Condition For Further Study Research Articles

A psychometric analysis of the Ottawa self-injury inventory-f

ABSTRACTObjective: This study seeks to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory-Functions (OSI-F) for assessing nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), a condition for further study in the DSM-5. Participants: Participants included 345 students who indicated a history of self-injury in a university counseling center over six semesters from August 2009 to May 2012. Method: Participants completed the OSI-F as a measure on the psychological intake for the university counseling center. Results: Factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficients, independent sample t tests, and correlations were examined and demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. Conclusions: A three-factor solution emerged from the restructured OSI-F relating to Affect Regulation, Exhilaration, and Release. Affect regulation dimensions were predictive of continuing to self-injure and related to depression, anxiety, and overall mental health. Additionally, women were more likely to attribute self-injuring to affect regulation.

Development of a metal matrix composite layer on a microalloyed steel surface by dissociating MAX211 Ti2AlC particles using a TIG torch technique

A surface engineering method utilised a tungsten inert gas torch to melt a preplaced MAX211, Ti2AlC powder particles into a microalloyed steel substrate with the aim of producing a surface metal matrix composite.. In this study, the two different shielding gases, argon and a mixture of argon + helium (80 + 20%), were used to protect the surfaces under different processing conditions, with the aim of finding the optimal conditions for further studies. An analysis of the morphology, microstructure and hardness profile of the melted zone, showed that in general, samples melted under argon achieved a higher hardness and exhibited a smaller penetration into the substrate compared to melting under a mixture of argon + helium. An XRD study showed that the Ti2AlC powder decomposed to TiC particles dispersed in mainly TiAl.

Attenuated psychosis syndrome: A new diagnostic category for further study in DSM-5

In recent years an increasing number of studies focus on the issue of early diagnosis and intervention. At the same time, a large number of special service units for early psychosis have been established around the world especially in Australia, USA, UK, Germany etc. Recently, similar units operate in Greece also. The Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association in its latest edition in 2013 (DSM-5), introduced the category "Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome" (APS) for people with early psychotic experiences in the section: "Conditions for further study '. This new category has specific criteria and describes a situation, in which a person displays psychotic symptoms in an attenuated form, with quite unaffected reality testing, but not qualifying a diagnosis of schizophrenic spectrum. The clinical expression of APS should be differentiated with several well known psychiatric disorders such as: brief psychotic disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, major depression with psychotic features, adolescence adjustment disorders, drug use, etc. The "Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome" occurs mainly in adolescence and in young adulthood. The mean percentage of transition to psychosis for these individuals is estimated at 36%, three years after the onset of initial symptoms, while the risk of transition to psychosis, although smaller, seems to remain up to ten years later. For some other individuals, transition to other psychiatric disorders occurs, such as depression with psychotic elements, or bipolar disorder, while a significant number of them will not transmit to even more serious disorders. At the biological level, studies focused in brain's neuroimaging, suggest significant volumetric differences among people at high risk for psychosis who later develop psychosis compared to those who don't, while studies of psychophysiological indicators or / and genetic markers show promising results for the identification of relevant parameters indicating the transition to psychosis. Αlthough an heterogeneous population, people with APS, show significant difficulties in social, professional and cognitive level, that should be therapeutically addressed. In an attempt to improve the clinical status of these individuals, to delay or even to prevent a psychotic episode, a series of interventions have been used by psychiatrists. These interventions include: (a) administration of drugs, especially atypical antipsychotics or antidepressants in low dosage, (b) administration of non-pharmaceutical supplements (e.g. omega-3 ), (c) psychotherapeutic interventions, mainly cognitive behavior therapy and (d) a combination of the above. Many questions need to be answered such as, the period of therapeutic intervention, identification of indicators (biological or/and clinical) that may determine the most suited for the APS individuals therapeutic interventions or, that may foresee, to prevent the transition to psychosis. Thus, the continuation of research in populations of APS individuals in multiple levels is necessary.

Substance use and addictive disorders in DSM-5 and ICD 10 and the draft ICD 11.

The present review compares and contrasts the diagnostic entities and taxonomy of substance use and addictive disorders in the beta draft of the Eleventh Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 11), which was released in November 2016, and the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which was published in mid-2013. Recently published papers relevant to these two classification systems are examined. New initiatives in diagnosis and assessment including the addictions neuroclinical assessment are noted. The draft ICD 11 retains substance dependence as the 'master diagnosis' in contrast to the broader and heterogeneous concept of substance use disorder in DSM-5 and there is empirical support for the coherence of substance dependence for alcohol, cannabis, and prescribed opioids. Both systems now include gambling disorder in the addictive disorders section, with it being transferred from the impulse control disorders section. The new diagnosis of Internet gaming disorder is included in DSM-5 as a condition for further study, and gaming disorder is grouped with the substance and gambling disorders in the draft ICD 11. Initiatives from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) are highlighting the importance of capturing the neurobiological phases of the addictive cycle in clinical diagnosis and assessment. Although most of the changes in the draft ICD 11 and DSM-5 are incremental, the contrast between DSM-5 substance use disorder and substance dependence in the draft ICD 11, and the inclusion of gambling disorder and gaming disorder will generate much discussion and research.

EnHERV: Enrichment analysis of specific human endogenous retrovirus patterns and their neighboring genes.

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs), which contain the regulation part of the retrovirus. Remaining HERVs constitute 7% to 8% of the present day human genome, and most have been identified as solo LTRs. The HERV sequences have been associated with several molecular functions as well as certain diseases in human, but their roles in human diseases are yet to be established. We designed EnHERV to make accessible the identified endogenous retrovirus repetitive sequences from Repbase Update (a database of eukaryotic repetitive elements) that are present in the human genome. Defragmentation process was done to improve the RepeatMasker annotation output. The defragmented elements were used as core database in EnHERV. EnHERV is available at http://sysbio.chula.ac.th/enherv and can be searched using either gene lists of user interest or HERV characteristics. Besides the search function, EnHERV also provides an enrichment analysis function that allows users to perform enrichment analysis between selected HERV characteristics and user-input gene lists, especially genes with the expression profile of a certain disease. EnHERV will facilitate exploratory studies of specific HERV characteristics that control gene expression patterns related to various disease conditions. Here we analyzed 25 selected HERV groups/names from all four HERV superfamilies, using the sense and anti-sense directions of the HERV and gene expression profiles from 49 specific tissue and disease conditions. We found that intragenic HERVs were associated with down-regulated genes in most cancer conditions and in psoriatic skin tissues and associated with up-regulated genes in immune cells particularly from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. EnHERV allowed the analysis of how different types of LTRs were differentially associated with specific gene expression profiles in particular disease conditions for further studies into their mechanisms and functions.

A new syndrome? The sport identification addiction and the case of Italian football ultra-fanatical support

The new DSM-5 has a number of changes to addictions and substance-related disorders. Internet Gaming for instance is a “Condition for Further Study”. This means that it is not an “official” disorder in the DSM, but one on which the American Psychiatric Association request additional research.The DSM diagnostic criteria for addictions to the X-subject generally include:– repetitive use of X, that leads to significant issues with functioning;– preoccupation or obsession with X;– craving/withdrawal symptoms when not dealing with X;– the person has tried to stop or curb X, but has failed to do so;– the person has had a loss of interest in other life activities, such as hobbies;– a person has had continued overuse of X even with the knowledge of how much they impact a person's life;– the person uses X to relieve anxiety related to other issues;– the person has lost or put at risk and opportunity or relationship because of X.I suggest that some sport fans may:– meet the above mentioned criteria;– be subject to over-identification with “their team performances”, superstitious conditioning and loss of self-consciousness that may lead to a full blown addictive syndrome, along with comorbidity with pathological gambling.This seems particularly true in Italy, for example, as far as the phenomenon of ultra football supporters is concerned.I argue that further research might be needed to explore the psycho-social consequences of obsessive sport addiction and how this may impact on a person's overall functioning.

Gaming Addiction

Gaming Addiction

A cognitive approach to persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD)

AbstractPersistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD) has been included in the appendix of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders as a condition for further study, and a new diagnostic category of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is likely to be added to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) (Maercker et al., 2013). Whilst there is increasing evidence that prolonged grief has distinct characteristics (Bryant, 2012), there are clinical features that overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as intrusive memories, emotional numbing, and avoidance of trauma or loss reminders. Here we describe how the cognitive model for persistent PTSD (Ehlers and Clark, 2000) and trauma-focused cognitive therapy for PTSD (Ehlers et al., 2005) have been helpful in treating persistent complex grief.

Psychosocial correlates of internet gaming disorder: Psychopathology, life satisfaction, and impulsivity

“Internet Gaming Disorder” (IGD) was included as a “Condition for Further Study” in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Frequent gamers have previously been shown to exhibit core symptoms of addiction, along with significant impairments in psychosocial functioning. However, there remains a lack of consensus regarding the conceptualization and assessment of video game addiction. We examined the utility of nine questions (Cronbach's α = 0.64), based directly on proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for IGD, in capturing problems related to excess use of online video games. Regular video game users (n = 257) completed an online questionnaire assessing demographics, symptoms of IGD, general psychopathology, life satisfaction, self-esteem, and impulsivity. Participants meeting criteria for IGD (8.7%, n = 21) played video games significantly more often (p = 0.04) and for more hours at a time (p = 0.002), and experienced significantly greater subjective urges to use video games (p < 0.001). Furthermore, those with IGD endorsed significantly more symptoms of depression (p < 0.001), anxiety (p < 0.001), and stress (p = 0.01), lower life satisfaction (p < 0.001), and elevated motor (p = 0.02) and attentional impulsivity (p = 0.01). Proposed DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for IGD appear to capture a clinically meaningful cluster of symptoms that is associated with marked impairments in multiple aspects of psychosocial functioning.

Concurrent Validity of Caffeine Problems and Diagnostic Criteria for Substance Use Disorders.

Background: The DSM-5 proposes caffeine use disorder (CUD) as a condition for further study. The objective of this study was to report on the prevalence of CUD and rates of endorsement for each substance use disorder (SUD) criterion in relation to caffeine compared to alcohol and marijuana in a sample of adolescents presenting for medical care in the primary, adolescent, and substance use clinics at an academic medical center. Methods: A convenience sample of patients (N = 213; 66.7% female) aged 12-17 presenting for medical care completed the Composite Diagnostic Interview-Substance Abuse Module questionnaire, with questions regarding use of caffeine, alcohol, and marijuana. Descriptive analyses were used to determine prevalence of CUD and frequency of each endorsed SUD criterion as applied to caffeine versus alcohol or marijuana. Comparative Fit Index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) were used to determine psychometric properties for CUD. Results: The majority of subjects (N = 153) reported past 30-day caffeine use and of these, six (4%) met criteria for CUD. All six also met criteria for either alcohol and/or marijuana use disorders. Of the three essential CUD criteria (failure to quit, use despite harm, and withdrawal), both harm and withdrawal were endorsed significantly more often in relation to caffeine versus alcohol. Descriptive fit indices for the CUD model were excellent (CFI = 0.994, TLI = 0.991). Conclusions: In our sample, the proportion of adolescents that met proposed CUD criteria was low, suggesting that the proposed criteria would not lead to overdiagnosis of CUD. CUD was highly correlated with other SUDs.

The prevalence of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) in a representative sample of the German population.

BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a proposed new “condition for further study” in the DSM-5. To date no prevalence data has been available on this diagnostic entity from a representative sample of the general population.MethodsA representative sample of the German population (N = 2509, mean age = 48.8 years, SD = 18.1, female 55.4 %) completed the NSSI section of the German version of the Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview (SITBI-G).ResultsA history of NSSI at least once during lifetime was reported by 3.1 % of all participants, with higher lifetime prevalence rates in younger age groups. DSM-5 NSSI disorder criteria were met by 0.3 %. The most common function of NSSI was automatic negative reinforcement (e.g. to alleviate negative feelings).ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting rates for the proposed NSSI category in DSM-5 from a representative sample of the general population. In comparison to findings from community samples of adolescents, adults seem to have lower lifetime prevalence rates of NSSI, thus making it necessary to emphasize prevention and treatment efforts in younger age groups.

Relations Between Self-Reported Adverse Events in Childhood and Hypersexuality in Adult Male Sexual Offenders.

Hypersexuality, or extreme normophilic sexual urges and behaviors, is a controversial construct that was recently considered as a candidate disorder for the DSM-5 and was rejected. It was also rejected for inclusion in Section III (Conditions for Further Study). Nonetheless, it has been found to be an important predictor of recidivism among sex offenders, and it continues to be discussed widely in the literature. In the present study, we investigated the developmental roots of this construct in a sample of 529 adult male sexual offenders, who were administered the Multidimensional Assessment of Sex and Aggression. Physical, psychological, and sexual abuse experiences were estimated using several scales of early development. Psychological abuse in childhood and adolescence, especially by a father, was found to be the most prominent predictor of subsequent hypersexual thoughts and behaviors. The accumulation of abuse types, however, was also associated with a monotonic increase in the latent trait of hypersexuality. The consequences of these results for conceptualizations of the construct are discussed.

Alcohol-Related Neurobehavioral Disabilities: Need for Further Definition and Common Terminology.

* Abbreviations: ARND — : alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder DSM-5 — : Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition FAS — : fetal alcohol syndrome FASD — : fetal alcohol spectrum disorders IOM — : Institute of Medicine ND-PAE — : neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure PFAS — : partial fetal alcohol syndrome The adverse effects of alcohol on the developing human comprise a continuum of disabilities termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). In the current issue of Pediatrics , Hagan et al1 discuss the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), of the American Psychiatric Association’s suggestion for inclusion of a new mental health diagnosis as part of this continuum; that is, neurobehavioral disorder associated with prenatal alcohol exposure (ND-PAE).2 The present commentary addresses the definition of ND-PAE, how it intersects with the existing diagnostic categories of FASD (fetal alcohol syndrome [FAS], partial fetal alcohol syndrome [PFAS], alcohol-related birth defects, and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder [ARND]),3 and the need for ongoing research and development of common terminology for FASD. ND-PAE is listed in DSM-5 as an experimental “Condition for Further Study,” and thus currently cannot be diagnosed. However, the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure are also included under “Other Specified Neurodevelopmental Disorder” (315.8) with a slightly different definition.2 In both cases, this category is intended for use by mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and counselors who cannot make a diagnosis using medical codes.4 DSM-5 codes trigger payment for behavioral health services and can help direct referral of … Address correspondence to H. Eugene Hoyme, MD, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Sanford Health, PO Box 5039, Sioux Falls, SD 57117-5039. E-mail: gene.hoyme{at}sanfordhealth.org

Oyuna adanmış yaşam: Bir olgu sunumu üzerinden internet oyun oynama bozukluğuna kısa bir bakış

The activity of play has been ever present in human history and the internet has emerged as a new popular playground for most of the children and youth. As research suggests that a minority of internet game players experience symptoms traditionally associated with substance-related addictions, the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) includes a condition known as Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in Section III, “Conditions for Further Study.” Although IGD has become a popular topic for researchers, still little is known about it. The aim of this review is to present a case of 12-year-old boy referred to our clinic as a judicial case and diagnosed as IGD and comorbid depression and to summarize the available data about the prevalance, risk factors, course and treatment of the disorder upon this case.

Descriptive Characteristics and Initial Psychometric Properties of the Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Disorder Scale

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent and associated with tissue damage, emotional distress, and psychiatric disorders. While often discussed in the context of Borderline Personality Disorder and suicide, research demonstrates that NSSI is distinct from these constructs and should be viewed as an independent diagnostic category. Recently, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Disorder (NSSID) was included in the revised Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders as a condition for further study. In this article, we describe the properties of a self-report measure designed to assess proposed criteria for NSSID. Undergraduate students at 2 large, public universities completed the NSSID Scale (NSSIDS) along with other measures of NSSI characteristics and psychopathology. Among participants with a history of NSSI, approximately half (54.55%) met diagnostic criteria for NSSID. Participants were most frequently excluded from an NSSID diagnosis on the basis of criterion A (frequency of NSSI) and criterion E (distress or impairment related to NSSI), while participants were least likely to be excluded from diagnosis on the basis of criterion D (NSSI method exclusions) and criterion F (diagnostic “rule-outs”). Consistent with previous literature, the most commonly reported precipitants to NSSI were negative feelings or thoughts (criterion C2). Participants who met criteria for NSSID reported more severe depression, anxiety, and NSSI than participants who engaged in NSSI but did not meet criteria for NSSID. These results support the use of the NSSIDS as a reliable and valid self-report measure of NSSID symptoms.

Conceptualizing psychotic disorders: don't throw the baby out with the bathwater

Conceptualizing psychotic disorders: don't throw the baby out with the bathwater

Le syndrome psychotique atténué dans le DSM-5

RESUME Cet article decrit comment la categorie diagnostique de syndrome psychotique attenue (SPA) a ete incluse comme « affection proposee pour des etudes supplementaires » dans le DSM-5. La place du SPA au sein des prodromes de la schizophrenie, ainsi que les differences entre le SPA et le syndrome de risque psychotique sont discutees. ABSTRACT Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS) was proposed as a condition for further study in section III of DSM-5. At an earlier stage during the development of DSM-5, Psychotic Risk Syndrome (PRS) had been suggested as a new diagnosis in the main classification of DSM-5. This article discusses the conceptual differences between APS and PRS, and how both entities fit into the spectrum of schizophrenia prodromes. Prodrome Risk Syndrome (PRS) had been suggested as a new diagnostic entity in the main classification of DSM-5.

Psychometric Testing of the Personal Internet Gaming Disorder Evaluation-9: A New Measure Designed to Assess Internet Gaming Disorder.

Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) is in the early stages of recognition as a disorder, following its inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association(1)) as a condition for further study. Existing measures of Internet gaming pathology are limited in their ability to measure IGD as defined in the DSM-5. We present the initial development and validation of a new measure derived from the proposed DSM-5 criteria for IGD, the Personal Internet Gaming Disorder Evaluation-9 (PIE-9). A student sample (n = 119) and a community sample (n = 285), sourced through a variety of online gaming forums, completed an online survey comprising the new measure, existing measures of IGD, and a range of health and demographic questions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis supported a single factor structure for the 9-item PIE-9. Internal consistency (α = 0.89) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation [ICC] = 0.77) were high. Convergent validity was demonstrated with similar gaming addiction measures. Predictive validity was established through significant differences in distress and disability between those who met the criteria for IGD and those who did not. The distress and disability associated with meeting IGD criteria fell within the range of other common DSM-5 disorders. Preliminary testing of the PIE-9 has demonstrated that it is an efficient and straightforward measure for use in further research of IGD, and as a potential screening measure in clinical practice.

Morphological features of Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids: nymphs and adults.

Our aim was to reveal morphological features of first-generation Ixodes persulcatus and I. ricinus hybrids (nymphs and adults) obtained under laboratory conditions for further study of natural populations of these species in sympatry foci. In 65 nymphs of three groups I. ricinus (23 specimens), I. persulcatus (21 specimens), and hybrids (21 specimens), 16 parameters were evaluated (length/width of the scutum and capitulum, length of the hypostome, palp, tarsus I, coxa I, sternal setae, and various scutal and alloscutal setae) and discrimination analysis was performed allowing differentiation of hybrid nymphs from original species. General effectiveness of classification of I. ricinus, I. persulcatus, and hybrids was >95%. Discriminant functions are presented allowing classification of I. persulcatus, I. ricinus, and hybrid nymphs. For description of morphology, 27 adult hybrids (13 males and 14 females) were examined under a stereo microscope at 14-28× (without preparation of permanent mounts). The following morphological distinctions of hybrids from original species were described: posterior marginal groove is not clear (as in I. ricinus) and absence of syncoxa on coxa I (as in I persulcatus). In hybrid males, simultaneous absence of syncoxa on coxa I (as in I. persulcatus) and a long internal spur on coxa I (as in I. ricinus) can be used as a diagnostic feature. Based on the detected characteristics, 10 of 157 ticks collected in Karelia in I. ricinus and I. persulcatus sympatry area were classified as hybrids.

Public Stigma in China Associated With Schizophrenia, Depression, Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome, and Psychosis-Like Experiences.

Attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS) has recently been included in the appendix of DSM-5 as a condition for further study. This study compared public stigma associated with four mental health conditions among study participants in Hong Kong. The cross-sectional study involved 204 participants (154 members of the general public general public and 50 health care professionals) recruited through a public awareness campaign and the e-mail network of the University of Hong Kong. Participants read four vignettes describing persons with schizophrenia, depression, APS, or psychosis-like experiences. For each vignette, they used a scale to rate their level of stigma in seven domains: social distance, traditional prejudice, exclusionary sentiments, negative affect, perceptions of dangerousness, treatment carryover, and disclosure carryover. Analyses compared ratings within and across vignettes. Schizophrenia received the highest public stigma ratings, followed by APS, depression, and psychosis-like experiences. Total stigma scores were higher for the general public than for health care professionals. Public stigma associated with APS was similar to that associated with depression. Ratings of treatment carryover indicated that participants believed that being known to have received treatment for APS or depression would have lasting consequences. Stigma should be considered in the development of mental health services and research in China, particularly in regard to people with schizophrenia and those at risk of psychosis.