Coagulation Conditions Research Articles

Fabrication of a high hydrophobic PVDF membrane via nonsolvent induced phase separation

The aim of this paper is to prepare a PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) microporous membrane by using alcohol as nonsolvent (coagulant). A porous membrane with high hydrophobic surface (water contact angle ~148°) was facilely created by wet immersion method without modification with special low surface energy compounds and the need of special instruments. In addition, the PVDF casting film was passed through alcohol bath for 2 s and then immersed into water precipitation bath, the porous PVDF membrane with hydrophobic surface (water contact angle ~135°) was also formed. The characterization of the porous PVDF membrane obtained from various coagulation conditions was carried out by a pore size analysis and a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The permeation flux and rejection coefficient of the porous PVDF membrane fabricated via dual-bath coagulated was close to commercial one.

The hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane with inner skin and its application

The hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane with inner skin was prepared by controlling the external coagulation condition from one or two polymer dopes with dual or triple-orifice spinneret. It was successfully used for the treatment of the wastewater from banknote printing works after characterizing the foulant and finding a suitable cleaning method, for the preparation of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) with high Alb content and the synthesis of nanosized BaSO 4 and CaCO 3 particles by a membrane reactor.

Effects of Coagulation Conditions on Properties of Multifilament Fibers Based on Dissolution of Cellulose in NaOH/Urea Aqueous Solution

Effects of coagulation temperature, coagulants, and wet-spinning methods on structure and properties of novel regenerated cellulose (RC) fibers prepared from cellulose in 7.5 wt % NaOH/11 wt % urea aqueous solution on pilot scale spinning machine by one- and two-stage coagulation were investigated by tensile testing, optical microscopy, scanning electron micrograph, and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that H2SO4/Na2SO4 and H2SO4 aqueous solutions are potential coagulants for NaOH/urea system and fibers wet-spun from the two-stage coagulation obviously exhibited the better mechanical properties than those from the one-stage coagulation. The optimal coagulation conditions for two-stage coagulation are 10 wt % H2SO4/15 wt % Na2SO4 for the first coagulation bath and 5 wt % H2SO4 for the second bath or 5 wt % H2SO4/15 wt % Na2SO4 for the first coagulation bath and 10 wt % H2SO4 for the second bath. Moreover, the tensile strength of novel fibers increased with a drop in coagulation temperature. The diffusion rate between the coagulant and solvent plays a major role in determining the mechanical properties of the cellulose fibers. Our spinning process was quite different from that of the viscose process, in which orientation and coagulation proceed more or less simultaneously. The production method of this fiber wet-spun could be suitable in the wide range of coagulation conditions, compared to the viscose one.

Substrate-induced coagulation (SIC) of nano-disperse titania in non-aqueous media: The dispersibility and stability of titania in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

Dispersions of 1 wt% titandioxide (titania or TiO 2) were investigated with respect to their stability in non-aqueous media. The objective of this work was to find conditions for the substrate-induced coagulation (SIC) process in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). The SIC process is a dip-coating process that enhances adsorption of fine dispersed particles on a pre-conditioned surface. The wetting behavior of titania and NMP was investigated by the powder contact angle method. The absorption process of the polar solvent NMP on the acid oxide TiO 2and Aerosol OT (AOT) (bis-2-ethylhexyl sodium sulfosuccinate) was also investigated and a polar or hydrophilic interaction was found. The stability of titania in NMP dispersions and the influence of the solvent AOT and the electrolyte LiCl was investigated. By studying the electrophoretic mobilities of titania particles in NMP and the influence on solutes by the electrophoretic method phase analysis light scattering (PALS) and the electroacoustic method this paper explores suitable conditions for non-aqueous substrate-induced coagulation of titania.

Morphological characteristics and fractal approach of the flocs obtained from the natural organic matter extracts of water of the Keddara dam (Algeria)

A technique of analysis of images coupled with a data processing system using VISILOG 5.2 software was used to determine the morphological characteristics of flocs obtained in natural organic matter (NOM) extracted from the waters of Keddara dam (supplying partially Algiers city, Algeria) and from synthetic fulvic acids. Slower sedimentation speeds (≈ 0.7 mm.s –1) as well as the small effective volumic masses (≈ 3 kg.m –3) of the flocs of NOM extracts from Keddara dam show poor sedimentation capacity. The fractal approach, involving natural extracts, showed that fractal dimensions obtained from two proposed relations are close ( D f2 = 1.55–1.51 and D f3 = 1.99–1.91). Results reveal that, from an applied point of view, in spite of the optimization of the conditions of coagulation–flocculation, the NOM of Keddara dam can partially remove the advantage of optimisation.

Treatability of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contaminant Candidate List Viruses: Removal of Coxsackievirus and Echovirus using Enhanced Coagulation

Enhanced coagulation was evaluated for removal efficacy of coxsackievirus and echovirus (Contaminant Candidate List [CCL] enteroviruses), poliovirus, four potential surrogate bacteriophages, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Viruses and DOC were effectively removed using enhanced coagulation, with removals generally improving as dose increased and pH decreased. Optimal enhanced coagulation conditions of 40 mg/L FeCl3 and pH between 5 and 6.5 resulted in a maximum removal of 3.0 logs of coxsackievirus B6, 1.75 logs of echovirus 12, 2.5 logs of poliovirus 1, 1.8 logs of fr, 1.3 logs of phi-X174, 0.36 logs of MS2, 0.29 logs of PRD1, and 41% DOC. Bacteriophages fr and phi-X174 appear to be the most representative surrogates for the physical removal of coxsackievirus, while MS2 and PRD1 are more conservative. For echovirus, MS2 and PRD1 appearto bethe most appropriate surrogates. The relative removal profiles of the enteroviruses (greatest removal of coxsackievirus followed by poliovirus and then echovirus) suggest that studies of the physical removal of poliovirus may be extended to the CCL enteroviruses. These results contribute to evaluations of the CCL and regulatory status of coxsackievirus and echovirus and aid in building a database of the treatment efficiencies of enteroviruses and their surrogates.

PH‐responsive fibers based on acrylonitrile acrylic acid block copolymers: Effect of spinning conditions and postspinning operations on response and mechanical properties

AbstractpH sensitive poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐acrylic acid) having ∼50 mol % acrylic acid with block type structure (AA50B) was synthesized by controlled dosing method of free radical polymerization. The polymer was converted into fibers by wet solution spinning technique in DMF‐water system. The resulting block type copolymer could generate a domain type morphology with segregated domains of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid on heat‐setting. The drawing ratio and heat‐setting temperature had a significant effect on the formation of these domains and their stability. The domain formation was more pronounced when the fibers could be drawn to higher draw ratios during coagulation or heat‐set at higher temperature. The stability of the fibers, which is influenced by domain formation, was lowest (at few cycles of transitions) when the fibers were heat‐set at 100°C, while it is improved significantly to more than 50 cycles as the heat‐setting temperature was increased to 150°C. The coagulation conditions, drawing and the heat‐setting also greatly influenced the mechanical properties, transition behavior, and retractive stresses of the responsive fibers. The tenacity improved by 6.6 times in swollen state and 1.4 times in deswollen state, while the retractive stresses during deswelling were significantly increased to about 4.7 times. However, the increased heat‐setting temperature was also found to have a negative effect on the equilibrium swelling values as well as the response rate. The effect of heat‐setting on chemical structure of the copolymer was also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Interrupted Wet‐Spinning Process for Chitosan Hollow Fiber Elaboration

AbstractSummary:Chitosan hollow fiber formation with a variable internal diameter was performed from a new wet‐spinning method in interrupted coagulation conditions by means of water washings. The main objective of the present study is to provide a better understanding of the physicochemical events involved during the chitosan fiber formation by this new wet‐spinning method.

Optimization of NOM Removal during Water Treatment

The aim of this paper is to describe the removal efficiency of individual fractions of natural organic matter (NOM) and the aluminum transformation during treatment of two types of surface water with an increased concentration of NOM of various origins. The coagulation conditions (dose of destabilization reagent and reaction pH value) were optimized for the best NOM and aluminum removal. The results show that the NOM removal efficiency depends on the NOM character, using destabilizing reagents and reaction conditions. The optimized doses of destabilization reagents influence especially the removal of hydrophilic charged (CHA) and very hydrophobic acids (VHA) fractions during treatment of both types of raw water. In contrast to this, the removal of hydrophilic neutral (NEU) fraction is very low (ϕ NEU =0.13–0.22). The optimal destabilization reagent dosage is characterized by the lowest content of the total reactive aluminum concentration and relatively low concentration of dissolved organic aluminum.

Irreversible membrane fouling in microfiltration membranes filtering coagulated surface water

Chemical coagulation has been widely used as a method to mitigate membrane fouling in MF/UF membranes used for drinking water treatment. Optimization of coagulation as pre-treatment of membrane processes has not been achieved yet: the optimum condition of coagulation for conventional treatment systems is not necessarily applicable to membrane-based treatment systems. This study investigated (physically) irreversible membrane fouling in an MF membrane used with pre-coagulation by aluminum salt. In a series of bench-scale filtration tests, feed water containing commercially available humic acid or organic matter isolated from surface water was coagulated with polyaluminum chloride (PACl) under various conditions and subsequently filtered with an MF membrane with the nominal pore size of 0.1 μm. It was found that coagulation conditions had great impacts on the degree of physically irreversible fouling. Acidic conditions improved the quality of treated water but generally caused greater physically irreversible fouling than did neutral or alkaline conditions. Also, dosage of coagulant was found to be influential on the degree of membrane fouling: high dosage of coagulant frequently caused more severe irreversible fouling. Sizes of flocs seemed to become small under acidic conditions in this study, which was indicated by high concentrations of aluminum in the permeate under acidic conditions. It is thought that small flocs produced under acidic conditions could migrate into micropores of the membrane and caused physically irreversible fouling by plugging or adsorption. These findings obtained in the bench-scale tests were verified in a long-term pilot-scale test.

Characterization of floc size and structure under different monomer and polymer coagulants on microfiltration membrane fouling

The characteristic of aggregates pre-coagulated by inorganic monomer alum, polymer aluminium chlorohydrate(ACH) and polyaluminium chloride(PACl) coagulants impose major impact on the removal of humic acids (HAs) and the reduction of microfiltration (MF) membrane fouling. The fractal dimension of flocs formed by ACH and PACl is higher than that by monomer alum, indicating Keggin structure produced by polymer coagulants is much more compact compared with hexameric ring structure of alum hydrolysis species. Correspondingly, cake layer specific resistance is far higher and the MF membrane flux deteriorates much more severely when pre-coagulated by ACH and PACl than by alum. Moreover, the higher basicity contains in PACls, the cake layer fouling is more serious for producing more proportion of dense hydrolysis species Al 13. Thus, the polymer coagulant ACH and PACl seems not adapt to the pre-coagulation–MF process for cake layer resistance increase two to three times although they save 60–70% dose in comparison with alum for HAs removal. Additionally, for three Al-based coagulants under sweep coagulation condition, insufficient dose result in lower HAs removal and produce more small particles caused higher cake layer specific resistance according to Carman–Kozeny relationship. On the other hand, coagulant hydrolysis species as direct contaminant loading aggravated cake resistance on the MF membrane when overdosed. The optimum dose should keep the minimum to provide better HAs removal efficiency, and produce lower cake layer specific resistance and higher membrane filterability for pre-coagulation–MF hybrid process.

A combined photocatalytic slurry reactor–immersed membrane module system for advanced wastewater treatment

Photocatalysis with titanium dioxide semiconductor catalyst can effectively degrade recalcitrant organic pollutants present in biologically treated sewage effluents. Focusing on process efficiency and sustainability within a broader program, this study presents results obtained with a bench-scale hybrid treatment system. The process train comprised of a slurry (suspension) type continuous photocatalytic (CP) system and an immersed hollow fibre membrane micro-ultrafilter (MF/UF) unit. The CP reactor charged with 1 g/L P-25 catalyst removed 63% dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a synthetic wastewater (representing biologically treated sewage effluent). The addition of 0.05 g/L of powdered activated carbon (PAC) increased DOC removal up to 76%. The start-up times to achieve 60% DOC removal were 31 min and 15 min, respectively. These results show a 16 times improvement in volumetric load over a comparable batch reactor system used in previous studies by our group. Slurry type photocatalytic reactors need subsequent particle separation to retain the catalyst in the system and allow the discharge of treated effluent. The immersed membrane module accomplished this without prior slurry settling step. Membrane feed pre-treatment with pH adjustment and particle charge neutralisation with aluminium chloride coagulant led to improved critical membrane fluxes, 15.25 L/m 2 h and 19.05 L/m 2 h, respectively. In each experiment MF/UF produced near zero turbidity permeate, completely retained the photocatalyst, and flocculation also improved the efficiency of DOC removal. Membrane fouling was controlled by particle aggregation rather than feed DOC levels, but the latter had significant impact on coagulant demand. The complete treatment train achieved up to 92% DOC reduction with 12 mg/L AlCl 3 dosage using in-line coagulation conditions. The results show that in-line coagulation offers a simple yet effective means to improve the performance of slurry type photocatalytic–MF/UF hybrid systems for advanced water and wastewater treatment applications.

EMPLUX Collector에 의한 토양 오염 가스 조사

Poly-aluminum-chloride-sulfate(PACS) with different SO4(2-)/Al3+ mole ratios and bacicity(y) of 2.0 was synthesized using AlCl3 x 6H2O, Al2 (SO4 )3 x 18H2O and Na2CO3 as raw materials. The effect of SO4(2-)/Al3+ ratio on the performance of PACS for removal of natural organic matter(NOM) with humic-rich actual water was examined. It was found that PACS with SO4(2-)/Al3+ mole ratio of 0.0664 achieved the best NOM removal results and was selected to investigate its performance in comparison with PAC, FeCl3 and alum (Al2 (SO4)3 x 18H2O). The experimental results showed that the optimum NOM removals were achieved at pH 5.0-8.2 and the dose of about 5.0 mg/L as Al both for the selected PACS and PAC, at pH 5.0-6.0 and the dose of about 7.0 mg/L as Fe for FeCl3, and at pH 5.0-7.0 and the dose of about 7.0 mg/L as Al for alum, respectively. At the optimum conditions, the selected PACS achieved the best NOM removal result, followed by PAC, FeCl3, and then alum. The concentration of residual aluminum in treated water by the selected PACS and PAC under the optimum coagulant conditions was approximately 115 microg/L, which can completely comply with the regulated limits.

Study on the formation process of polyacrylonitrile as-spun fiber

In this article, the coagulation rate of PAN/DMSO dope was studied by observing the boundary movement of the gelled rods in different coagulation bath. Then the effect of the nature of solvent and coagulant and the coagulation conditions on the coagulation rate was discussed. It was found that the molecular size and molecular structure of coagulants is the most significant variable affecting the coagulation rate. The intermolecular affinity between coagulant and solvent determines the activation energy of coagulants, whereas the molecular volume is not a dominant factor. The coagulation rate depends not only on the diffusion coefficient of coagulants but also the nature of solvents. A solvent with strong polarity usually leads to a low-coagulation rate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008

Enhancement of Phosphorus Removal in a Polyurethane Compressible Media Filtration System with Coagulation

Reclaimed water for stream augmentation or landscape impound requires low phosphorus contents to avoid eutrophication. A synthetic compressible media filtration system was previously developed for the purpose of wastewater reclamation. However, the filtration system was limited for removal of soluble matters in secondary treated wastewater, such as phosphorus. The objective of this study is to evaluate the optimum coagulation conditions for removal of phosphorus in effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) using the filtration system combined with coagulation. Coagulation conditions including selection of coagulant, coagulant dose, mixing conditions were determined through jar-test. Also a field-test with the coagulation–filtration system was conducted to evaluated operation factors such as compression rate of media and periodic backwash. Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) demonstrated the best performance in terms of total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiency and stability of pH among coagulant used in this experiment. Since the change in mixing conditions had little effect on TP removal, in-line coagulant supplying could be feasible for the coagulation–filtration system. Increasing the compression rate of the filter media from 0 to 50% increased the TP removal efficiency within only 10%. This made great changes in the filtration pressure and the flow rate, which is related to operating cost of the system, simultaneously. Compared to the filtration system with no addition of coagulation, the addition of coagulant enhanced the removal of phosphorus along with turbidity, but decreased the operation time between each backwashing cycle. One needs to consider the various operation parameters examined in this study as well as the requirement of phosphorus removal, when operating the coagulation–filtration system. Consequently, the coagulation–filtration system, which requires a small area, can effectively reduce the phosphorus contents of WWTP effluent, and make it suitable for reuse purposes.

Effect of Filtration Modes and Pretreatment Strategies on MF Membrane

Coagulation is popularly used in water treatment plants as pretreatment of filtration. The advantages of rich experiences and cost‐efficiency also make it become one of the competitive pretreatment of membrane filtration. However, diverse coagulation conditions including the type, dose of coagulants and operating conditions (pH, temperature, flux) influence the performance of membrane filtration. The first objective of this study is to find out the optimal coagulation pretreatment condition by comparisons of three types of coagulants at different doses. The second objective of this study is to identify the sedimentation potential under different operating conditions. The third objective of this study is to evaluate effects of two different filtration modes, which include “pressured” mode and “submerged” mode, on membrane performance. The results imply that coagulant types have different effects on water quality improvement at different doses. The fouling is reduced at the under‐dose and the maximum UV254 removal conditions. Sedimentation helped to improve the membrane performance. The submerged mode perform better than pressured mode under all conditions.

Recombinant human activated factor VII in postpartum hemorrhagic shock: the dark side

Sir: A 38-year-old woman (gravida 2, para 3) was referred to our hospital because of intractable postpartum hemorrhagic shock. During this gemelli pregnancy she was admitted to the hospital three times for vaginal blood loss. Ultrasonography revealed a hematoma and a placenta close to the cervical ostium. Coagulation and platelets were normal. Because of fetal distress during spontaneous labor at 34 weeks an emergency cesarean section was performed. Vaginal hemorrhage began after abdominal closure. Management consisted of uterotonic drugs, intravenous fluids, red blood cells, and fresh frozen plasma without effect. Supravaginal hysterectomy was deemed necessary. Because of pelvic oozing the abdomen was closed after packing of the pelvis. She was still in hemorrhagic shock. Recombinant human activated factor VIIa (rFVIIa; NovoSeven) was administered twice as a 7.2-mg intravenous bolus at an interval of 120 min, but bleeding continued from almost all orifices. The next day she was referred. Hemodynamic instability persisted, and multiorgan failure developed. Angiography of the pelvic arteries resulted in coiling of three small arteries, but hemostasis was not achieved. On the third day tranexamic acid was added and, after lack of effect, a 9-mg intravenous bolus of rFVIIa (90 μg/kg). Coagulation parameters improved and for several hours the hemoglobin level was stable, but she developed blistering of arms, fingers, and feet with slow capillary refill. Toes, heel, and sole of the right foot became black and cold. On laparotomy packings and 9 l blood and cloths were removed. Afterwards there was no bleeding. The ischemia worsened in a few days and spread to the fore foot (Fig. 1) resulting in amputation of the lower extremity. Necrosis also developed on the dorsal side of the left fore arm. Other acra were cyanotic but did not become necrotic. Since delivery she had received 48 U red blood cells, 30 U fresh frozen plasma and 17 U five donors each of platelets. Multiorgan failure improved, and 19 days after admission the patient was discharged to the ward. Fig. 1 Right foot of the patient rFVIIa use has been reported for severe postpartum hemorrhage [1, 2]. Immediately after administration of the third dose of rFVIIa hemostasis was indeed reached. However, severe thromboembolic complications occurred. Although there seems to be a relationship in time between the onset of complications and moment of drug administration, it is hard to confirm this relationship. rFVIIa overdosing or sepsis may also play a role. However, there was no positive confirmation of infection. The incidence of thrombotic complications in licensed use is 1–2%. Most thromboembolic events have followed off-label use of rFVIIa [3]. Off-label rFVIIa is used principally in desperate situations. However, to make a balanced choice, even then we need to have an impression of the complication rate. Safety and efficacy in off-label use must be studied [4]. Pregnant and postpartum women should receive special attention in these studies because of their particular coagulation condition.

Treatment of paper pulp and paper mill wastewater by coagulation–flocculation followed by heterogeneous photocatalysis

In this work is investigated the combined treatment of post-bleaching effluent from a cellulose and paper industry. The biodegradability index determined by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)/chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio of in natura sample was 0.11, which implies little biodegradability and that it may not be discharged to the environment without previous treatment. First, the effluent was submitted to the coagulation–flocculation treatment applying FeCl 3 as the coagulating agent and chitosan as an auxiliary. In sequence, the aqueous soluble phase obtained from the first treatment was submitted to a UV/TiO 2/H 2O 2 system using mercury lamps. The optimized coagulation experimental conditions were chosen: pH 6.0, 80 mg L −1 of FeCl 3·6H 2O, and 50 mg L −1 of chitosan. The optimized photocatalysis conditions were: pH 3.0 in 0.50 g L −1 of TiO 2 and 10 mmol L −1 of H 2O 2. COD values for the in natura sample was 1303 mg L −1 and after the optimized conditions of coagulation without chitosan and in chitosan presence were 545 and 516 mg L −1, respectively. Effluent turbidity decreased sharply after coagulations (from 10 FTU of in natura samples to 2.5 FTU without chitosan and 1.1 FTU with chitosan). Similarly, a decrease was observed for concentrations of N-ammoniac, N-organic, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, and sulfate ions after coagulation. Additionally, it was observed an absorbance reduction of 90% at the wavelength of 500 nm and of 70–80% in regions corresponding to aliphatic and aromatic groups (254, 280, and 310 nm). The use of chitosan for quantitative purposes was not so efficient; however, it improves sedimentation and compaction. COD results of photolyzed samples by UV/H 2O 2 were 344 mg L −1, UV/TiO 2 326 mg L −1, and UV/TiO 2/H 2O 2 246 mg L −1. The reduction in absorbance intensity was approximately 98% for aliphatic and aromatic chromophores, and 100% for chromophores absorbing at 500 nm with color disappearance. During photodegradation, SO 4 2− was formed (∼340 mg L −1 for the coagulated sample to ∼525 mg L −1) suggesting again the mineralization of the pollutant. The combined method (coagulation followed by photocatalysis) resulted in a biodegradability index of 0.71, transparency, and absence of color and odor in the treated water, suggesting again good water quality. This result is reinforced by the toxicity studies employing Artemia salina bioassay, which showed that an expressive decrease in toxic pollutants in effluents after treatment, mainly by combined processes. The wastewater treatment carried out in association at optimized experimental conditions provided good results.

Treatment of bactericide wastewater by combined process chemical coagulation, electrochemical oxidation and membrane bioreactor

Bactericide wastewater (BIW) contains isothiazolin-ones, high salinity, toxicity and non-biodegradable organic concentrations. In order to enhance biodegradable capacity, chemical coagulation and electrochemical oxidation were applied to pretreatment processes. FeSO 4·7H 2O, pH 12 and 20 mmol/l were determined as optimal chemical coagulation condition; and 15 mA/cm 2 of current density, 10 ml/min of flow rate and pH 7 were chosen for the most efficient electrochemical oxidation condition at combined treatment. The wastewater which consisted mainly of isothiazolin-ones and sulfide was efficiently treated by chemical coagulation and electrochemical oxidation. The optimal pretreatment processes showed 60.9% of chemical oxygen demand (COD), 99.5% of S 2− and 96.0% of isothiazolin-ones removal efficiency. A biological treatment system using membrane bioreactor (MBR) adding powder-activated carbon (PAC) was also investigated. COD of the wastewater which was disposed using a MBR was lower than 100 mg/l.

Optimization of Dead‐end Membrane Filtration to Treat Tunneling Wastewater using the Sustainable Flux

The first object of this study is to confirm the feasibility of sustainable flux in a dead‐end mode. The second object is to identify the performance of the MF system operating under sustainable flux and simultaneously using the sustainable flux as a control parameter to evaluate the effects of pre‐coagulation via comparing the different operating conditions such as various ranges of the coagulant dose, various pH of the raw water, and comparing the effects of online coagulation with conventional coagulation conditions that with sedimentation. According to the experimental results, the feasibility of sustainable flux in dead‐end microfiltration (DEMF) was confirmed. In addition, it was observed that the pH control was the most effective method to improve membrane performance compared with other strategies such as pre‐coagulation, and sedimentation in case the raw water with preexistent high concentration metal ions. Relative long‐term experiments also confirmed the feasibility of the sustainable flux and showed the importance of backwash to improve the membrane performance.