in critical thinking and problem-solving are accompanied by a readiness to embrace new challenges. Research's holistic evaluation of graduates' attributes showcases their preparedness for the demands of the educational sector. While the strengths are evident, tailored interventions to address areas of growth, like conflict resolution, creative problem-solving, and technology integration, can contribute to well-rounded and adaptable educators.

Background: Aggressive behavior among secondary school students, including bullying and acts of revenge, constitutes a significant public health concern, particularly in Indonesia. Despite various interventions implemented by schools and families, aggressive tendencies persist, with many adolescents continuing to engage in physical violence. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of animated video media in reducing aggressive behavior among secondary school students in Bandung City, Indonesia. Methods: This pre-experimental study involved 208 secondary school students in Bandung City, Indonesia. Participants were assigned to either an intervention group (n = 104) or a control group (n = 104). The intervention group viewed a 30-minute animated educational video each day for seven consecutive days, focusing on understanding and managing aggression. Levels of aggression were assessed using the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire through pre-test and post-test evaluations. Results: The findings revealed a statistically significant reduction in aggression levels among participants in the intervention group (p < 0.001), whereas the control group exhibited no significant change (p = 0.648). Hostility and retaliatory thoughts were more prevalent among younger adolescents. Regression analysis identified age, physical aggression, and anger as significant predictors of total aggression. Conclusion: The study underscores the potential of animated educational media as an engaging and developmentally appropriate intervention for preventing aggressive behavior in the digital era. The integration of multimedia-based learning into school health programs aimed at improving emotional regulation and conflict resolution skills may serve as an effective strategy to mitigate aggression among adolescents.