Concrete Quality Research Articles

Application of recycled aggregates generated from waste materials towards improvement in acoustical and thermal conductivity of concrete

The construction sector, in addition to being very important for the economy of several countries, also creates a large amount of construction waste which has a significant impact on the environment. Usage of alternative coarse aggregates (ACA) materials for partial replacement or complete replacement of coarse aggregates can be identified from multiple sustainable sources including solid waste generated on a regular basis. There are limited studies that have explored the utility of waste materials for coarse aggregate (WMCA) in improving concrete qualities like compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and acoustic properties. Previous researchers have conducted several feasibility studies of using construction-and-demolition-waste (CDW) in engineering works, which lead economic and environmental sustainability in the construction sector. Studies show that the thermal transmittance (U-Value) of concrete, which varies between 0.62 to 3.33 W/m2K, is affected by the type of aggregates being used. It has also been demonstrated that concrete to be a good sound insulator due to its high density, but a poor sound absorber with a reflection of up to 99% of sound energy. Opportunities for usage of waste materials like coconut shells, crumb rubber aggregate (CRA) from scrap tyres, glass, plastic wastes. e-waste, construction and demolition waste (CDW), polystyrene, styrofoam and polystyrene as partial replacement of CA need investigation in depth. Some previous studies, that examined the utility of alternate materials like scarp tyres, broken bricks, CDW etc. used as partial replacement of CA, have shown promising results. This article presents a literature review on the production and utilization of waste materials for coarse aggregate in concrete for improving the acoustical and thermal properties. Summarily, this review may help in alleviating concerns of consumers and further promote the use of recycled aggregate on a larger scale in civil engineering.

Utilization of Linz-Donawitz slag and brick bat for the production of sustainable paver blocks

Due to the unplanned and uncontrolled exploitation of mineral resources and the massive production of industrial trash, waste is now being reused and recycled for sustainable development. The production of cement and concrete in the building industry has been enhanced by the recycling and reuse of waste. Construction provides a lot of opportunities for recycling. These by-products can produce better outcomes and can raise concrete quality. There are about 120,000 brick kilns in India. Each year, 250 billion bricks are manufactured, of which 5% are waste. On the other hand, the buildup of Linz-Donawitz slag (LD slag) in India has become problematic, leading to a problem with landfills and environmental deterioration. Nowadays, paver blocks have become quite popular and are utilized to pave vacant spots in front of homes as well as parking lots, businesses, and enterprises. One of its key advantages is that damaged individual blocks can be replaced. The current study concentrates on utilizing these waste materials to create Paver Blocks that can be used by pedestrians. Paver blocks comprising LD slag at a replacement level of 50% for fine aggregate and brick bat at a maximum replacement of 30% with coarse aggregate were tested for properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption and abrasion resistance. Out of the proposed mixes, the mix with 20% Brick Bat and 50% LD Slag is the best as it qualifies the necessary quality and strength requirements.

Influence of Using Bamboo Reinforcement Bar and Fiber on Mechanic Beams Behavior

High quality concrete has a low enough porosity value to achieve high density. The purpose of this study was to measure the performance of high-quality concrete blocks by using bamboo reinforcement and bamboo fiber as additional materials. The use of super-liquefying additives from fly ash and palm kernel shells, and high-quality low-grade FAS Tilapia Concrete enhances the concrete experience. Based on (ACI, 2014), it was classified as high-quality concrete with a compressive strength greater than 41.4MPa. Reinforced concrete is a structure made by mixing coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, water, cement, and steel aggregate. Fiber concrete is concrete in which fibers evenly mixed with concrete mortar. The fibers in this concrete serve to retard cracking and reduce brittleness, making the concrete thinner than regular concrete. Using fibers up to 1.5 µm in high-quality reinforced concrete blocks, the maximum deflection reached 23,200 mm for LVDT 5, 0.000 mm for LVDT 3 and LVDT 4, and 37.565 mm. As a result, no shear cracks occurred, and only flex cracks occurred. This is because bending stiffeners are weaker than sliding bones. To increase the flexural strength of bamboo reinforcing blocks, the amount of tensile and compressive bamboo reinforcement should increase to double the amount of reinforcement used in this study.

Utilizing pond ash as fine aggregates in sustainable green concrete pavement – A case study

According to a recent estimate, more than 75 major accidents related to coal ash ponds have been reported between 2010 and 2020 which have resulted not only in loss of life and property, but also in extensive pollution of land, water, and air around the accident sites. In order to promote mass consumption in lieu of disposal, this study was aimed at utilizing the unused coal ash as fine aggregates in concrete pavements. In this regard, a pilot study was undertaken at NTPC Mouda wherein M25 grade pavement quality concrete (PQC) was used for casting a 500 m stretch of road inside the power plant premises. The mix design was prepared at VNIT Nagpur utilizing coarse and fine pond ash from NTPC Mouda as fine aggregates. OPC 43 grade of cement along with locally procured crushed stone aggregates were used. A compatible hyper-plasticizer was also used to maintain the workability and rheology of the concrete. The concrete was laid manually and was observed to attain its final setting within 600 min. The segment was cured for 28-days and finally, cores were extracted to evaluate the in-situ compressive strength of PQC and ascertain its durability. A 28-day compressive strength of 29.3 MPa along with reduced chloride ion permeability and abrasion loss indicate that the suggested approach of utilizing pond ash as fine aggregates in concrete roads is a sustainable alternative to conventionally used mix designs. Hence, the said approach will be a “greener” approach towards PQC construction reducing the dependency on natural river sand. Owing to the abundance of coal ash available in ash dykes, it is also expected that the suggested approach will prove cost-effective in terms of unit cost of concrete production.

Stone dust and recycled concrete aggregates in concrete construction: An efficient way of sustainable development

In the last five decades, a continuous research has established that concrete is a versatile material where the different wastes can be consumed for environment friendly sustainable development. The disposal of stone dust and demolished old concrete is becoming a serious issue. To conserve the diminishing natural resources, stone dust and recycled aggregates obtained from crushed rubble can be re-used in building industry. The suitability of stone dust as a fine aggregate and recycled concrete aggregates as coarse aggregate is a topic of research interest for researchers in the past. In the earlier research, the main focus was on taking these wastes separately. The results of concomitant presence of both stone dust and recycled concrete aggregates in concrete and their understanding on the durability performance are lacking. Based on the past research input, an exhaustive experimental program was envisaged to assess the suitability of stone dust and recycled concrete aggregates on strength and durability of concrete of different grades. Two design mixes of M20 and M30 grades were designed using natural aggregates. The equivalent mixes were obtained by replacing natural coarse aggregates by recycled coarse aggregates and natural river sand by stone dust ranging from 0 to 100 percent. An approximately same slump value of different mixes was made by adding varying doses of super plasticizer. The durability of concrete was assessed against sulfate attack and at elevated temperatures. The test results indicate the good prospects of utilizing these wastes in making quality concrete. It was found that the concrete with recycled concrete aggregates as coarse aggregate and 40% replacement of river sand with stone dust provide encouraging results of concrete strength and durability characteristics.

Roof Tile Fragments As Substitute Of Fine Aggregate and Gypsum Powder As Substitute of Cement For Sustainable Concrete Production

This research refers to the production of the samples which uses roof tile fragments and gypsum powder which partially substitutes sand and cement and expected to be qualified or close to the compressive strength of fc’ 20 MPa quality concrete. The concrete production was using roof tile fragments as the substitute for sand with the amount of 22,5%, 25%, and 27,5% while the substitute of cement using gypsum powder are 10%, 20% and 30%. This research results where the most optimum variation using of roof tile fragment as substitute of sand and gypsum powder as substitute of cement is 22,5% roof tile fragments and 10% gypsum powder. In this variation it has the closest of compressive strength to the normal concrete with the compressive strength of 19,04 MPa.

Variation of Cement Types Usage for Compressive Strength of Concrete Quality F'c 35 Mpa

Various research and experiments in the field of concrete are ocurred as an effort to improve the quality of concrete, material technology and implementation techniques obtained from the results of these studies and experiments are intended to answer the increasing demands on the use of concrete and overcome the obstacles that often occur in the implementation work at outdoor. One of them is to get high quality concrete. By using a variety of types of cement. The purpose of this study was to obtain a high quality f'c 35 MPa and to find out whether the cement type PPC (gresik) and the cement type PCC (tonasa and three wheels) where this type of cement has a high compressive strength achieves a quality of f'c 35 MPa. The test object used is cylindrical in shape and the planned quality is 35 MPa which will be tested at the age of 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 56 days. This research was carried out in the BANJARMASIN STATE POLYTECHNIC laboratory. From the results of this study with the same mixture proportions, the characteristic compressive strength for the Gresik Cement Variation (PPC) = 28.665 MPa, the Cement Tonasa Variation (PCC) = 35.779 MPa, and the Characteristic Compressive Strength for Three Wheel Cement Variations (PCC) =31,961MPa. It can be concluded that the compressive strength of the concrete characteristics of the tonal cement variation is higher than that of the Gresik and Three Roda cement variations

Statistical Quality Assessment of M60A20 Grade Concrete: A Case Study

Abstract: Concrete is one of the thing that comes into mind whenever we think about construction of anything, be it buildings, dams, airports, ports, roads etc. It is the most produced and used construction material in world and demand for it will increase day by day. Quality Control during production of concrete therefore becomes an important tool for achieving the highest quality concrete and at a lower cost. The compressive strength is considered to be the most important property and it is used as an indicator to check the quality of concrete and to judge compliance with the specifications. Variability in compressive strength of concrete produced in batches is inevitable in practice. Numerous studies have been carried out and statistical approaches have been devised in the field of quality control to analyse the statistics of strength results in order to draw conclusions about quality level in concrete plants and ways to improve it. In the present research the quality of concrete is examined using well established quality control tools and techniques. The main objective of the study is to assess the compressive strength of M60A20 grade concrete produced at site and evaluate the variance for strength deviation and evaluate opportunities for improvement in concrete production processes and in pouring methods of concrete.

QUALITY CONTROL OF DISPERSED COMPONENTS POWDER-ACTIVATED CONCRETE WITH THE HELP OF SHUKHART'S CARDS

In the construction industry, cement concretes are the most widely used building material. New generation materials with increased strength and durability are used in the construction of critical facilities. Special requirements are imposed on such concretes to ensure their quality. The issues of control and quality of powder-activated concretes of a new generation at the stage of preparation of their constituent components are considered. Author made in the article the analysis of the classifier data for the developed system of quality control (QC) based on Shewhart control charts. For implement an effective classification of critical situations we justified target-conformity application of support vector. We accumulated the base of possible solutions in special cases when process of cement production go out from control limits. For pro-programmatic implementation of support vector we used library application LIBSVM. We described procedures for the preparation of the accumulated data for training models of SVM. We determined optimal parameters of created models nuclei to ensure accurate classification. We created SVM models for all monitored parameters. We created HMI display effective solutions to prevent critical situations for the operator.

Effects of Curing Methods on the Permeability and Mechanism of Cover Concrete

Curing methods are one of the most important factors in determining the quality and compactness of cover concrete. The effect of curing methods on the water absorption and sorptivity coefficient of cover concrete with the substitution ratio of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast slag (GGBS) for cement between 30 and 40 wt % was studied by capillary water absorption test. The vacuum saturation test and mercury intrusion test were employed to characterize these differences in the pore structure of cover concrete under different curing methods. With further analysis of the compactness of microstructure by SEM, the mechanism of the impact of curing methods on the permeability of cover concrete was revealed. The results obtained indicate that the effect of curing methods on the water absorption, sorptivity coefficient and porosity of cover concrete shows the trend of natural curing > cover curing > water curing > standard curing. It is also shown that reasonable curing is advantageous to reduce the porosity and permeability of cover concrete. In natural curing conditions, the appearance of porosity increasing and pore structure coarsening is more critical for cover concrete with mineral admixtures than for pure cement concrete. Therefore, the permeability of cover concrete with mineral admixtures is more sensitive to the early-age curing methods.

Point cloud-based dimensional quality assessment of precast concrete components using deep learning

The dimensional quality of precast concrete (PC) subcomponents (concrete and rebars) should be inspected in advance to ensure assembly quality. Currently, PC components are mainly inspected in a manual manner using tools such as tape measure, which is error-prone and inefficient. This study developed an innovative approach for automatic dimensional quality assessment of PC components using point cloud-based deep learning techniques. The approach consists of 1) a dataset-generating method to automatically create the synthetic dataset of PC components’ point clouds, 2) an enhanced focal loss-based precast concrete component recognition net (PCCR-Net) employing hierarchical feature learning to segment the synthetic point clouds dataset into rebars and concrete (i.e. the synthetic dataset generated is used to train the PCCR-Net), and 3) a quantitative measurement protocol that can estimate the dimensional quality of the segmented concrete and rebars. Experiments were conducted to test the capability of the approach, and the results show that the proposed approach was able to yield satisfactory performance. First, the dataset-generating method can solve the shortage of point cloud datasets in engineering practice. Second, the PCCR-Net segmentation network can simultaneously realize the high-precision identification of various typical PC components, including PC columns, beams, slabs, and walls. Third, the dimension average deviations between experimental results and manual measurements demonstrate that the assessment approach can accurately estimate the dimensions of PC components.

Multi-Objective Taguchi Optimization of Cement Concrete Incorporating Recycled Mixed Plastic Fine Aggregate Using Modified Fuller’s Equation

Motivated by the multiple benefits of recycling plastic ingredients in cementitious materials, the present study focuses on the design of sustainable cement concrete incorporating recycled mixed plastic fine aggregate (MPFA) as a partial replacement of natural sand (NS). The MPFA produced in this work is composed of a combination of polymer types with similar concoctions to those observed in the postconsumer waste streams. This study approach is vastly different from past reported studies on the use of sorted, highly purified single-type recycled plastic aggregate in cement concrete. A multi-criteria decision-making technique, Best-Worst Method (BWM), was integrated with the Taguchi method to maximize the quality of MPFA concrete based on the Fuller–Thompson theory. More specifically, an L9 (34) Taguchi orthogonal array with four three-level design factors was adopted to optimize the fresh, durability, and mechanical properties of MPFA concrete. The results showed that MPFA concrete produced with 400 kg/m3 cement content, 0.43 water/cement ratio, 0.43 fine aggregate/total aggregate ratio, and 10 vol% MPFA content exhibited the highest quality. Findings from the present work also revealed that MPFA concrete produced with tailored particle size distribution of MPFA NS fine aggregate system achieved superior, if not comparable, qualities to those of conventional concrete.

On the role of compaction in disputes over the quality of the supplied concrete

This paper evaluates the effect of poor compaction on the compressive strength, sorptivity, gas permeability and accelerated carbonation resistance of bulk concrete in structures, framed in the scenario of disputes over the quality of the supplied concrete. For that purpose, several real-scale elements (beams, columns and slabs) were cast with concrete incorporating Portland-limestone cement and fly ash addition, covering a wide range of slumps (35–123 mm) and compressive strengths (25–65 MPa). The elements were then subjected to different compaction conditions (standard vibration and no vibration), and later cored for concrete testing. A new compaction indicator that overcomes the main practical limitations associated with the determination of the excess voidage of concrete is proposed, as well as new factors for correcting the effects of on-site compaction in the estimation of the potential carbonation resistance and the compressive strength of concrete. It is also shown that vibration no longer improves the quality of bulk concrete in structures for slumps above ~ 140 mm, which suggests that, in cases of dispute where greater slumps are specified, no correction for compaction should be needed in the estimation of the potential properties of concrete.

Self-compacting concrete incorporating incinerated biomedical waste ash: a performance assessment

Rapid technological advancement is underway in the sphere of material science research. Several studies have been undertaken around the globe over the last four decades to improve the strength and durability performance of concrete. As a result of ongoing research and experimentation, concrete no longer just consists of the traditional materials of cement, aggregates and water but has transformed into an engineered custom material with efficient new ingredients in order to meet the demands of the expanding construction industry. In this experimental study, biomedical waste incinerator ash (BMIA) was employed as a partial substitute for cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC), designed for M30 grade. BMIA was partially replaced with cement in proportions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% by cement weight. This experimental work aimed to study the fresh, mechanical and durability characteristics of the SCC mixes incorporating BMIA. A suitable super-plasticizer was used to retain the rheological qualities of fresh concrete. To investigate the mechanical and durability characteristics, experiments on hardened concrete were performed. The results demonstrate that 5% of BMIA substitution for cement in the SCC mix had higher strength compared to all other mixes because BMIA’s fine particles filled the voids in the hardened concrete. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to examine the microstructure of BMIA substituted SCC versus conventional SCC mix. The chemical composition test revealed that BMIA can be employed in the SCC mix up to 5% efficiently, which will result in waste utilisation and disposal.

Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Roof Tile Waste as Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement

Roof tile waste is one of the wastes which usually generated during construction and demolition activity. It is then disposed at landfill and causes environmental pollution. Rising concrete production pushes for larger quantity of sand to be harvested from river. Excessive sand mining harms the environment and affect the water quality. The approach of using roof tile waste as fine aggregate replacement in concrete would lead to a cleaner environment and more sustainable river ecosystem. This study investigates the influence of crushed roof tile waste on the workability, compressive strength, and water absorption of concrete. A total of five concrete mixes containing various proportion of crushed roof tile waste as partial fine aggregate replacement were prepared. The percentage of crushed roof tile waste used as partial fine aggregate replacement is 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 by weight of sand. The concrete mixes were subjected to slump test, compressive strength test and water absorption test. The workability of concrete reduced when a larger amount of waste roof tiles was substituted as fine aggregate. The use of 40% roof tile waste as partial fine aggregate replacement increases the concrete strength. Concrete mix that contains roof tile waste exhibits lower water absorption than control concrete specimens and it can be classified as good quality concrete. Conclusively, the integration of roof tile waste would reduce burden at landfill and also lower down the dependency of concrete industry on river sand supply.

იელის ყვავილების ტექნო-ქიმიური გამოკვლევა

Azalea plant belongs to the Rhododendron family (Ericaceae), which includes approximately 130 species, about 20 of which are found in the Far East, Siberia and the Caucasus. It is a perennial plant and is distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the mountains of East Asia and North America. Large massifs of the Azalea plant are found in the wild in Georgia, Ukraine and the Krasnodar Krai (Russian Federation). Plants of this species are rich in various natural compounds: flavonoids, tannins, pigments, toxins, triterpenoids, essential oils and others. The Azalea plant is investigated in order to receive the absolute oil and concrete from its flowers. The influence of solvent, time of flower gathering and flowers crowns components (stems, bowls) on concrete and absolute oil outcome and quality are investigated. According to the research, Azalea extraction is advised to be conducted with petrol in room temperature conditions (18-230C); Azalea flowers should be gathered in the first part of a day during the beginning of blooming period and massive blooming; Azalea flowers should be processed with the stems and bowls – entire raceme. The concrete yield from Azalea flowers in average is 0,33%, and absolute oil yield from concrete in average – 64,5%. The Azalea flower’s concrete organoleptic and physic-chemical properties are studied and it is established that concrete quality indexes totally satisfy concrete demands. Research results were taken into account while working out the Azalea flower processing technology.

Nonlinear finite element investigations on different configurations of exterior beam-column connections with different concrete strengths in column and floor

The fast development of quality concrete production has increased the usage of high-strength concrete (HSC) in the columns of high-rise buildings where high axial column loads exist. In contrast, normal-strength concrete (NSC) is used in the floor system for economic reasons. This produces a weak concrete zone at the intersection of columns and floors. Studies focused on evaluating the performance of such connections are still limited. The current numerical study investigates the performance of such connections. The developed numerical model has been verified against the experimental test for connections with different column-to-beam strengths. The numerical model has demonstrated acceptable accuracy compared to the experimental results. Moreover, the validated model has been employed to investigate the influence of different column-to-floor strengths on connections with and without transverse beams and floor slabs. It has been found that the strength and stiffness of connections with different concrete strengths have been improved compared to monolithic connections. Furthermore, the increase in joint strength and stiffness for connections with different column-to-floor strengths is more pronounced for connections with transverse beams and floor slabs due to their contribution to achieving proper confinement conditions for the weak concrete in the joint zone. In addition, the presence of a transverse beam affects the induced stress of the beam bars, resulting in a change in the mode of failure to beam flexural failure, whereas the presence of a slab floor increases both the stiffness and flexural strength of the beam. However, connections with the floor slab suffered high damage due to the transferred equilibrium torsion. Moreover, connections with different column-to-floor strengths exhibited larger stains in their joint stirrups; hence, additional joint stirrups are recommended to avoid the brittle shear failure of the joint. The study ended by evaluating the response of such connections under high axial column loads. It has been observed that planer connections perform poorly in terms of strength and ductility, while adequate performance has been observed for connections with transverse beams or slabs. Therefore, the role of the transverse beam and slab should be taken into account in the design of the connections with different column-to-floor strengths.

Long-term strength development and durability index quality of ambient-cured fly ash geopolymer concretes

While the geopolymer binder system is considered the foremost eco – friendly alternative to conventional Portland cement, its long – term performance has not yet been fully established. This study evaluated the long – term strength development and durability performance responses of fly ash (FA) – based geopolymer concrete mixtures activated using combined sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide solutions mixed at a varied ratio of the former to the latter, ranging from 0.72 to 4.89. The foregoing investigation was done focusing on effects of physico – chemical parameters comprising SiO2/FA, Na2O/FA and H2O/FA ratios. Concrete samples were cast then ambient – cured for one year, or oven – cured at 60 °C for 24 h followed by ambient – curing until testing. Various tests were done at 28 days or one year, including compressive strength, durability indexes, water absorption and volume of permeable pores. The durability indexes measured were water sorptivity, oxygen permeability and chloride conductivity. It was found that ambient – cured geopolymer concretes exhibited strong long – term strength gains of 60 to 90%, normal pore structure characteristics and good durability quality. However, the chloride conductivity test seemed to display erratic outputs, possibly due to ion fluxes, hence further research is needed to evaluate the method’s suitability for testing geopolymer concretes.

Axial compression behaviour of concrete-filled auxetic tubular short columns

Concrete-filled steel columns (CFSCs) are of great interest in the literature as they are capable of carrying higher loads by combining the exceptional qualities of steel and concrete. With auxetic materials being introduced to civil engineering applications, the influence of these materials on CFSCs remains a matter of curiosity. The current study implements a nonlinear finite element analysis to evaluate the performance of circular CFSCs with six auxetic tubes under axial compression and the proposed numerical model was validated using published experimental data. The effect of the auxetic steel tube’s porosity and Poisson’s ratio on CFSCs was examined parametrically in terms of ultimate strength using the confined concrete model. Moreover, the stress distributions of the concrete and the auxetic steel tubes were also thoroughly examined. Based on the findings of the analysis, the ultimate load of CFSCs, utilising auxetic tubes with the same density and porosity but different Poisson’s ratio, increased proportionally with the increase of auxetic behaviour. When it comes to auxetic tubes with different densities and porosities, the influence of the Poisson’s ratio of the tubes diminished and the stiffness of tubes became more dominant over the mechanical characteristics of columns as the density of the auxetic steel tubes increased or decreased. The stiffness of the auxetic tubes reduced as porosity increased, as did the ultimate load of the columns. Additionally, the ultimate loads of the auxetic steel tube columns are found to be lower than those of bare steel tube columns filled with concrete due to perforations.

ANALISIS STRUKTUR KOLOM PADA GEDUNG PARKIR RUMAH SAKIT DI SEMARANG

The parking building of Hospital Semarang is a space frame system that is assumed to be on soft soil (SE) and analyzed based on the Special Moment Reinforced Concrete Frame System (SRPMK). With quality concrete, fy=25 MPa, reinforcing steel quality, fy=420 MPa, and reinforcing steel quality, fy=280 MPa. Load analysis refers to SNI 1726 – 2019, and concrete regulations refer to SNI 2847 – 2019. Based on the results of the dynamic response analysis obtained from the program ETABS v19.1.0 follows the requirements of the variety of motion, with mode 1 showing the direction of translational motion X direction, which is 49,9%, mode 2 shows the translational movement in the Y direction which is 71.24%. Mode 3 shows the movement of the structure in the rotation, which is 57.72%. Dynamic base shear, 2393,984 kN, and 2743 4332 kN have met the requirements, reaching 100%. The earthquake direction applied was in the orthogonal direction with a redundancy factor value (ρ) of 1.3. There is no deviation between levels that exceed the allowable limit. P-Delta checking of the structure concluded that the structure remains stable. The results of the analysis of the cross-sectional capacity of the column obtained from the spColumn v6.00 program can be concluded that for a column with dimensions of 600x800, it is not strong enough to withstand the working load, because the minimum load is within the design strength of the interaction diagram. The maximum load is outside the strength of the interaction diagram plan. While the column with dimensions of 600x600 is still vital to withstand the working load because the minimum and maximum loads are in the strong interaction diagram plan.