Cone Trap Research Articles

A FERMENTATION TRAP FOR SELECTIVELY MONITORING ACTIVITY OF MYTHIMNA CONVECTA (WALKER) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)

AbstractA fermentation trap which selectively attracts Mythimna convecta, but few other noctuid moths is described. It uses a standard cone trap design, based on a metal frame covered in open gauze with inner skirt at its base and removable catch bag at its apex. A food lure of port wine, sugar and water is suspended below.

簡便な乾式トラップの試作

Effectiveness of a simple cone trap was examined in a wind tunnel and a field cage. The cone trap was more effective for capture of Acanthoplusia agnata and Autographa nigrisinga males than the water-pan trap.

Some factors affecting the reliability of pheromone traps for measurement of the relative abundance of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

AbstractExperiments were conducted in a cotton field in north-western New South Wales to determine the effect of pheromone trap design and placement on the catch of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hübner) adults in paired traps. A cone trap design was found to give consistently larger catches of moths than two funnel trap designs. Furthermore, lower efficiency of catch of H. punctigera tended to bias relative catches in the funnel traps towards H. armigera. In comparison to the ratios of the two species in egg samples from the field, the cone trap did not show much bias to either species of moth. Traps located 40 m inside a cotton field showed larger catches and reduced variation compared with egg species ratios than traps placed at the edge of the field. Wind speed and direction and insecticide application also affected the catch in the traps. The catch data tended to become unreliable after the end of February, possibly due to changes in crop attractiveness for oviposition. It was found that the less numerous moth species at a given time still tended to be over-represented in pheromone traps in comparison to the ratios in egg counts. A linear time trend was introduced to compensate for the bias. The use of the traps shows promise in determining the relative abundance of the two species for use in resistance management strategies and other purposes.

Seasonal Flight Activity of Several Lepidopterous Pests of Vegetables in Southern Florida

Several species of lepidopterous pests attack vegetables grown from late August until early June in the Everglades Agricultural Area near Belle Glade, Fla. Cabbage loopers (CL) Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), and beet armyworms (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), feed on a number of vegetables, including celery, various types of lettuce, and cole crops. Fall armyworms (FAW), S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), attack a wide variety of vegetables, but are most serious on sweet corn. Corn earworms (CEW), Heliothis zea (Boddie), were previously reported to be the primary insect attacking ears of sweet corn in southern Florida (Janes 1973), but more recently FAW has been the more serious pest (Foster 1985). Seasonal flight of CL, BAW, and FAW adults was measured with pheromone traps from June 1985 until May 1988. Three trapping sites were established on the 325 ha Everglades Research and Education Center (EREC) farm and a fourth site was established on a local farm approximately 16 km away. There was one pheromone trap at each site for each of these three insect species. Plastic stored pest pheromone traps (I. P. Systems, Merseyside, U. K.) were baited with a 4-component FAW pheromone supplied by the Southern Grain Insects Laboratory in Tifton, Ga. or Cl or BAW pheromones produced by Zoecon Corp. A single Hartstack 75-50 cm cone trap (Hartstack et al. 1979) baited with Hercon CEW pheromone was established Jan. 1986 at EREC. The insects in each trap were identified and counted at least weekly. Pheromone sources were changed every two weeks during warm months (April-October) and every three weeks during cool months (November-March). CL adults were caught in the pheromone traps throughout the year and the catches reached a peak in May or June in each of the three years (Fig. 1). Chalfant et al. (1974) also found CL adults to be active throughout the year at several locations in southern Florida, including Belle Glade. However, their CL catches had two peaks, late winter through spring and late summer through early fall, with lower catches in the summer. BAW adult catches were also higher during the warm months of May and June, but were much lower in July and August when vegetables were not being grown. In 1985, BAW adult catches were very low during October, November, and December, averaging 6 moths per trap per week (Fig. 1). However, in 1986 and 1987, the adult catches were much higher during this period, averaging 133 and 114 moths per trap per week, respectively. The reasons for this difference are unknown but, BAW must be considered a threat to vegetables both in the fall and spring. Tingle & Mitchell (1977) reported reduced BAW catches in July and August and November-February in traps at Hastings, Fla. Adult FAW catches were fairly high throughout the year (Fig. 1). The highest FAW catches were observed from March through June and from October through December, which agrees with Waddill et al. (1982), who found peak FAW moth catches in spring and fall at Homestead, Fla. Substantial numbers of CEW moths were captured only from July through October (Fig. 2). No moths were caught from November through March. Interestingly, CEW adult catches coincide with the period during which sweet corn ears are not present. The asynchrony of CEW adults and the crop helps explain

Evaluation of Two Pheromone Dispensers in Combination with Plastic and Wire Cone Traps for Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Combinations of two sex pheromone dispensers and two cone traps were evaluated for efficacy in capturing tobacco bud worm, Heltothts virescens (F.), males in cotton fields in Burleson County, Tex., in 1984. The two dispensers were a commercial laminated plastic dispenser containing 10 mg of seven pheromone components and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dispenser containing 6.25 mg of two components. The two traps were a commercial plastic trap and a wire cone trap. The combination of PVC dispenser and wire cone trap consistently captured significantly greater numbers of males than the other combinations. Although captures with the combination of the PVC dispenser and plastic cone trap were not as consistent, significantly higher captures as compared with the combination of laminated plastic dispensers in plastic or wire cone traps were observed during part of the evaluation period. Catches with the laminated plastic dispensers in plastic and wire cone traps were not significantly different.

Monitoring of the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in South Carolina Using Pheromone Traps

Adult European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), males responded preferentially to traps baited with a blend of 3% Z- and 97% E-11-tetradecenyl acetate in the South Carolina coastal plain. In the Piedmont area of the state, this response was reversed in favor of a 97Z:3E isomeric blend. Pheromone traps caught fewer ECB moths than blacklight traps and catch initiation usually lagged several days behind that of the blacklight traps. Commercial pheromone lures attracted ECB males, but sticky wing traps were relatively inefficient. The Albany Heliothis Scentry cone trap captured significantly more moths than did a modified Heliothis cone trap, a modified boll weevil trap, the International S.P.I. moth trap, or the Pherocon 1C wing trap.

High-efficiency Pheromone Trap for the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

A Heliothis cone trap captured significantly higher numbers of male European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), than a sticky wing trap. Behavioral observations revealed that the difference in number of males captured was related to the proportion of moths approaching the traps that was subsequently captured. Cone traps baited with a 97:3 blend of ( Z )- and ( E )-11-tetradecenyl acetate captured 87% of those males that entered the trap compared with 6% for the wing traps.

Field Evaluation of Commercial Pheromone Formulations and Traps Using a More Effective Sex Pheromone Blend for the Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

A four-component blend of the recently identified sex pheromone for the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), was formulated in different commercial dispensing systems (rubber septa, microtubules, polyvials, plastic laminates) and fieldtested against wild moths at Gainesville, Fla., and in Guadeloupe, French West Indies. A pheromone blend that consisted of (percentage by weight) (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol acetate (Z7-12:AC), (0.45%), (Z)-9-dodecen-l-ol acetate (0.25%), (Z)-9-tetradecen-l-ol acetate (Z9-14:AC) (81.61%), and (Z)-ll-hexadecen-l-ol acetate (17.69%) was highly effective as a lure for the FAW when formulated at 2 mg total pheromone blend in rubber septa, polyvials, or microtubules. Rubber septa dispensers that contained the four-component pheromone blend (2 mg) remained highly attractive to male FAW for up to 2 weeks in the field. The Hartstack 75–50 cm screenwire cone trap and the International Pheromones (IP) moth trap were both effective tools for capturing large numbers of FAW males. The IP moth trap baited with the four-component pheromone blend (2 mg) on rubber septa dispensers has been used to capture FAW moths over a wide geographic area ranging from French Guiana to Canada, thus demonstrating the usefulness of this combination for survey purposes. A two-component pheromone blend consisting (percentage by weight) of 0.58% Z7-12: AC and 99.42% Z9-14: AC on rubber septa dispensers (2 mg total blend) also was highly effective as a lure for FAW males. Although it was not tested over the same range as the four-component blend, data presented here and elsewhere suggest that the two-component blend could be substituted for the four-component pheromone blend for survey purposes.

Night Vision Goggles: For Design, Evaluation, and Comparative Efficiency Determination of a Pheromone Trap for Capturing Live Adult Male Pink Bollworms12

Response behavior of male Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) to pheromone traps was studied at night with night vision goggles and a low-light-level video system. Upon approaching a trap, males slowed considerably and extended their claspers and legs. They usually alighted on the outside of the trap and walked or hopped (short flights) into the trap body. Once inside, most males oriented downward and moved from areas of low light levels to areas of higher light levels. Males avoided trap parts made of galvanized screen wire and appeared to prefer to land or walk on materials with surfaces similar in texture to a cotton leaf. The pheromone plume from a double cone trap dispersed downward because most males responded to the outside of sceen catch containers on the bottom of the trap rather than to entrance orifices in the center of the trap or the screen catch containers on top of the trap. On the basis of these behavioral observations, a funnel live trap (FLT) was constructed and evaluated against standard pheromone trap designs. The capture potential of the FLT was 3–15X greater than that of other designs tested. The FLT was the only trap that could detect daily population changes; other traps either became saturated with moths at relatively low density levels or were too inefficient to measure daily population changes.

Pecan Weevil Control with Soil Insecticides in Brown County Texas, 1975, 1976

Abstract Orthene 10G and Furadan 10G were applied Jul 9’75 to a 9.29-sq-meter area under large pecan trees and disced in. The treatments, including untreated controls, were replicated 10 times in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were evaluated by placing a wire cone trap (1 M dia) in the center of each treated area in order to capture emerging adults. The treatments were designed primarily for efficacy against the pupal’ and adult stages. Only 6 malesand 4 females emerged from the 10 replicates in 1975 and are omitted from the table. Nine replicates were evaluated in 1976 (Bumblebee nest in 1 replicate).

Pheromone Traps for Moths: Evaluation of Cone Trap Designs and Design Parameters 1

Cone-orifice traps were found more suitable than sticky traps for capture of 4 moth species with sex attractant lures. Single-cone wind-directional traps were as efficient overall as double-cone fixed traps of similar dimensions. The best orifice diam for capture and retention of 5 species equaled ca. 2× the thorax width of the males; radical departures from this optimum resulted in greatly decreased capture totals. Up to a limiting value trap catches were proportional to the cross-sectional air flow diam of the trap.

Aerial Applications of Malathion, Pyrethrins and a Pyrethroid on Grand Cayman for Mosquito Control

Abstract ULV applications of technical malathion (0.15–0.58 l/ha), using a Cessna 300B Agwagon fitted with four AU 3000 Britten Norman Micronair units, gave satisfactory control of mosquitoes (Aedes taeniorhynchus) in mangrove swamp habitats on Grand Cayman. Spraying began just prior to sunset when conditions were most suitable. Using swath widths of 182 m, 1600 ha could be sprayed in one sortie. The vmd of the droplets in all trials was between 56–92 μm for outputs of 3.8–15.2 l/min. Between 0.07 and 0.58 l/ha the mean number of droplets varied between 8 and 34/cm2. After applications of 0.15–0.58 l/ha light trap and vehicle operated cone trap mosquito counts were reduced. Satisfactory reductions of mosquitoes occurred after an application of 1% synergised pyrethrum in diesoline (0.73 l/ha). Spraying 0.5% bioresmethrin in diesoline at 0.73 l/ha initially reduced mosquito numbers considerably, but a brood of adults emerging immediately after spraying compensated for the losses.

Sex Pheromones of Noctuid Moths. XXIV. Evaluation of Pheromone Traps for Males of Trichoplusia ni12

Synthetic sex pheromone of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was released at various constant rates from several trap designs. An open, horizontal, cylindrical trap (A), 11 em 10, was used as the standard for comparison. A circular trap (B) consisted of a 60cm-radius circular roof supported 4 em above a circular base. A double cone trap (C) consisted of an upright cylinder having a metal base and wire screen lid plus 2 screen cones through which attracted male moths flew. Males were ensnared in Stickem® in traps A and B and were captured alive in trap C. Optimal pheromone release rates varied among the traps, being about 0.3 μg per minute from trap A and about 1kg per minute from traps Band C. Rates about 3 times higher or lower than the optimum for each trap generally resulted in reduced captures. When evaluated at their optimal release rates, traps Band C captured 4 and 26 times, respectively, more males than trap A.

Isolation of viruses of the California encephalitis virus group from boreal Aedes mosquitoes.

During the summer of 1964 and the spring and summer of 1965, California encephalitis group viruses were isolated from six pools of boreal Aedes mosquitoes collected in and near Rochester (54°N, 113°W), Alberta, Canada. Mosquitoes were collected by aspiration, by sweep-netting, and with a CO2-baited cone trap. Collections were placed on Dry Ice and shipped to Madison, Wisconsin, for identification and isolation of virus. Aedes mosquitoes accounted for 97% of 16,453 mosquitoes examined for virus. Snowshoe hare virus of the California group was isolated from three pools of Aedes communis group, and one pool of Aedes stimulans group. Jamestown Canyon virus of the California group was isolated from one pool of A. communis and from a pool of Aedes spp. The minimum vector-infection rate was 0.40 isolates per 1,000 Aedes spp. mosquitoes in 1964, 0.46 isolates per 1,000 A. communis group mosquitoes in 1965, and 0.33 isolates per 1,000 A. stimulans group mosquitoes in 1965.

Laboratory Tests with Sixty-Five Compounds as Repellents against House Flies

The rapid development of resistance to insecticides in house flies (Musca domestica L.) indicates a growing need for other approaches toward their suppression. Food-handling establishments and military installations could well benefit from a repellent. A residual treatment to the approaches to buildings, as well as to areas where refuse is kept would prevent flies from congregating in these locations, and thereby reduce the sources from which they normally migrate into the buildings. Areas around poultry houses and dairy barns could also be sprayed with a repellent until proper disposal of breeding materials could be arranged. In these circumstances a good repellent would not obviate the need for insecticides, but would reduce the frequency of applications and thus retard the development of resistance. At Orlando, Fla., 65 chemicals were tested in the laboratory as vapor or contact repellents against house flies. Some of the compounds were received from commercial laboratories where they had been developed specifically as fly repellents, and others were selected because of their repellency to other species. A semicircle of heavy white cardboard 31/4 inches in radius was sprayed with a 2 percent solution of the repellent in acetone to give a deposit of 200 milligrams per square foot. Twenty-four hours later the card was rolled into the shape of a funnel, stapled, and placed in the top of a standard drinking glass to form an inverted cone trap. The treated side of the card formed the interior of the funnel. Prior to its insertion 10 grams of Edamin (a casein hydrolysate) moistened with 10 milliliters of water was placed in the bottom of the trap as an attractant, and a screen barrier was placed above the solution to prevent contact of flies with the attractant. A duplicate trap containing an untreated funnel was utilized as the standard. The traps were exposed for 30 minutes at opposite ends of a cage, 7 x 10 x 10 inches, containing 100 flies of mixed sexes. The number of females in the untreated trap divided by the number in the repellent trap gave the repellency ratio. Only female flies were counted, as Edamin is much more attractive to females than males. If less than five were captured in the untreated trap, the test was discarded. Duplicate tests were run with each repellent, with 2 sets of funnels and 2 cages of flies. The treated funnels were then stored for aging. Tests were run at 1 and 2 days of aging, after which, if the ratio of repellency remained greater than 2.0, they were tested after 7, 14, 30, 60 and 90 days, until the ratio dropped below 2.0. The results with 28 compounds that were effective for 2 or more days are given in Table 1. The most promising compounds were di-n-octylamine, n-propyl n-octyl sulfoxide, and 3-chloropropyl n-octyl sulfoxide, which were effective more than 90 days. Allyl n-octyl sulfoxide and N-amyl-2,3-norcamphanedicarboximide were effective for 30 days and N(n-pentyl) succinamide, N-n-heptylphthalimide, and N-sec-pentylphthalimide for 14 days.