Condensed Tannin Content Research Articles

Molecular docking assisted biological functions and phytochemical screening of Amaranthus lividus L. extract

In this study, the phytochemical content of Amaranthus lividus extract and its multi-biological activities were investigated. Total protein, phenol, flavonoid, saponin and condensed tannin contents were determined for phytochemical analysis. In addition, GC–MS and HPLC analyzes were carried out for the determination of the active components of the extract. In determining the multi-biological activities, radical scavenging, anti-mutagenic, anti-proliferative and anti-microbial activities of the extract were investigated. GC–MS analysis revealed that the leaf extract of A. lividus contains phytol and β-sitosterol as major compounds and the presence of gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, vanillin and kaemferol compounds were determined with HPLC analysis. The radical scavenging effect of A. lividus extract was determined as 75.6% against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 85.2% against superoxide. In anti-bacterial studies, it was determined that A.lividus extract formed different inhibition zones against all tested bacteria. The highest inhibition zone was 14.3 ± 0.7 mm against Bacillus subtilis. In addition, the anti-microbial activity of the extract was demonstrated by molecular docking studies of the binding of gallic acid and phytol to aquaporin and arginase enzyme of bacteria, and the mechanism of anti-microbial activity was explained. A. lividus extract, which provided a 68.59–33.13% reduction in the formation of chromosomal aberrations such as unequal distribution of chromatin, micronucleus formation, fragment, sticky chromosome, bridge and vagrant chromosome, exhibited a strong anti-mutagenic effect. A. lividus extract has a reducing effect on the number of dividing cells and exhibits an anti-proliferative effect of 25.7% compared to the control group. The antiproliferative mechanism of action was investigated by molecular docking and it was determined that the gallic acid and phytol in the extract decreased proliferation by interacting with telomerase. As a result, A.lividus extract consumed as food is a potential natural anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-mutagenic and anti-proliferative source with its rich phytochemical content.

Proximate Analysis, in vitro Dry Matter Degradability and Palatability Index of Legume Residues and Maize Straws for Ruminants

Background: Legume residues such as leaves from cowpea and lablab plants can be accumulated in large quantities after fruits harvesting. These legumes can be incorporated in ruminants’ diets due to their high feeding value. They are rich in crude protein, vitamins and minerals when compared to grasses that normally deteriorate during dry seasons. This paper is focusing on determining effect of legume residues and maize straws on in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and palatability indices in ruminants. Methods: For palatability experiment, each of five male boer goats was provided with four feeding troughs carrying four different feeds (maize straws and 3 legumes = Lablab purpureus - lablab and 2 Vigna unguiculata - cowpeas - Dr Saunders and Betswit). The legume residues and maize straws were also analyzed for chemical composition and IVDMD. All data was subjected to a one-way analysis of variance. Result: Dr Saunders (230.7 g/kg DM) had the highest (P less than 0.05) crude protein content when compared to all diets. Lablab (126.3 g/kg DM) had the lowest (P less than 0.05) acid detergent lignin. The highest (P less than 0.05) condensed tannins concentrations (50.1 g/kg DM) was recorded for Betswit. The highest (P less than 0.05) in vitro dry matter degradability was recorded for lablab at 24 up to 72 hrs. Lablab had a higher palatability index (P less than 0.05) when compared to other diets. Intake (r2 = 0.955) and palatability index (r2 = 0.971) were positively and significantly (P less than 0.05) predicted from total phenolics on goats. Though lablab had better values in most parameters measured, all legumes can be highly recommended to supplement low-quality roughages such as maize straws and grasses.

Prediction of tannin profile in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) skins during berry maturation using a rapid mechanical puncture approach

Tannin structure and composition are variable during grape maturation, and crucially determine perceived astringency, body structure and aging capacity of red wines. This study investigated the evolution of condensed tannins (CTs) in grape skins as maturation progressed and the feasibility of using a rapid mechanical puncture approach for assessing the CTs profile. The results showed that the mean degree of polymerization (mDP), molecular mass (MM), and proportions of (–)-epigallocatechin in extension subunits (EGC_ext) and (–)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in terminal subunits (ECG_term) of skins increased during grape maturation, while CTs content and the proportion of (–)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate in extension subunits decreased. The predictive models built by random forest for CTs content based on skin weight, mDP, MM_subunit, EGC_ext, and ECG_term obtained good results with high squared correlation coefficients of prediction and calibration (R2_P > 0.85 and R2_C ≈ 0.95). In addition, the classifications of CTs characteristics obtained from ripe and unripe samples were observed in different principal component spaces. This study indicated that the mechanical properties were useful for predicting skin CTs profile, estimating tannin maturity stages, and providing information for optimal harvesting and winemaking protocols.

Supplementation of Oilseeds to an Herbage Diet High in Condensed Tannins Affects Methane Production with Minimal Impact on Ruminal Fermentation in Continuous Culture

Condensed tannins (CT) have been observed to reduce enteric CH4 production when added to ruminant diets. However, high concentrations of CT in forages such as sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don) may depress nutrient digestibility. Oilseed crops, high in lipid concentration, also reduce enteric CH4 via toxicity to methanogenic bacteria with less depression of nutrient digestibility. However, it is unclear whether combining these two feeds would result in even greater decreases in CH4 without impairing ruminal fermentation. This study used an in vitro continuous culture fermentor system to determine if supplementation of ground oilseeds would further reduce enteric CH4 production while improving nutrient digestibility of high-CT forages. The experimental design was a 4 × 4 Latin square, with four diets containing (dry matter basis) 45% orchardgrass (OCH; Dactylis glomerata L.), 45% sericea lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneata (Dum. Cours.) G. Don), and 10% oilseed supplements, using canola (CAN; Brassica napus L.), soybean (SOY; Glycine max L.), sunflower (SUN; Helianthus annuus L.), or a mix of all three species (MIX; in equal proportions). Fermentors were fed 82 g of dry matter/d in four equal feedings over four 10 d periods. Methane was recorded every 10 min, and effluent samples were analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber to determine apparent and true nutrient digestibilities. The CAN, SUN, and MIX diets had greater concentrations of crude fat (7–8 g/kg) than the SOY diet (5.7 g/kg), which contributed to the greater reduction in enteric CH4 production in those diets (13–27 mg/d) compared to the SOY diet (84 mg/d). Apparent and true nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the addition of ground oilseeds. While N intake increased concomitant with crude protein increases in the diets, there were no additional effects on N flows. While supplementing a high-CT diet with any of the three oilseeds (canola, soybean, sunflower, or a mixture of the three oilseeds) reduced total CH4 emission without depressing nutrient digestibility, canola and mixes containing canola were most effective. Further research is needed in vivo to evaluate whether these results translate to greater feed efficiency and animal production.

Structural characterization of phytochemical content, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of Juglans regia L. leaves cultivated in Algeria

Many microorganisms cause diseases to plants, animals and humans. Recently, natural compounds extracted from different medicinal and officinal plants have had a promising antimicrobial potential. In this present study, the antifungal and antibacterial activities of Juglans regia leaves cultivated in Algeria have been evaluated. The chemical composition was analyzed by GCMS spectroscopy . Total polyphenolic content (TPC), hydrolysable tannins content (HTC) and condensed tannin content (CTC) were assessed using Foilin ciocalteu, Potassium iodide and vanilline methods respectively. The antibacterial activity was tested against five bacterial strains and the antifungal activity was tested against seven fungal strains . The GC-MS profile of ethyl acetate fraction (tannic extract) revealed the presence of many interesting biomolecules we note: Phenol (0.19%), gaiucol (0.16%), catechol (0.65%), 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (1.77%), eugenol (0.78%), (E)-coniferol (0.66%), 1, 5-naphthalenediol (2.01%) and 5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthalenedione or juglone (0.18%). The tannic extract (ethyl acetate fraction) presented a high antifungal activity on Aspergillus terreus , Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus Brasilliensis ATCC 16404 with percentage of growth inhibition of 77,033 ± 3,395, 73,327 ± 3,851 and 71,850 ± 0,641 respectively for the highest concentration. It also showed an interesting antibacterial activity against Klebseilla pneumoniae ATCC 70063 with minimal inhibitory concentration of 3.125 μg/ml comparing to the hydro-acetonic extract(MIC value). Our finding provides for the first time the chemical profiling of this species grown in Algeria and also an efficient and targeted natural approach to the discovery of classes of antibacterial and antifungal compounds for various applications. • Juglans regia 's leaves harvested from Blida north, center, Algeria. • Preparation of alcoholic extracts: crude and tannic extract. • The extracts are a rich source of secondary metabolites such as: polyphenols and tannins. • Both extracts have an antibacterial and antifungal potential. • Tannic extract has a stronger effect comparing to the crude extract. • GC-MS analysis of the tannic extract showed the presence of a variety of biochemical components known for their biological effects.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differential Regulation of Flavonoids Biosynthesis Between Kernels of Two Pecan Cultivars.

Flavonoids influence the flavor and nutritional value of pecan nuts. However, limited information is available regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying pecan flavonoid biosynthesis. Here, we used a high (“YLC28”) and a low (“Oconee”) flavonoid content cultivar as the research objects. The changes in flavonoid content and the gene transcription patterns during kernel development were identified. Different accumulation patterns of total flavonoids (TF) and condensed tannins (CT) were observed between the two cultivars. The contents of TF and CT in “YLC28” were 1.76- and 2.67-fold higher levels than that of “Oconee” on 150 days after full bloom of female flowers, respectively. In total, 30 RNA-Seq libraries were constructed and sequenced. The upregulated genes in “YLC28” were highly enriched in flavonoid-related pathways. Thirty-three structural genes were identified, and the expression of two phenylalanine ammonia lyases, one chalcone synthase, one flavonoid 3’,5’-hydroxylase, and one flavonol synthase exhibited high correlation (r ≥ 0.7, p < 0.01) with the condensed tannin content in “YLC28.” A putative MYB transcription factor, CIL1093S0100, might act as a flavonoid biosynthesis repressor during kernel development. Altogether, these results will be useful for uncovering the molecular mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis and subsequently accelerating quality pecan breeding.

Artemisia absinthium L. Aqueous and Ethyl Acetate Extracts: Antioxidant Effect and Potential Activity In Vitro and In Vivo against Pancreatic α-Amylase and Intestinal α-Glucosidase.

Artemisia absinthium L. is one of the plants which has been used in folk medicine for many diseases over many centuries. This study aims to analyze the chemical composition of the Artemisia absinthium ethyl acetate and its aqueous extracts and to evaluate their effect on the pancreatic α-amylase enzyme and the intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme. In this study, the total contents of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and condensed tannins in ethyl acetate and the aqueous extracts of Artemisia absinthium leaves were determined by using spectrophotometric techniques, then the antioxidant capacity of these extracts was examined using three methods, namely, the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method, the iron reduction method FRAP, and the β-carotene bleaching method. The determination of the chemical composition of the extracts was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography—the photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). These extracts were also evaluated for their ability to inhibit the activity of the pancreatic α-amylase enzyme, as well as the intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme, in vitro and in vivo, thus causing the reduction of blood glucose. The results of this study showed that high polyphenol and flavonoid contents were obtained in ethyl acetate extract with values of 60.34 ± 0.43 mg GAE/g and 25.842 ± 0.241 mg QE/g, respectively, compared to the aqueous extract. The results indicated that the aqueous extract had a higher condensed tannin content (3.070 ± 0.022 mg EC/g) than the ethyl acetate extract (0.987 ± 0.078 mg EC/g). Ethyl acetate extract showed good DPPH radical scavenging and iron reduction FRAP activity, with an IC50 of 0.167 ± 0.004 mg/mL and 0.923 ± 0.0283 mg/mL, respectively. The β-carotene test indicated that the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were able to delay the decoloration of β-carotene with an inhibition of 48.7% and 48.3%, respectively, which may mean that the extracts have antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of naringenin and caffeic acid as major products in AQE and EAE, respectively. Indeed, this study showed that the aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts significantly inhibited the pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase, in vitro. To confirm this result, the inhibitory effect of these plant extracts on the enzymes has been evaluated in vivo. Oral intake of the aqueous extract significantly attenuated starch- and sucrose-induced hyperglycemia in normal rats, and evidently, in STZ-diabetic rats as well. The ethyl acetate extract had no inhibitory activity against the intestinal α-glucosidase enzyme in vivo. The antioxidant and the enzyme inhibitory effects may be related to the presence of naringenin and caffeic acid or their synergistic effect with the other compounds in the extracts.

Effect of Soil Type: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Phytochemicals in Some Browse Species Leaves Found in Savannah Biome of South Africa.

In semi-arid regions, browse plant species are used as feed and for medicinal purposes for both animals and humans. The limitation of the utilization of these species to medicinal purposes or as feed for livestock is a lack of knowledge on the concentration level of phytochemicals and other bioactive compounds found in these plants. The study sought to assay the qualitative and quantitative bioactive constituents of some browse species found in the savannah biome of South Africa, viz. Adansonia digitate, Androstachys johnsonii, Balanites maughamii, Berchemia discolor, Berchemia zeyheri, Bridelia mollis hutch, Carissa edulis, Catha edulis, Colophospermum mopane, Combretum Imberbe, Combretum molle, Combretum collinum, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dichrostachys cinerea, Diospros lycioides, Diospyros mespiliformis, Euclea divinorum, Flueggea virosa, Grewia flava, Grewia flavescens, Grewia monticola, Grewia occidentalis, Melia azedarach, Peltophorum africanum, Prosopis velutina, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Pterocarpus rotundifolius, Schinus molle, Schotia brachypetala, Sclerocarya birrea, Searsia lancea, Searsia leptodictya, Searsia pyroides, Senegalia caffra, Senegalia galpinii, Senegalia mellifera, Senegalia nigrescens, Senegalia polyacantha, Strychnos madagascariensis, Terminalia sericea, Trichilia emetic, Vachellia erioloba, Vachellia hebeclada, Vachellia karroo, Vachellia nilotica, Vachellia nilotica subsp. Kraussiana, Vachellia rechmanniana, Vachellia robusta, Vachellia tortilis, Vachellia tortilis subsp. raddiana, Vangueria infausta, and Ziziphus mucronata. These browse species’ leaf samples were harvested from two provinces (Limpopo and North-West) of South Africa. The Limpopo province soil type was Glenrosa, Mispah, and Lithosols (GM-L), and the soil types in the North-West Province were Aeolian Kalahari Sand, Clovelly, and Hutton (AKS-CH). The harvested browse samples were air dried at room temperature for about seven days and ground for analysis. The methanol and distilled water extracts of the browse species leaves showed the presence of common phytoconstituents, including saponins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, cardio glycosides, terpenoids, and phlobatannins, as major active compounds in browse species leaves. In the quantitative analysis, phytochemical compounds, such as soluble phenols, insoluble tannins, and condensed tannins, were quantified for common species found in both sites. Two-way ANOVA and multivariate analysis were used to test soil type and species effect on soluble phenols, insoluble tannins, and condensed tannins of woody species. Dichrostachys cinerea (0.1011% DM) in GM-L soil type and Z. mucronata (0.1009% DM) in AKS-CH soil type showed the highest (p < 0.05) concentration of soluble phenols. In AKS-CH soil type, D. cinerea (0.0453% DM) had the highest insoluble tannins concentration, while V. hebeclada had the lowest (0.0064% DM) insoluble tannins content. Vacchelia hebeclada had lower (p < 0.05) condensed tannins concentration levels than all other browse plants in both soil types. Under multivariate analysis tests, there was a significant effect (p < 0.001) of soil type, species, and soil type x species interaction on soluble phenols, insoluble tannins, and condensed tannins of woody species. In this study, most of the woody species found in GM-L soil type showed a lower amount of tannins than those harvested in AKS-CH soil type. There is a need to identify the amount of unquantified phytochemicals contained in these browse species and valorize the high-bioactive-compound browse species to enhance and maximize browsing of these browse species for animal production.

Palicourea tomentosa (Aubl.) Borhidi: Microscopy, chemical composition and the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-acetylcholinesterase potential

Ethnopharmacological relevancePalicourea tomentosa (Aubl.) Borhidi (synonym Psychotria poeppigiana Müll. Arg.) leaves are used in the popular treatments of inflammation and pain; however, there are no scientific studies demonstrating their activity as the methanolic extract of P. tomentosa. Aim of studyThis study was undertaken to investigate the potential antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, anti-hyperalgesic, anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the chemical composition and concentrations of constituents of the methanolic extract of P. tomentosa leaves (MEPT). The study also analyzes the micromorphology and histochemistry of leaves of P. tomentosa. Materials and methodsThe MEPT was analysed by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). The concentrations of total phenols, flavonoids, flavonols and condensed tannin were determined. The micromorphology and histochemistry of leaves were performed using standard reagents, light and field emission scanning electron microscopy, beyond energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The antioxidant activity was evaluated for DPPH, β-carotene and MDA. The anti-inflammatory activity of MEPT (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) was assayed in carrageenan-induced models of paw oedema, mechanical hyperalgesia (Von Frey), cold allodynia (acetone) and pleurisy in mice. The anti-nociceptive potential of MEPT (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) was evaluated by the formalin method in mice. The anti-acetylcholinesterase properties were evaluated in vivo in four rat brain structures. ResultsThe total ion chromatogram of MEPT demonstrated two alkaloids, one coumarin, one iridoid and two terpene derivatives. The highest phenol, flavonoid, flavonol and condensed tannin concentrations were found in the extract. A comprehensive explanation of the leaf micromorphology and histochemistry was presented. MEPT was significantly inhibited by the DPPH, β-carotene and MDA models. MEPT (30, 100 and 300 mg/kg) reduced the inflammation and hyperalgesic parameters in a carrageenan model and reduced formalin-induced nociception in both phases, which were cold sensitivity and oedema formation. The oral administration of 30 and 100 mg/kg MEPT significantly inhibited AChE activity in the frontal cortex. ConclusionThis is the first chemical and biological study performed with a P. tomentosa methanolic extract and anatomical and histochemical analysis. The present study showed that MEPT inhibited pain and inflammatory parameters contributing, at least in part, to explain the popular use of this plant as analgesic natural agent. Also, anatomical and histochemistry of leaves described in the present study provide microscopical information, which aids species identification.

Evaluation of Deodorizing Effects of Saccharina japonica in 10-Month-Old ICR Mice Using a Novel Odor Marker Associated with Aging.

The potential deodorizing effects of Saccharina japonica have been evaluated by determining their deodorizing performance, but they are yet to be validated in experimental animals. The deodorizing effects of S. japonica were examined in an animal model using a novel odor marker associated with aging by comparing the concentration of odor component in urine obtained from two- and 10-month-old ICR mice using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the changes in the trimethylamine (TMA) concentration, ammonia level, and structure of sweat gland were determined after exposing 10-month-old ICR mice to 70% ethanol extract of S. japonica (EESJ) for four weeks. In vitro analysis was performed to confirm the composition of EESJ with respect to the total flavonoid contents (TFC, 28.6 ± 2.5 mg/g), total polyphenol contents (TPC, 107.3 ± 8.9 mg/g), and total condensed tannin contents (TTC, 65.7 ± 5.2 mg/g) contents, as well as to the deodorizing performance to ammonia and acetic acid (91.2 ± 7.8% and 54.8 ± 6.3%, respectively). In vivo analysis revealed TMA to be the novel odor marker associated with aging among the 19 odor components evaluated, considering the higher concentration in the urine of 10-month-old ICR mice. The peak area of TMA on the gas chromatogram was significantly lower in the 10-month-old ICR mice treated with EESJ than in the two-month-old mice. A similar decrease was observed in the level of ammonia obtained from the dirty bedding of the EESJ-treated group. Moreover, tissues obtained from the mouse foot of the group exposed to EESJ showed a dose-dependent decrease in the gland tube number of sweat glands and the TMA dehydrogenase transcription level. Overall, these results provide novel evidence that the administration of EESJ helps reduce the body TMA and ammonia concentrations, resulting in reduced odor and a decrease in the number of sweat glands and the expression of TMA dehydrogenase in the ICR mouse feet.

Biological Properties and Phytonutrient Profile of Beans: Vigna angularis, Vigna radiata, and Glycine max

The consumption of specific plant foods in distinct diets reduces chronic illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and even cancer. This offers an interesting platform to study the various phytonutrients claimed by numerous studies for providing different physiological and pharmacological effects in the human body. This study has focused on the analysis of phytonutrients in three leguminous plants, namely Vigna angularis (VA), Vigna radiata (VR), and Glycine max (GM). Chemical constituents evaluated include polyphenols, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and polysaccharides, while DPPH free radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were utilized for in vitro antioxidant activities. The findings showed that the beans contain a professed number of condensed tannins and polyphenols, while they also contain flavonoids and polysaccharides. The 95% ethanol extract of VA showed the highest level of extracted total polyphenols and total condensed tannin content than other extracts. VA 95% EtOH extract exhibited a phytochemical profile consistent with the obtained biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell viability. Our study has successfully determined the phytonutrient profiles of the bean extracts and their associated biological activities.

Heather (Calluna vulgaris) supplementation does not reduce trapping ability of Duddingtonia flagrans in faeces of Haemonchus contortus infected lambs

Infection with gastro-intestinal nematodes (GIN) seriously impairs productivity and health of grazing animals. Due to the considerable rise in anthelmintic resistance and the increasing popularity of organic farming, alternative control strategies will replace or complement traditional anthelmintics. The efficacy of two potential alternatives (i) feeding the tanniferous forage heather (Calluna vulgaris) and (ii) the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans (isolate FiBL-DF-P14), was tested in a feeding experiment with lambs artificially infected with Haemonchus contortus. Animals received hay supplemented with heather or with a late cut hay (ecohay) as a control feed ad libitum for three weeks. Two doses (1 × 105 and 5 × 104 chlsp/kg LW) of D. flagrans chlamydospores (chlsp) were administered to animals of each roughage treatment and H. contortus larval recovery from faecal cultures was compared with an untreated control (6 animals per D. flagrans-heather combination). Protein, crude fiber and energy contents of ecohay and heather were similar but heather contained approximately twice more fat, four times more lignin and ten times more of all condensed tannin fractions. Heather contained 17.3 mg Proanthocyanidin per g dry matter (DM) while contents of ecohay were 1.7 mg/g DM. Daily average feed intake across both treatments was 1.5 kg DM/animal/day, of which heather/ecohay intake accounted for 0.17/0.19 kg. Overall, there was no significant effect of heather on faecal egg counts (FEC). There was a tendency for a significant interaction between feed supplement and time and a significantly (p = 0.030) lower FEC of nominally 1799 EPG in the heather treatment at the end of the heather feeding period compared with the ecohay treatment. Lambs in this study consumed less heather than grazing sheep in other studies, even though condensed tannin contents were comparably low. Heather supplementation did not affect larval recovery in faecal cultures and trapping ability of D. flagrans. As compared with the untreated control, both doses of D. flagrans reduced larval recovery by 96.2 % and 95.5 %, respectively (p < 0.001), with no significant difference between the doses. The isolate FiBL-DF-P14 was at least as effective as isolates tested in other studies and achieved over 95 % reduction at a low dosage of 5 × 104 chlsp/kg LW. In conclusion, our results confirm the potential of and indicate no negative interactions between both alternative GIN control methods.

Effect of the Application Time of Accentuated Cut Edges (ACE) on Marquette Wine Phenolic Compounds.

Cold-hardy interspecific hybrid grape varieties (Vitis spp.) have distinctive chemical compositions such as high acidity, a high content of anthocyanin diglucoside and a low condensed tannins content, compared to Vitis vinifera varieties. Considering the importance of phenolic compounds on the quality of red wine, a mechanical maceration technique, accentuated cut edges (ACE), has been evaluated when applied directly to crushed grapes (ACE-C), and 24 h before pressing (ACE-P), to improve the extraction of phenolic compounds. Samples were collected at crushing, bottling, and after five months of aging. Phenolic compounds and color characteristics of the wines were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array and fluorescence detectors and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. The color intensity, non-anthocyanin monomeric compounds and total iron-reactive phenolics content increased after applying ACE, compared to the control (CTL) after aging, and was significantly higher (37%) after ACE-C, compared to ACE-P. However, the concentration of condensed tannins was below the limit of detection in all the samples, indicating that ACE did not help their extraction or further interactions occurred with disrupted cell wall material. Applying ACE at crushing was considered as the optimum time to achieve a higher color stability in Marquette red wines.

Potential of Tunisian carob pulp as feed for ruminants: chemical composition and in vitro assessment.

The nutritive value of the carob fruits harvested from ten different geographic regions of the North and the Center of Tunisia was assessed on the basis of chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation kinetic. Results showed that the chemical composition (ash, crude protein, fat, and sugar) of carob pods was highly influenced by geographic origin. Neutral detergent fiber varied from 24.37 to 35.58g/100g DM, acid detergent fiber from 13.24 to 25.15g/100g DM, and acid detergent lignin from 4.72 to 11.09g/100g DM. Total phenol, flavonoids, and condensed tannin contents varied from 2.55 to 6.84g gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100g DM, from 74.89 to 276.51, and from 0.23 to 1.63mg catechin equivalents (CE)/100g DM, respectively. The samples varied widely in asymptotic gas production (66.6-86.34ml/300mg DM). The calculated metabolizable energy and digestible organic matter contents of carob pods ranged from 65.09 to 84.65% and 9.84 to 12.82MJ/kg DM, respectively.

Forage Availability and Quality, and Feeding Behaviour of Indigenous Goats Grazing in a Mediterranean Silvopastoral System

The aim of this study was to evaluate the feeding behaviour of indigenous goats and the selection drivers of different plant species in a Mediterranean forest rangeland. To achieve this goal, the seasonal variations in terms of forage availability and quality of ingested plant species were studied during three grazing seasons. In the same period, eight indigenous goats of Beni Arouss breed were selected to explore the seasonal changes in their browsing behaviour. Forage quality was determined by the hand-plucking technique. The results showed a wide seasonal variation in forage availability and quality, and feeding behaviour. Woody species were more selected independently of the season (p &lt; 0.001). The crude protein content varied from 53.3 g/kg of dry mater (DM) for Erica arborea in summer to 197 g/kg DM for Calicotome villosa in autumn (p &lt; 0.001). Despite the high condensed tannins content in selected shrubs, they were highly consumed. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) had recorded the highest contents in herbaceous during spring. Shrubs and trees contain the lowest levels of IVOMD (&lt;500 g/kg) and ME (&lt;7.2 MJ/kg) during autumn and summer. It is concluded that seasonal changes in forage availability and quality did not necessarily affect the indigenous goats’ preference. These findings could help goat herders to develop feeding and grazing systems while increasing the performance of goats in the Mediterranean silvopastoral system.

Effect of salicylic acid and methyl salicylate treatment on polyphenol metabolites and bioactive properties of mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts

Present study embodies investigation on the effect of elicitors, namely methyl salicylate (MeSA) and salicylic acid (SA), along with the phenolic precursor (L-phenylalanine) on the antioxidant potential and bioactive composition of mung bean sprouts. Results showed highest increase in total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin content in sprouts treated with L-phenylalanine and 1.0% MeSA (2.0-fold, 4.02-fold, and 6.75-fold, respectively as compared to control). Elicited sprouts with the similar treatment showed highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power and metal ion chelation activity. Furthermore, 4.40 fold, 2.90 fold, and 2.81 fold increase in PAL, TAL and peroxidase activity, respectively was also observed. It may be concluded that elicitation along with phenolic precursor treatment effectively increased the bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of mung bean sprouts.

PROPRIEDADES DA MADEIRA LAMINADA CRUZADA COLADA COM ADESIVO À BASE DE TANINOS DA CASCA DAS ÁRVORES DE Mimosa Tenuiflora

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the concentration of condensed tannins in the bark of Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd) Poir trees. Additionally, the physical-mechanical properties of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels bonded with an adhesive based on M. tenuiflora tannins were assessed. Bark was collected from five trees. The adhesive formulation was synthesized by mixing powdered tannins, paraformaldehyde, and water at 50 °C under continuous stirring. Bark tannins extract in its pristine state without any previous chemical treatment or modification was employed to synthesize the adhesive. Viscosity, pH, solids content, and gel time of the adhesive formulation were determined. CLT panels were manufactured with Eucalyptus spp. wood. The bonding performance was assessed by determining the physical (apparent density and water absorption) and mechanical (modulus of elasticity – MOE, modulus of rupture – MOR, and shear strength) properties of the CLT panels. Condensed tannins content in the M. tenuiflora bark was 23.4%. Adhesive properties were pH = 3.93, TS of 50.64%, gel time of 460 s, and 6,000 cP for viscosity. Values of MOE, MOR and shear strength were 4,411, 16.18, and 1.06 MPa, respectively. The M. tenuiflora tannins are promising for the formulation of adhesives to bond CLT.

Physicochemical and functional properties of the undervalued fruits of cactus Cylindropuntia imbricate (“xoconostle”) and antioxidant potential

The acidic and not very fleshy fruits from Xoconostles (Xo) cacti are undervalued fruits. However, inhabitants of semi-arid regions consume these fruits that may also have a high nutritional value and natural antioxidants because of their content of dietary fiber (DF) and polyphenols. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge about the nutritional and functional properties of these types of fruits. The study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical profile, physicochemical, functional (water-holding, oil holding, and swelling capacities), and antioxidant properties of different sections (E: epicarp ; M-E: mesocarp-endocarp) of wild Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) F.M. Knuth (Xoconostle) fruits. Results showed that Xo fruits have the highest concentration of condensed tannins (CT) and hydrolyzable tannins (HT) in E. The phenolic acids (PAs) identified in the fruits were caffeoyl tartaric acid , 5-5′-dehydrodiferulic acid, 1,2,2′-trisinepoylgentiobiose, catechin , sinensetine, dihydroquercetin, quercetin , delphinidin , and 5,3′,4′-trihydroxy3-methoxy-6:7-methylenedioxyflavone4′-O-glucuronide, with a total of 15 acidic polyphenols identified in Xo. The antioxidant capacity of polyphenols showed that the 1:16 and 1:12 m/v ratios in E and ME had the highest radical scavenging activity for DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) (41 and 72 mg TE/g); ABTS (2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulfonic acid)) (317 and 406 mg TE/g) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) (568 and 481 mg TE/g), respectively. Positive correlations were perceived between polyphenols and DPPH, ABTS, FRAP. Therefore, these results confirm the potential of wild Xo fruits ( C. imbricata ) as a source of natural antioxidants, DF, and functional properties that could be useful in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industry. • The undervalued fruits of Xoconostle (Xo) have a high fiber content and antioxidant properties. • The different genotypes and ultrasound conditions determine the chemical composition. • The cultivation of the wild fruits of Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) F.M. Knuth may be revalued by the producers. • The 1:16 and 1:12 m/v ratio provided the highest acidic polyphenols content, obtained by UMAE. • The Xo fruits contained a high concentration of CT and HT, that exhibits excellent antioxidant activity.

Use of Tannin-Containing Plants as Antimicrobials Influencing the Animal Health

The antimicrobial effects of diverse tannin-containing plants, particularly condensed tannins (CTs) produced from various plants, are the subject of this study. CT components can be determined using CT-specific procedures such the HCl-Butanol Acetone assay, Thiolysis reaction, and HPLC/MS analysis. These methods indicate CT contents, including mean degree of polymerization, the procyanidins and prodelphinidins ratio (PC/PD%), the isomers of trans- and cis-, and CT concentration. Tannin-containing plants possess antibacterial action, which can be attributed to their protein linkage technique, and tannin-type variations, particularly CTs extract and their PC/PD%. The effects of CT components on the development of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have been documented for their relative PC/PD%; this is regarded to be a key predictor of tannin characteristics in terms of antimicrobials. In conclusion, tannins, more specific CT compositions, have significant impacts on in vivo trials of animal productions and utilization of metabolites and fermentation in vitro experiments. These findings need further investigations to fully understand how CT-types act on animal feeding in terms of enhanced nutritional quality of animal diets, which may have implications for human and animal health.

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities and Fatty Acid Compositions of Wild Berberis spp. by Different Techniques Combined with Chemometrics (PCA and HCA).

Interest in medicinal plants and fruits has increased in recent years due to people beginning to consume natural foods. This study aims to investigate the total phenolic flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, condensed tannin content, oil content, and fatty acid compositions of five local breeds of Berberis spp. from Bayburt, Turkey, and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The fatty acid composition of samples was performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the total fatty acid content of samples was between 6.12% and 8.60%. The main fatty acids in Berberis spp. samples were α-linolenic acid (32.85–37.88%) and linoleic acid (30.98–34.28%) followed by oleic acid (12.85–19.56%). Two antioxidant assays produced similar results, demonstrating that extracts of wild B. vulgaris L. had the highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (621.02 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) (0.10 SC50 mg/mL) values. According to principal component analysis (PCA), four components were determined. In addition, two main groups were determined according to hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and wild and culture of B. vulgaris L. were in different subgroups. This is the first original report about the fatty acid composition and oil content of Berberis spp. grown in Bayburt, Turkey. The obtained results indicate that B. integerrima Bunge and B. vulgaris, which have especially remarkable fatty acid content, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activity, could be potential sources for these properties in different areas of use.