Conflict Management Methods Research Articles

Challenges of Nigerian Agricultural Sector in the Twenty First Century: The Case of Nomadic Insurgence and Terrorist Sects

The challenges of agricultural sector in the twenty first century as a result of the activities of cattle herdsmen/terrorist sects should not be underestimated because they have imposed a gross untold hardship to farmers in particular and a nation at large. Nigeria has recorded several violent conflicts in many rural communities from 1999 till date, conflicts that have resulted to over 10,000 deaths and internal displacement of over 300,000 Nigerian have been recorded and this has created distortion in farmer's livelihood since they live and earn their living from rural areas. Presently, the current situation of agriculture in Nigeria is despicable, deplorable, unspeakable, disgraceful, deceptive, tragic, retrogressive and not even befitting a nation that is rich and endowed with natural resources. However, the implications of cattle-herdsmen/terrorist sects on agricultural sector have displayed consequent effects in all the spheres of agricultural fields and even brought about fundamental problems with regard to food crisis in the prone areas. In view of this, this paper used analytical approach to review the followings; Impacts of cattle herdsmen on Nigerian economy, Causes of farmers-herder's Conflicts in Nigeria, coping strategies for the challenges and the detailed report on the number of attacks and number of people killed by cattle herdsmen in the last 5 years. This paper therefore, recommended that those factors that cause or escalate conflicts must be seriously avoided and if probably occur should be entrusted in the hands of the traditional rulers of the community involved. Government at all levels should handle conflict with their utmost capacity thereby enacting laws that will serve as deterrent to cattle herdsmen in order to reduce insecurity and ameliorate the spate of conflict and mass slaughter. Traditional method of conflict management should be articulated with modern ones in order to stop further eruption of conflicts. Establishment of ranches in all the states of nation should be enacted into law to reduce the spate of conflicts escalation.

Base belief function: an efficient method of conflict management

Dempster–Shafer evidence theory is widely used in many applications such as decision making and pattern recognition. However, Dempster’s combination rule often produces results that do not reflect the actual distribution of belief when collected evidence highly conflicts each other. In this paper, a base belief function is proposed to modify the classical basic probability assignment before combination in closed-world. Base belief function focuses on making combination result intuitive especially when evidences highly conflict each other. Compared to other methods, the combination result produced by proposed method is logical and consistent with real world with less computational complexity and better performance. The advantage of base belief function is that it can avoid high conflicts between evidences and is especially suitable for the situation where the evidences appear in sequence. Several numerical examples as well as experiments using real data sets from the UCI machine learning repository for classification are employed to verify the rationality of the proposed method.

Transborder identities, bias, and third-party conflict management

Which third parties are more likely to manage interstate conflicts? Once they do, what kind of conflict management methods do they use? I argue that ethnic, language, and/or religious ties between a potential third party and disputant states can affect both the likelihood and the type of conflict management. If there are strong identity ties (ethnic, language, and/or religious) between the majority group in a potential third-party state and the majority group in one of the disputant states, both the likelihood of conflict management in general and the likelihood of economic conflict management in particular should increase. Equally stronger identity ties between a potential third party and both disputants should also increase the likelihood of conflict management in which third parties use verbal and diplomatic conflict management methods since they do not harm any of the disputants. Empirical findings based on a dataset covering the militarized interstate disputes between 1946 and 2011 support my theoretical expectations. These findings contribute to the literature by exploring the role of transborder identities—in addition to material factors such as alliance, trade partnership, or joint regime type—in management of interstate conflicts by third parties.

동적 사물인터넷 환경에서 효율적인 데이터 전달을 위한 축약 ID 및 ID 충돌 관리 기법

전자장치의 고도화와 무선통신기술의 발달로 인해 수많은 사물들이 네트워크 연결할 수 있는 환경이 갖춰짐에 따라 사물인터넷 시대가 열렸다. 사물인터넷 기술이 적용된 장치들은 제한된 성능을 가지고 있어 기존의 통신 기법으로 연결하기가 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 제한된 장치로 통신하기 위한 축약 ID 기법을 제안한다. 축약 ID 기법은 해당 축약 ID 정보를 주변의 장치와 통신하여 생성하므로, 이동성에 취약한 문제가 존재한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 충돌 관리 기법을 함께 제안한다. 사물인터넷 게이트웨이에서 다중 홉 통신을 통해 연결하는 사물인터넷 환경에서 IPv6의 주소를 작은 크기의 ID로 재할당하여 통신 효율성을 향상시켰다. 그와 함께 축약 ID를 이용한 동적 환경의 사물인터넷 장치들이 중복 ID의 충돌을 회피하도록 하여 전달 성공률을 향상시켰음을 보였다. 본 논문에서는 성능평가를 위해 시뮬레이션을 수행하였으며, ID 축약으로 인한 헤더부하를 96.5% 감소시키고, 전송성공률이 43.8% 향상, 그리고 충돌 ID로 인한 중복 데이터가 66.3% 감소함을 확인하였다.

The State between Minority and Majority Nationalism: Decentralization, Symbolic Recognition, and Secessionist Crises in Spain and Canada

This article addresses the debate about the relative utility of accommodative federalism as a method of conflict management in multinational states. Comparative scholarship on this issue assumes that territorial reform translates into political stability or instability through policy substance. This article tests that assumption against processes of institutional accommodation of Catalan and Quebecois demands for autonomy and recognition. The comparison demonstrates the absence of a linear relationship between institutional change and political instability. When autonomy for minority regions is extended without symbolic recognition, subsequent majority response unfolds in the policy arena, mostly through attempts to symmetrize autonomy arrangements (self-amplifying sequence). However, when the extension of territorial autonomy is combined with formal symbolic recognition, it paves the way for majority political backlash (reactive sequence). Open political opposition by a segment of majority political community, in turn, stimulates secessionist sentiment among members of minority community.

People's Cognition of Governmental Aid Policy as a Conflict Management Method - In the Case of Electric Power Transmission and Transformation Policy -

People's Cognition of Governmental Aid Policy as a Conflict Management Method - In the Case of Electric Power Transmission and Transformation Policy -

Determining reactive and proactive aggression and empathy levels of middle school students regarding their video game preferences

The studies existing on the effects of video games with violent content and aggression in research literature have controversial results. Accordingly, some studies indicate that empathy may play a determining role in the relationship between video games and aggression. In this context, the study aim was to describe the game types that middle school students play and analyze the relationship between the game types, their reactive and proactive aggressions, and empathic skills. Participants were 318 students from middle schools in Turkey. An important finding obtained from this study was the relationship between the frequency of proactive and reactive aggression and the playing of aggressive games; a relationship was also identified between emotional and cognitive empathy and the playing of aggressive games. Therefore, it is important to talk to children about the real-life consequences of aggressive games, and teach them appropriate methods of conflict management that they can use in real-life conflicts, which may diminish the negative effects of games with aggressive content.

A new conflict management method in Dempster–Shafer theory

Conflict management is a hot research topic in Dempster–Shafer theory which is used to avoid the counterintuition problem of combination results. In the present conflict management methods, conflicting evidence is assigned to smaller weight to reduce its influence on the combination result. However, these methods will be disabled when similarity collision occurs. In this article, a new conflict management method based on similarity and Basic Probability Assignment-Matrix is proposed; in the proposed method, similarity collision is diminished by computing the index of each element in evidence, and then, a more reasonable evidence weight can be determined in this way. In the end, two experiments are set to compare the results of several different methods, and the results illustrate that the conflicting evidence will be assigned to a smaller weight in our method than in others.

РОЛЬ КЕРІВНИКА В УПРАВЛІННІ КОНФЛІКТАМИ У КОЛЕКТИВІ

This article examines the nature and significance of the conflict in the team. The role of leader in conflict resolution within the team. Practical recommendations for the prevention of conflict, its prevention and relaxation. Analyzed the positive and negative features conflictive. Identified psychological conditions and techniques including conflict prevention in a group. Make suggestions on choosing the best methods of conflict management in collective activity in modern conditions. Defined the role of conflict in the life of the individual, family, group, state, society and humanity in general. The role of leader is very important, as it depends on him peace and harmony in the team, its development, progress and effectiveness of the organization. Therefore the main task of managers at any level should lie to focus on improving their own skills, raising a suitable quality, gaining experience successful conduct of management, which is a guarantee of high production efficiency and competitiveness.

The Study on Conflict Management Methods and Job Satisfaction of Conflict Level in Team Teaching Nursery Teachers

The Study on Conflict Management Methods and Job Satisfaction of Conflict Level in Team Teaching Nursery Teachers

Innovative Ways of Conflict Management in Schools: Integration Mediation in Social Pedagogy

In the modern society it is increasing attention to the effective conflict management in schools, but in Lithuania there is one of the biggest scale of bullying in Europe, children and youth aggression which shows that there is still not found appropriate measures to solve these problems. The aim of this article is to discuss innovative methods of conflict management in schools integrating mediation in social pedagogy. Research methods: analysis of the literature, documents and the questionnaire of social educators (questionnaire). The study on the social teachers’ approach to the existing school conflicts working in various schools of general education, their management techniques and mediation integration in social pedagogy possibilities revealed that at schools they daily faced with the disagreements of the students (this was stated by almost half of the respondents), and to the solution of these disagreements the social teachers devoted considerable time: a third of respondents devotes 4 hours for the conflict management or more hours a week, a quarter – 2–3 hours a week. These results reveal the need of the innovative ways of conflict management in schools, integrating mediation in social pedagogy, to ensure a constructive conflict management and a consistent and long-term effect. Keywords: mediation, conflict, school, social pedagogy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/su.2016.13

Zarządzanie konfliktem i przeciwdziałanie mobbingowi a intensyfikacja procesów innowacyjnych

The aim of article is the analysis of conflict management and the mobbing, as organizational factors which condition creativity of employees as well as innovativeness of enterprises. Innova-tiveness of Polish economy is still below the average level of European Union. At the same time numerous signals testify the use of inappropriate methods of conflict management in our enterpris-es. Conflict could arise as a result of different reasons, and their common characteristic is the possibility of blocking the aims and activity of the opponent. No type of conflict is positive corre-lated with innovativeness of team. Particularly intensive and dangerous kind of conflict is mob-bing. It means psychical harassment and the frightening of employee. Mobber’s activities could include the following attacks: on victim’s communication process, his social relation with other persons, his work conditions, his reputation and his health. Mobbing can be applied by owners of firms, managers, colleagues. The aim of mobbing can be obtaining the wide range of beyond contract benefits – from personal (e.g. power) to financial (e.g. decreasing of remuneration cost). The frequent effect is the victim employee quitting. Mobbing has a negative influence on employees’ creativity, which is a condition for enterprises innovativeness. Antimobbing policy should include a preventive part as well as interventionist part. As prevention the enterprise should promote the ethical rules in work environment, initiate the anti–mobbing procedures. The important thing is training of employ-ees. Interventionist actions should include the possibility of the employee to complain and undertake effective activities in order to eliminate mobbing and to punish the mobber.

An Analysis of Legal Systems for Initial Conflict Management Regarding Location of NIMBY Facilities: Focusing on the Participatory Conflict Management Method

An Analysis of Legal Systems for Initial Conflict Management Regarding Location of NIMBY Facilities: Focusing on the Participatory Conflict Management Method

Conflict Management in Air Traffic Control Using Complexity Map

This study proposes a new method of conflict management in air traffic control that ensures a safe distance between aircraft while minimizing the workload for sector controllers. When an aircraft approaches a sector, the proper entry point is determined based on the concept of a complexity map. Using detailed information on how the traffic responds to an entering aircraft provided by the complexity map, its entry point can be modified to minimize the conflicts inside the sector. To compute the complexity map efficiently, the reachable entry points on the sector boundary are defined considering the maneuverability of the entering aircraft. Next, the variance quadtree algorithm is utilized to construct a grid of the complexity map in a coarse-to-fine manner. The performance of the proposed algorithm is verified by numerical simulations.

Impact of Workplace Conflict Management on Organizational Performance: A Case of Nigerian Manufacturing Firm

This study investigated the impact of workplace conflict management on organizational performance in a Nigerian manufacturing firm. Participants comprised 250 employees selected through the use of stratified random sampling technique. Data were generated through the use of validated structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze data collected from the respondents. Employing Spearman correlation analysis, the results of the empirical tests showed a significantly positive relationship between conflict management strategies (collective bargaining, compromise, and accommodation) and organizational performance. Non-integrative conflict management strategies (competition, domination and avoidance) had a negative statistically determinate effect on organizational performance. Also, the result of the regression analysis indicated that collective bargaining strategy displayed the highest significant positive correlation with organizational performance. In addition, study findings revealed that conflicts arose over multiple factors of organizational experiences based on economic and goal incompatibility orientations in the workplace. Union-management conflict was discovered as the most prevalent type of industrial conflict in the organization. The study concluded that conflict was an unavoidable phenomenon in organizational life and it could contribute to or detract from organizational performance depending on the conflict management methods adopted in the workplace.

Beden Eğitimi Öğretmenlerinin Öz Yeterlik Algıları ile Çatışma Yönetimi Yöntemleri Arasındaki İlişki (Şanlıurfa Örneği)

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, beden eğitim öğretmenlerinin çatışma yönetimi yöntemleri ve öz yeterlik algıları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmanın örneklemini 2011-2012 öğretim yılı Şanlıurfa ili merkez ilçelerine bağlı ortaöğretim kurumlarında görev yapan 108 beden eğitimi öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, veri toplama aracı olarak ''Örgütsel Çatışmayı Yönetme Anketi'' ve ''Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği'' kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde aritmetik ortalama, Kruskall Wallis testi, Mann-Whitney U testi ve Spearman Rho testi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Araştırmada beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin kullandıkları çatışma yönetimi yöntemleri sırasıyla ödün verme, hükmetme, uzlaşma, problem çözme ve kaçınma olarak saptanmıştır. Bunun yanında beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin çatışma yönetimi yöntemleri ve öz yeterlik algıları arasında ilişki olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca öğretmenlerin çatışma yönetimi yöntemleri ve öz yeterlikleri ile çalışma tecrübeleri ve yaşları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Sonuç: Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin çatışma yönetimi yöntemleri ile öz yeterlikleri arasında ilişki saptanmamıştır.

The Conflict in the Indian Northeast

This paper looks at the conflict in the Indian northeast and revolves primarily around the different levels of conflict. The Indian northeast is most certainly one of the most under- researched conflict zones in academia. This paper uses Mary Kaldor’s ‘New War’ thesis as a theoretical framework to understand the situation, and pays special attention to its very complex and multifaceted nature. The paper argues that the levels of violence differ from one state to another in a region which has always had complicated relations with the rest of India since 1947. Poverty, corruption, administrative failure, police brutality, identity politics, human rights abuses and the role played by external actors such as China and Burma in the region are some of the key features associated with this conflict. There is a special focus on Nagaland since the Naga conflict is the oldest of all the conflicts in the region. The rest of the paper looks at some of the other states of the Indian northeast which include Assam, Manipur and Tripura and take them up collectively for discussion. Finally, after making an assessment of the entire region, the paper tries to suggest methods of peaceful building and conflict management as the way forward.

The Kosovo Model: A (Bad) Precedent for Conflict Management in the Caucasus?

Abstract:Resolution 1244 adopted by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in 1999 was conceived as an interim settlement to allow conflict de-escalation while post-poning the search for a lasting solution to the crisis. The final settlement should have been negotiated between Serbian authorities and representatives of the Albanians and then endorsed by the UNSC, as stipulated in the resolution. However, Albanians declared independence unilaterally in February 2008 and was recognized as such by the United States and its allies. The Albanians promptly abandoned the peace process.Instead of an internationally-endorsed negotiated outcome, the Albanians' initiative unilaterally imposed a political settlement on the mediating powers in complete disregard of UNSC authority that had placed under international administration. The subsequent involvement of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) failed to resolve the remaining issues between Serbs and Kosovars.In addition to creating a troubling legal precedent, the example establishes a bad precedent for future conflict management initiatives, especially for ongoing conflicts in the Caucasus. Issues of concern include the viability of future interim agreements, good faith negotiations and the legitimacy and guarantees provided by the internationalization of conflicts, including the authority of international organizations, multilateral agencies and established legal standards. This paper draws parallels between the example and territorial disputes in the Caucasus as well as the implications of the model on conflict management processes.Keywords: Conflict management, Kosovo, South Caucasus.IntroductionThis article focuses on conflict management as it has evolved between the end of the Cold War and since the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) by the provisional authorities in on 17 February 2008. As such, we can now speak of a post-UDI conflict-management practice and there is a risk that the post-Cold War conflict management methods that offered so much hope in terms of cooperative international problemsolving are waning. Whether or not this spirit will return depends on the mutual trust between the major powers and of those powers in the international conflict management system, characterized by interlocking multilateral international organizations such as the UN, the OSCE and NATO.The argument proceeds from a short discussion of post-Cold War conflict management, its definition and practice as the antithesis of Cold War (or traditional) conflict management and how it seemingly applied to Kosovo. It then analyses the significance of the UDI as a break in the practice of conflict management. Three consequences follow from this break. First, incapacitating distrust of multilateralism owing to the unpredictability of outcomes. Second, suspicion of self-determination movements and small powers as being unable to follow the lead of great powers or the ordnances of international organizations. Third, return to an antecedent form of state-based conflict management, antithetical to the cooperative practice that evolved during the post-Cold War years that is now the new norm.Conflict management, in the case of Kosovo, cannot be taken apart; it has to be seen as a whole. The diplomatic maneuvers that generated the Rambouillet Accords in March 1999, NATO's Operation Allied Force from March until June 1999, UN Security Council Resolution 1244 in June 1999, the UDI on 17 February 2008 and the subsequent recognition of Kosovo's independence by certain Euro-Atlantic powers a few days later need to be understood in concert. The result is known as the Kosovo Model of conflict management. This article suggests that the consequences of this approach are nefarious for comparable international problems in other parts of the world, especially in the Caucasus. …

The Kashmir conflict in South Asia: voices from Srinagar

This article looks at the Kashmir conflict in South Asia, which has been going on since 1947, when India and Pakistan became independent from British colonial rule. After looking at some historical background, the article looks at both the external dimension as well as the internal dimension of the conflict. The external dimension tends to focus on Indo-Pak relations over Kashmir and the internal dimension looks at India's repressive state policies within the state of Kashmir. This article uses Mary Kaldor's “New War” thesis as a theoretical framework to understand the situation and pays special attention to the conflict's very complex and multifaceted nature. The article argues that although the levels of violence have differed from time to time in the region since 1947, today the conflict seems to have less to do with Indo-Pak relations or the external side of things and has more to do with the internal dimension and India's undemocratic ways within Kashmir. Today, Kashmir is one of the most militarised conflict zones in the world. The stationing of the Indian military and paramilitary forces in the region has only exacerbated the situation since it is the security personnel who cause much of the problem. The Armed Forces Special Powers Act gives these security forces extraordinary powers in the region, which they often abuse. The armed forces have no real understanding of the local culture or sympathy for local religious sentiments. Poverty, corruption, administrative failure, police brutality, identity politics and human rights abuses are some of the key features associated with this conflict. Methodologically, a number of interviews were carried out with the local people in the region recently. From the data gathered through the interviews, it is very obvious that the people still feel very oppressed and that the situation is still very volatile, fraught with uncertainty. Finally, after making an assessment of the situation, the article tries to suggest methods of peaceful building and conflict management as the way forward.

Evidence from an Alternative Path to Reconciliation: The Case of Somaliland

The International Community’s work in conflict management and peace-building in Africa has usually been associated with a double regime of responsibility: protecting humanitarian rights and enforcing democracy. However, existing research suggests that these attempts have rarely improved the humanitarian conditions of conflictual societies, or either encouraged their democratic aspirations. Following the pitfalls met by traditional conflict management, alternative approaches have been advanced and scholars have explored to what extent the transformative power of conflict (Vayrynen, 1991; Azar and Burton, 1986) can actively reduce the level of violence in ongoing conflicts. Hence, this paper presents the case-study of the grassroots peace-building in Somaliland, where an alternative approach to conflict management has achieved more interesting and sustainable results than those pursued by the traditional diplomacy in Somalia. The empirical part of this paper introduces first the failures of the international intervention in Somalia and afterwards it describes the Somaliland alternative route to reconciliation, focusing on three aspects: the resort to traditional methods of conflict management; the gradual and preparatory nature of this peace process; the codification of traditional peace-building into a process of institution-building. This paper argues that the community-based approach adopted in Somaliland has been most productive then the traditional mechanisms adopted by the International Community in Somalia, given the ability of the ‘community’ to bypass two fundamental dilemmas that affect the top-down methodology: the ownership and the legitimacy dilemma.