Concrete Composite Construction Research Articles

Failure investigation of steel and brick aggregate concrete composite construction with angle and channel shear connectors

ABSTRACT This investigation focuses mainly on the failure behaviour and performance of angle and channel shear connectors in composite structures made with steel and brick aggregate concrete. It was observed that both angle and channel shear connectors did not fail themselves. However, in some specimens, localised connector yielding was observed in channel shear connectors. In both cases, concrete strata failed as either concrete crushing and shearing, combined splitting and bending, or complete splitting mode of failure. Crushing and shearing failure was noticed in specimens having smaller web and flange and were brittle in nature as compared to the failure of specimens with larger web and flange. Other parameters, such as shear resistance, energy absorption, and load-slip behaviour, were also investigated. Web height and flange width of both connectors significantly affected the ultimate shear capacity and slip of the brick aggregate concrete specimen. Channel connectors were found more flexible and carried more shear than angle connectors. Channel connectors had an average of 32.41% and 116.17% more ultimate load and slip capacity than the angle connectors in brick aggregate concrete, respectively. The load-carrying capacity, slip, and failure behaviour of the brick aggregate concrete were found similar to those of stone aggregate concrete.

A Comparative Study of the Seismic Behavior of Composite (Steel-Concrete) and Reinforced Concrete Structure

The low weight, high strength, and durability of steel-concrete composite construction have made it quite popular worldwide. However, it is not commonly used in Nepal. For the country, avoiding composite construction when it is economically viable is a great loss. Using composite materials is of particular interest due to their potential to improve performance through rather small changes in manufacturing and construction technologies. Steel concrete composite construction means the concrete slab is connected to the composite beam with the help of shear connectors so that they act as a single unit. In this paper we intend to compare the parameters like storey drift, time period, deflections, etc. between composite and RC structures for 6, 10 and 15 stories regular and irregular buildings situated in earthquake zone V. ETABS software was used for the analysis and linear static method, linear time history method and static pushover method were performed. The results are compared and we found out that composite constructions are more suitable in multi- storied buildings compared to RC structures.

Numerical modeling of inverted-U-shaped connectors to enhance the performance of composite beams

Steel and concrete are the most essential and frequently encountered building materials. These materials are used in combined structural systems, such as concrete cores surrounded by steel pipes, as well as composite structures with steel and concrete components. In numerous countries, the combination of concrete cores, steel frames, and composite slab construction has become the typical construction approach for multistory commercial buildings. The shear stud connector is one of the elements used in the construction of composite sections. The use of inverted-U-shaped reinforcement experimentally and numerically significantly improves punching shear resistance for post-tensioned slabs compared with slabs that use stud connectors. Other experimental and numerical studies using inverted-U-shaped reinforcement in post-tensioned beams indicate an enhancement in their shear strength. Recently, an experimental investigation was performed on composite beams to inspect the effect of mild and rigid shear stud connectors. The experimental and numerical results for the composite beams showed good correlation. The goal of this study was to numerically model the capacity and deformation of composite beams with inverted-U-shaped connectors of varying configuration and mechanical properties and compare the beam performance with composite beams using shear stud connectors.

A Comparative Study of Seismic Behaviour of G+10 Storey Building with RCC and Composite Columns for Different Configurations

In India, RCC structures are most commonly used as these are very much convenient for multistorey buildings. Steel concrete composite construction is not preferred because of its complexity in its analysis and design. It has unique characteristics of both the materials which results in greater economy and safety. In the present investigation, ETABS 2018 software is used for the analysis of a G+10 multistorey building of three different geometrical shapes of same plan area of 225m2. Comparison of seismic behaviour is done for all the three different plan areas consisting of RCC columns and composite columns. The various parameters considered in the study are storey displacement, storey drift, storey stiffness, and base shear. Comparison is done for four parameters for different cases and the best of the configuration is found out. Study of the above parameters is done by adopting response spectrum method for Zone III and Zone V.

Confinement detailing of concrete encased steel concrete composite columns

Steel concrete composite construction is now gaining popularity in our country. Concrete-encased steel columns have several advantages, but like RC columns, there is a need to ensure adequate concrete confinement so that it has sufficient ductility under seismic loads. This study investigates the confinement of the concrete based on the detailing of the transverse reinforcement. The ductilities of a typical encased section that satisfies the minimum reinforcement criteria and a highly confined section with special detailing are compared. A nonlinear 3D finite element model is developed in ABAQUS for this purpose. The confined stress-strain curve for M30 grade of concrete is carefully incorporated in the special confined section. The interaction between structural steel and concrete is modelled with an 'embedded region' interaction tool available in the ABAQUS library. Based on the eigen mode of the section, the initial geometric imperfection was given. The significant increment in displacement ductility factor, plastic hinge rotation and drift ratio are observed for a special confined encased column. A parametric study has been carried out by varying the parameters; the axial load ratio, steel contribution ratio, steel width to depth ratio and transverse reinforcement spacing. It was observed that structural section aspect ratio (steel width to depth) and transverse reinforcement spacing significantly affect the ductility of the section. The plastic hinge rotation and drift ratios were also calculated for different sections.

Seismic performance and design method of T-shaped CFST column to U-shaped steel-concrete composite beam joint with vertical stiffeners

Special-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns and cold-formed U-shaped steel–concrete composite beams (CUCB) have recently been developed for efficient steel–concrete composite construction. In this study, five half-scaled T-shaped multi-cell CFST columns to CUCB joint specimens with different vertical stiffener dimensions were designed for pseudo-static test. The seismic performance of the proposed joints was analyzed based on the failure modes, hysteresis curves, ductility, and stress distribution. The experimental results show that joints with vertical stiffeners exhibit favorable seismic performance and can be considered rigid joints in a braced frame according to Eurocode 3. A finite element (FE) model for the joint was developed using ABAQUS and verified with the available experimental results. Furthermore, a parametric study was conducted to explore the effects of the vertical stiffener dimensions on joint strength and stiffness. The numerical results indicate that the vertical stiffener dimensions can significantly enhance joint strength and stiffness. A design method of such joints was proposed for practical engineering applications, including calculation formula for joint flexural capacity as well detailing for joint stiffness.

Danjiangkou Reservoir Bridge, China: a new record for earth-anchored cable-stayed bridges

Danjiangkou Reservoir Bridge, the world’s longest earth-anchored composite cable-stayed bridge, connects the highway networks of Hubei and Henan provinces in China. With a main span of 760 m, the 2022 structure is also the first of its kind to use a non-axial-force connection at mid-span and a steel and ultra-high performance concrete lightweight composite construction for the main-span girder. This paper describes the configuration of the non-axial-force connection, the arrangement of the composite girder and a new steel–concrete deck joint. It also explains how construction challenges were innovatively resolved by new closure and segmental precast erection methods.

Behaviour of the lockbolt demountable shear connector under combined shear and tension loading

A demountable ‘lockbolt’ shear connector (LB-DSC), consisting of a short partially threaded bolt that is locked on a steel flange to eliminate tolerance and initial slip issues and a compatible machined tube that can be fastened/unfastened over the bolt to facilitate the easy and fast disassembly process for reuse of all components, was proposed for use in composite floors or decks of buildings or bridges. This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of the structural behaviour of the LB-DSC under combined tension and shear loading. A detailed finite element method (FEM) model considering material and contact nonlinearity was built and calibrated based on previous standard pushout tests on the LB-DSC. The calibrated FEM model was used to investigate the effects of various parameters on tensile and shear behaviour of the LB-DSC, including the concrete strength of slab, the bolt diameter and strength, the steel tube thickness, and the presence and strength of infill grout. The shear resistance of the connector is significantly reduced when a tensile force more than 20% of the tensile resistance of the connector is applied. Design equations for predicting the tension resistance and tension-shear interaction are proposed to expand the application of the LB-DSCs in sustainable steel–concrete composite construction.

Cost Factor Analysis for Timber–Concrete Composite with a Lightweight Plywood Rib Floor Panel

With the growing importance of the principle of sustainability, there is an increasing interest in the use of timber–concrete composite for floors, especially for medium and large span buildings. Timber–concrete composite combines the better properties of both materials and reduces their disadvantages. The most common choice is to use a cross-laminated timber panel as a base for a timber–concrete composite. But a timber–concrete composite solution with plywood rib panels with an adhesive connection between the timber base and fibre reinforced concrete layer is offered as the more cost-effective constructive solution. An algorithm for determining the rational parameters of the panel cross-section has been developed. The software was written based on the proposed algorithm to compare timber–concrete composite panels with cross-laminated timber and plywood rib panel bases. The developed algorithm includes recommendations of forthcoming Eurocode 5 for timber–concrete composite design and an innovative approach to vibration calculations. The obtained data conclude that the proposed structural solution has up to 73% lower cost and up to 71% smaller self-weight. Thus, the proposed timber–concrete composite construction can meet the needs of society for cost-effective and sustainable innovative floor solutions.

Residual Stress and Global Deflection Limits for Future Hot-Rolled Steel Asymmetric I-Beams

AbstractMedium-span to long-span floor systems in residential and commercial construction have commonly used steel–concrete composite construction. These composite floor systems have become more st...

Strength Performance of Mortar Containing Bagasse Ash and Rice Husk Ash as Cementitious Material

The use of cement as a main binding materialin the field of civil engineering is no doubt at the next level due to growth inurbanization.It is mainly used to make cementmortar, concrete, and other composite construction material. The extensive use of OPC in the constructionindustry has caused increment in the production of CO2at atmosphere. This has deteriorated theenvironment and has urged everyone to study and research the sustainable progress by using differentwaste products as replacement in concrete and mortar. Therefore, the purpose of this study was toinvestigate the strength performance of cement mortar containing Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) andRice Husk Ash (RHA) as a Cementitious Material. In this study, we have substituted the cement withdifferent percentages i.e.,0%, 5%, 10% and 15% of both sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and rice husk ash(RHA) to obtain sustainable mortar. Flowability, Density and compressive strength wereexamined by casting 36 standard cubes of 50mm size and cured for 3, 7 and 28 days. Testoutcomes indicated that the flowability of mortar paste kept on decreasing with the increase in partialreplacement bySCBA and RHA. As we have fixed the water cement ratio for all type of mixi.e., 0.5.From the outcomes of Density and Compressive Strength of Cubes cured in plain water, we come to knowthat as % replacement was increasing the density and compressive strength of cubes cured was reducing.For Compressive Strength, it wasfound that at each specified day, the compressive strength of cubes up to10% replacement has given a reasonable value but intensely decreased at 15% replacement. At 5%replacement of both SCBA and RHA on 28th day test it was pointed that compressive strength of cubeshas the highest values for all % of replacement.

Behaviour of interlocking concrete slab and steel composite beam incorporated bolt shear connector

ABSTRACT The complexity of concrete and steel in composite beam has been addressed in many studies previously. However, the use of precast concrete slab in steel–concrete composite construction is considered as new, hence many factors that affect its behaviour need to be investigated. It becomes interesting when the application of interlocking tongue and groove joints between precast concrete slabs is introduced. For this purpose, a performance comparison between normal precast slab and interlocking tongue and groove precast slab in composite construction is conducted using finite element analysis. Both are designed to have full composite action using bolted shear connector. In this research, a total of five models including a control model were developed to study the flexural behaviour of designated composite beam. The model has been verified against experimental results, which showed a good agreement . Parametric studies were performed to investigate the effects of bolt size and height on flexural behaviour of the beam. The present study demonstrated that the presence of interlocking joints between slabs with larger diameter bolt can efficiently improve the stiffness of the composite system.

Interference Behaviour in Steel Concrete Composite Construction

The objective of this study is to obtain the most effective utilization of steel and concrete by the method of composite construction through obtaining proper interaction between steel and concrete. Composite construction has various advantages compared to normal method of non composite construction. It provides greater stiffness and provides good strength against bending. By providing proper interaction we can obtain a more economical section and sections with good structural properties It is also a fast track construction practice. Both theoretical and software analysis of normal composite section and a section with profiled steel sheeting have been presented. After analysis it is found that shear connectors and profiled steel sheeting are advantageous in strength increment, reducing deflection and other factors.

Corrosion of Metallic Fasteners in Timber–Concrete Composite Structures

While Timber–Concrete Composite (TCC) construction has been intensively studied in terms of structural behaviour, there is little research on the risk of corrosion of the used metallic shear fasteners in different exposure environments. Due to the marked differences in chemical environments of wood and concrete, however, it can be expected that the fasteners are subject to galvanic corrosion. This was experimentally studied in the present work. TCC specimens were fabricated for electrochemical testing and exposed to two different exposure environments, that is, 95% relative humidity and immersion in water. The moisture content in the wood, the difference in electrochemical potentials and the galvanic current were monitored over 2 months. Two types of fasteners were tested, namely zinc galvanized steel fasteners as well as browned fasteners that have been widely used in the TCC construction industry since 2013. It was found that the fastener parts in the wood generally act as an anode, while the remaining parts in the concrete act as a cathode. However, significant galvanic currents were only observed upon immersion in water. For practical applications in structural engineering, it is concluded that the mass loss of metal of the studied fasteners cannot present a severe risk for structures, especially not at the service classes 1 and 2 according to EN 1995-1-1.

Seismic Behavior Analysis of Composite Buildings with Respect to RCC Buildings

Steel concrete composite construction has gained wide acceptance worldwide as an alternative to pure steel and pure concrete construction. The use of steel in construction industry is very low in Nepal compared to many developing countries. There is a great potential for increasing the volume of steel in construction, especially in the current development needs. Not using steel as an alternative construction material and not using it where it is economical is a heavy loss for the country. Use of composite material is of particular interest, due to its significant potential in improving the overall performance through rather modest changes in manufacturing and constructional technologies. Steel concrete composite construction means the concrete slab is connected to the composite beam with the help of shear connectors so that they act as a single unit. In the present work, steel concrete composite (both full and half composite) with RCC options are considered for comparative study of seismic behavior of 10 multistoried commercial buildings (4-storied, 5-storied, 6-storied, 7-storied, 8-storied, 9-storied, 10-storied, 12-storied, 16-storied and 20-storied which is situated in earthquake zone V and for earthquake loading, the provisions of IS:1893 (Part1)-2002 is considered. For modeling of composite and RCC structures, SAP2000 software is used. Steel-concrete composite construction system is an efficient, economical and innovative method for seismic resistance of multi storied buildings. Equivalent static method of seismic analysis is used in the analysis of models. Comparison of parameters like time period, axial force, shear force, bending moment, deflection, storey drifts, base shear, storey stiffness is done for full composite (beam-column both composite), half composite (column composite) and RCC structures. The results are compared and found that composite structure is better in several aspects.

Performance Evaluation of Different Types of Shear Connectors in Steel–Concrete Composite Construction

AbstractShear connectors are designed in steel-concrete composite construction to transmit the longitudinal shear, to prevent separation of steel and concrete slabs, and also to increase the structural efficiency of the whole system. In this study, the performances of different types of shear connectors in steel-concrete composite specimens are evaluated by conducting push-out tests under monotonic loading conditions. An ISMB 200 @ 25.4 kg/m universal steel beam measuring 400 mm and a reinforced cement concrete slab measuring 300 mm with a breadth of 200 mm and a thickness of 200 mm reinforced with 8 mm diameter steel rods are used for the experimental study. The results reveal that the load-slip relationships for various types of shear connectors and failure mechanisms are obtained to identify those shear connectors which are more relevant to the steel - concrete composite members.

NUMERICAL STUDIES ON NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOR OF COMPOSITE STEEL TUBES USING ABAQUS V6.10-1*

In steel and concrete composite construction, the two materials are integrated in structural members to combine the advantages of both materials steel has high strength and ductility and facilitates connections with steel girders and braces in a steel framing system. Concrete is economical, durable and fire resistant. In composite columns, steel tube confines the concrete core leading to an increase in both strength and ductility of the concrete. The concrete core restricts inward local buckling of steel tube. composite columns have been shown to shown to have high strength, stiffness and ductility. As little data is available to justify the structural response, accurate Non-linear static and dynamic computational formulations are required for developing rational system response factors. For developing rational system response factors. Non-linear FEM analysis is performed to quantify demand, optimize design among other purposes. In this dissertation, ABAQUS 6.10-1 and Hyper Mesh is used to study non-linear behavior of composite tubes. At the outset, Validation for the work done by previous researchers(G.Giakoumelias, D.Lam/ Journal of Constructional Steel Research 60(2004)1049-1068) is carried out using nonlinear FEM and is further extendented for experimental work done at the Department of Civil Engineering., R & D laboratory of Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramanagara. Experiments are carried out on columns for different tube thickness, diameter and length, obtained experimental values of ultimate load is compared with EC-4 including ABAQUS results. Frequency in Hz and time period in Sec are also evaluated for different tube sizes, lengths and thickness.

Finite element modeling of steel concrete beam considering double composite action

Abstract Steel concrete composite construction has gained wide acceptance as an alternative to pure steel or concrete construction. Ansys 11 computer program has been used to develop a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model in order to investigate the fracture behaviors of continuous double steel-concrete composite beams, with emphasis on the beam slab interface. Three beam models with varying number of the head studs have been addressed. The associated constitutive results such as the ultimate loads, the maximum deflections, the interface slip and slip strain values are presented. A parametric study has been carried out in order to investigate the effect of some parameters on their fracture capabilities, such as steel beam height, lower slab thickness and length, studs diameter and arrangement method. By comparing these results with the available experimental data, the proposed model is found to be capable of analyzing steel-concrete composite beams to an acceptable accuracy.

“STATIC &DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTISTORY BUILDING USING COMPOSITE STRUCTURE”

Steel concrete composite construction means the concrete slab is connected to the steel beam with the help of shear connectors so that they act as a single unit. In the present work steel concrete composite with RCC options are considered for comparative study of G+15 story commercial building which is situated in earthquake zone-III and for earthquake loading, the provisions of IS: 1893(Part1)-2002 is considered. A three dimensional modeling and analysis of the structure are carried out with the help of SAP 2000 software. Equivalent Static Method of Analysis and Response spectrum analysis method are used for the analysis of both Composite & R.C.C. structures. The results are compared and found that composite structure more economical)

The continuous strength method for steel and composite design

Steel and steel–concrete composite construction is employed in a substantial proportion of low-rise and multi-storey buildings. Design codes for these forms of structure have evolved over many years, but are currently essentially founded upon the assumption of elastic-plastic or rigid-plastic material behaviour and largely disregard the beneficial influence of strain hardening. This simplificaton can result in overly conservative predictions of capacity, particularly in the case of stocky, bare steel cross-sections and composite beams under sagging bending moment. The continuous strength method is an alternative deformation-based design approach that allows for strain hardening, provides more accurate predictions of member capacities and, thus, enables more efficient structural solutions to be achieved. In this paper, the development and application of the continuous strength method to steel structures is explained and extension of the method to steel–concrete composite design is outlined.