Conditions In European Countries Research Articles

The influence of the situation with the land market in Ukraine on the food situation in Europe: current state and prospects

The article is devoted to the analysis of the impact of the situation with the land market in Ukraine on the food situation in Europe, followed by the definition of the current state and prospects for the development of the land market. The relevance of this article is related to the fact that the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine exerts an influence on the food situation in other countries, which is due not only to connections in terms of the export of products from our country, but also to the creation of conditions for the production of certain means of production (agricultural machinery) certain products. However, in connection with the beginning of the war, the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine suffered significant losses and damages. The situation is further complicated by the fact that certain cultivated areas are mined or active combat operations are being carried out on them, as a result of which the harvest dates are shifted or it is impossible at all. All this has a negative impact on the food situation in Europe, because the importance of Ukraine for world food security is difficult to overestimate. Definitions of the concepts "land market" and "food market" are provided. The main tasks to be performed by the land market are highlighted. It is noted that Ukraine is one of the largest exporters of agricultural products in Europe. The importance of the export of agricultural products is emphasized, which is caused by the existing problems with the agricultural market in European countries. Factors affecting the state of the food situation in Europe have been determined. The steps taken by the European Union to avoid a food security crisis are summarized. A conclusion was made about the significant impact of the situation with the land market in Ukraine on the food situation in Europe, because the countries of the European Union are not able to independently ensure food security in the domestic market, which is caused primarily by unfavorable weather conditions in European countries, the quality of the land and the increase in population from other countries . In connection with the above-described situation with the land market in Ukraine, the European Union is trying in every possible way to support Ukrainian exports, which is mostly manifested in significant financial support. Under such conditions, the prospects for the development of the land market in Ukraine have quite significant potential.

Impact of COVID-19 on hospitalisation for diverse conditions in European countries

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on Europe. Health systems came under strain, with non-urgent treatments postponed and resources reserved for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Delayed care seeking has been reported, for fear of infection with SARS-CoV2. Yet, the scale of this impact remains under researched. This study aims to compare indirect effects of the pandemic in a European cross-country study aiming to highlight the potential of Population Health Information Research Infrastructures (www.phiri.eu). Methods Focusing on (i) major vascular events (MVE) and (ii) elective surgery for joint replacements (ESJR) as well as (iii) serious trauma this study analyses individual level hospital data in a standardised harmonised data model. We compared pre-pandemic incidence rates (2018-2019) with rates for 2020 and 2021. Analyses are systematically contrasted with SARS CoV2 incidence rates, and policy measures taken based on the OxCGRT index. Results A drop in hospital discharge rates was observed during the pandemic in all countries but differing by condition and month. Socio-economic differences also varied by condition. Our evidence suggests that periods of more severe policy measures also correlated with more dramatic drops in regular hospital activities. Conclusions Our findings provide new insights on the dramatic level of de-prioritisation of essential services faced by non-COVID-19 patients in Europe. From a public health perspective, hospital escalation plans should be developed early on to avoid negative mid and long-term health and financial consequences of indirect effects. The study demonstrates the tremendous potential in exploiting health information systems in a systematic way across countries and the value of the PHIRI system. Further research should investigate policy trade-offs involved in severe lockdown measures during a pandemic and variations in health service resilience for future pandemic preparedness.

The Dynamics between Structural Conditions and Entrepreneurship in Europe: Feature Extraction and System GMM Approaches

Structural conditions and population characteristics of countries have been identified in the literature as factors for an individual to become, or to have intentions of becoming, an entrepreneur. However, this is still a subject under research, which has become increasingly relevant and could be crucial in the current challenges of European countries. In this work, the factors for entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship activity are studied. More precisely, the structural conditions of European countries, which has changed over the last two decades, is analysed. The aim is to describe this behaviour and to state the main conditions for developing entrepreneurship activities and the intentions to become an entrepreneur. To achieve this purpose, feature extraction, namely, principal component analysis and dynamic longitudinal approaches are used. In particular, we propose that the system-generalised method of moments (GMM) model is adequate in this situation. The results suggest that the structure of the European framework conditions for entrepreneurship, obtained using the Factor Analysis year by year, is quite diversified until 2008, while after 2008, it is more stable. Moreover, it is concluded that the conditions associated with entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial activity differ between these two time periods. Hence, the dynamic aspect of the structural conditions that affect entrepreneurial activities or intentions should be acknowledged.

Remittances and Labor Supply: Evidence from Tunisia

The objective is to present our contribution to the theoretical literature through a simple theoretical model dealing with the effect of remittances on the labor market of the origin countries and on the other hand to test this relationship empirically in the case of Tunisia. The methodology used consists of estimating a panel of the nine main destinations of the Tunisian migrants in Europe between 1997 and 2017. The empirical results show that the main factors explaining the decision to emigrate are the economic factors related mainly to the income differential, the demographic factors related to the differential age structure of the origin and host populations, and the cultural factors linked basically to the language mastery. Indeed, the migrant stocks are one of the main determinants of the remittances to Tunisia. But there are other variables that do not lack importance such as the economic conditions linked by the host countries. This shows that Tunisian migrants react more to economic conditions in European countries than in Tunisia. The economic situation of European countries dominates the number of emigrants as an explanatory factor for the amount of transfers from Tunisian emigrants. Similarly, the results confirm that an increase in remittances significantly reduces the demand for employment and therefore increases the unemployment rate. This positive correlation reveals that the impact of demographic changes on the effect of remittances occurs through an increase in unemployment due to the aging of the population, which coincides with the case of Tunisia going through a demographic transition period.

The impact of foreign markets globalization on the price and functionality of electronic access control systems

Research background: The research, which is the subject of the paper, is based on the global expansion of the use of electronic access control systems using biometric data for user verification. Due to the globalization of products from foreign markets to Slovakia, there is a competition between suppliers. The disadvantage is that organizations that are considering procuring an electronic access control system focus their attention only on its price. Globalization and global use have neglected the skills gap between European, American, and Asian markets. Purpose of the article: The paper will aim to point out, through a case study, the financial and functional differences of electronic access control systems. In the case study, a comparison of three different systems with the possibility of procurement on the European, American, and Asian markets will be performed on the building - administrative building. Methods: The article will mainly use methods such as the global method and the optimization model of the financial plan. As well as a case study, the cooperation of achieved results and analysis of possibilities of foreign markets. Findings & Value added: The results achieved by the paper will be globally usable in the conditions of European countries. These will be the conclusions of a case study that will point to the appropriateness of choosing an electronic access control system using biometric features in a standard office building. We can also consider the creation of a project budget usable for organizations as one of the added values.

Developing Concentration Index of Industrial and Occupational Accidents: The Case of European Countries.

BackgroundFrom only frequency rate of industrial accidents, it is difficult to define the industry composition of accident statistics in a nation. This study aims to propose and develop a new index for measuring the degree of concentration of industrial accidents using the concept of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index in the case of European countries.MethodsUsing the concept of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, the concentration index of accidents in the country is developed, and the conditions of European countries are compared using indexes of frequency rate and concentration ratio.ResultsThe frequency rate and concentration ratio of fatal and nonfatal accidents in European countries are compared. According to the economic condition and geographical position, different patterns of accidents concentration are presented in terms of frequency rate and concentration ratio.ConclusionWe develop the concentration index of industrial and occupational accidents that identifies the industrial ratio of accident occurrence, and the differentiated strategy can be formulated such as approaches to reducing frequency and prioritizing target industries.

What Persons with Chronic Health Conditions Need to Maintain or Return to Work-Results of an Online-Survey in Seven European Countries.

Chronic health conditions represent the major share of the disease burden in Europe and have a significant impact on work. This study aims to: (1) identify factors that have a negative or positive impact on the work lives of persons with chronic health conditions; (2) explore the needs of these persons to maintain a job or return to work and (3) compare these results with respect to these persons’ occupational status. An online survey was performed in seven European countries. Open-ended survey questions were analyzed using qualitative methods. In total, 487 participants with six chronic health conditions participated. The majority of participants named work-related aspects (such as career development, stress at the workplace, work structure and schedule as well as workload), support of others and attitudes of others as being the factors positively and negatively impact their work lives the most. Our study shed light on the importance of changing the attitudes of supervisors and co-workers to counteract stigmatization of persons with chronic health conditions in the workplace. In conclusion, this study provides a basis for developing new strategies of integration and reintegration at work for persons with chronic health conditions in European countries.

‘Subjective Europeanization’: do inner-European comparisons affect life satisfaction?

ABSTRACTResearch in the social sciences has shown recurrently that life satisfaction varies across countries. More recently, the question was raised whether Europeans are comparing living conditions in European countries, and whether these comparisons are affecting the way they assess their personal situation. The paper uses original survey data from nine European countries in order to answer these questions. We analyze the way European citizens assess the living conditions in the various countries under analysis. And we test whether assessments of other countries are significantly interrelated with reported levels of life satisfaction. Finally, we measure the extent to which these effects hold if other reference groups (friends, neighbors, own country) and individual socio-demographic traits are included in the analysis. Our findings paint a mixed picture. Assessing living conditions in other European countries is widely diffused and attests a marked ‘cognitive Europeanization’. However, comparisons with other countries play a less relevant role for reported life satisfaction, when compared to the assessment of the own national economy and the own household situation. Moreover, Switzerland as a non-EU-member is a more significant target than most other EU-members, attesting that we are rather speaking of a European frame of reference, than an EU-related one.

INTERNATIONAL LABOUR MIGRATION: EUROPEAN AND UKRAINIAN SPECIAL ASPECTS

Urgency of the research. The relevance of the European integration processes and their impact on the labour potential is not called into question. Therefore, the study of the special aspects of migration flows in Ukraine and the attributes of their display in the euro area is very important at the moment. Target setting. The study of migration flows is an important trend of economic and social development of the country. The well-being of the nation, economic, political and social situation in the country will depend on the country's capacity to control the migratory pressure. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The scientific works of L. Shaulska., S. Fomishyn. G. Sereda, M. Zub, B. Lyudkevych and others the issues of international migration and its features are elucidate. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The migration processes in Ukraine in the context of European integration haven't still got sufficient theoretical and practical solutions. The research objective. The study aims at exploring theoretical and practical aspects of Ukraine's labour migration policy of Ukraine under conditions of the European integration. The statement of basic materials. The article proves the basic directions of the influence of European integration processes on the labour potential of the country in the context of its component structures. The process of labour migration can acquire menacing proportions, if the proportion of skilled labour migrants in the total population increases disproportionately. The author has studied specific features of the international labour potential migration are also worth noticing. Conclusions. The question of effective cooperation with European countries arise before Ukraine, as it should be aimed at obtaining benefits on the development of the component structure of the labour potential, as well as mitigating the limiting effects of the European integration processes on the labour potential through the significant demographic and intellectual losses due to the much better working conditions in European countries.

A large survey among European trainees in clinical microbiology and infectious disease on training systems and training adequacy: identifying the gaps and suggesting improvements

The purpose of this investigation was to perform a survey among European clinical microbiology (CM) and infectious disease (ID) trainees on training satisfaction, training tools, and competency assessment. An online, anonymous survey in the English language was carried out between April and July 2015. There were 25 questions: seven in a 5-point Likert scale (1: worst scenario, 5: best scenario) and the remainder as closed multiple-choice questions in five areas (satisfaction, adequacy, system, mentorship, and evaluation of training). Included were 419 respondents (215 CM, 159 ID, and 45 combined CM/ID) from 31 European countries [mean age (standard deviation) 32.4 (5.3) years, 65.9 % women]. Regarding satisfaction on the training scheme, CM and ID scored 3.6 (0.9) and 3.2 (1.0), respectively. These scores varied between countries, ranging from 2.5 (1.0) for Italian ID to 4.3 (0.8) for Danish CM trainees. The majority of respondents considered training in management and health economics inadequate and e-learning and continuing medical education programs insufficient. Many trainees (65.3 % of CM and 62.9 % of ID) would like to have more opportunities to spend a part of their training abroad and expected their mentor to be more involved in helping with future career plans (63.5 % of CM and 53.4 % of ID) and practical skills (53.0 % of CM and 61.2 % of ID). Two-thirds of the respondents across the specialties agreed that a European exam should be developed, but half of them thought it should not be made mandatory. This survey shows high heterogeneity in training conditions in European countries, identifies perceived gaps in training, and suggests areas for improvements.

Financial and legislative aspects of drug development of orphan diseases on the European market – a systematic review

ABSTRACTAccording to the European Commission, medical products for orphan diseases are those which affect fewer than five persons out of every 10 000. Producers are reluctant to develop these drugs under the common market conditions because the demand for these drugs does not guarantee return on investments into research and development of such products. Patients with orphan diseases, however, have the same rights for treatment as any other patient. To stimulate the research and development of drugs for orphan diseases, the governmental offices introduce various incentives for health and biotechnological industry. This started in the USA already in 1983 by passing a special law. Japan introduced this law in 1993 and Australia in 1997. Europe followed in 1999 by introducing common policy for all member states.The aim of this article is to specify current economic and legislative conditions in European countries and compare them with the legislation and approaches of the countries which started this initiative, i.e. USA, Japan, Australia or Singapore. In addition, the treatment costs of orphan diseases are specified and prospects of this field are evaluated.

IDENTIFYING AND CHANGING STEREOTYPES BETWEEN ROMA AND NON-ROMA: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

Having shortly delineated and theoretically defined the concept of stereotypes (as collective social constructs) and stereotyping as such, the author turns to much more complex issue as to how to identify and change stereotypes about Roma, which are deeply rooted in mainstream European societies where they live and also those stereotypes that are nurtured and strictly followed by the Roma and which relate to nonRoma. The author arrives at a conclusion that today one can note several factors and conditions in European countries which still nurture and further reinforce especially anti-Roma stereotypes. According to him, the specific and carefully elaborated stereotypes-oriented policies and strategies which favour mutual education, knowledge and understanding as well as ongoing contact and dialogue between the two different ethnic, social and cultural identities at both EU and member states levels are conditio sine qua non for the enhanced and overall Roma inclusion and integration.

Mental Health and Working Conditions in European Countries

Mental Health and Working Conditions in European Countries