Conceptual Research Model Research Articles

What helps Agile remote teams to be successful in developing software? Empirical evidence

Software development firms have specific goals but today's dynamic business environment, especially regarding the use of remote teams, presents great challenges due to uncertainties and multiple risks. This study investigates the facilitators of the success of Agile software development projects delivered by remote teams. We employ a conceptual research model founded on the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework. The study contributes to the literature by exploring how remote teams affect the success of Agile software development projects. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis of the data collected from 198 IT professionals revealed that perceived pressure from government, job performance, and team satisfaction are significant in explaining these projects’ success.

Internal Marketing As A Key To Strategic Human Resources Management In The Education Industry In The Context Of The COVID-19 Pandemic

Several studies prove the relevance of internal marketing in promoting job satisfaction and life satisfaction among professionals. During the COVID-19 Pandemic, educational institutions were faced with a set of challenges that forced the redefinition of strategies appropriate to the context experienced, with internal marketing being a key factor in redefining these same strategies. This study aims to evaluate whether internal marketing is a catalyst for professional satisfaction and life satisfaction among professionals in the Education industry active in Portugal during the COVID-19 Pandemic. To this end, a conceptual research model was developed and 4 study hypotheses were postulated to investigate the purpose of this research based on a quantitative methodology applied to a convenience sample (n=167). The findings obtained proved to be statistically significant, showing internal marketing as a direct and positive predictor of commitment, professional satisfaction and also satisfaction with life. Besides, job satisfaction has been confirmed as a direct and positive determinant of employee performance, commitment, loyalty and satisfaction with life. Finally, commitment was too confirmed as a predictor of employee satisfaction and loyalty. Thus, this research presents itself as an added value for both science and the education industry, as it makes important contributions to the country's educational institutions and enables them to perceive various determinants of professional satisfaction, commitment, employee performance and loyalty, so as to improve strategies that support organizational sustainability and the well-being of educational agents and, in turn, of the students themselves.

The effect of social media engagement on social integration of elderly migrants in China: the mechanism of perceived social support and psychological resilience

Surging numbers of older parents have migrated with adult children to developed urban areas under China’s internal family migration, experiencing several difficulties in social integration in local society. Social media has become an essential tool for older adults to gather information, socialize, and entertain. However, few studies have focused on the relationship between social media use and social integration among older migrants and the underlying psychological mechanisms. Drawing on the Media system dependency (MSD) theory and the Stress-buffering hypothesis, this study developed and tested a conceptual research model by conducting a cross-sectional online survey study (N = 1001). The results indicate that understanding and orientation, rather than entertainment, are two primary motivations for trailing parents to use social media. The activeness of social media engagement (exposure condition), rather than the intensity of social media use (selective exposure), can positively influence the social integration of older migrants. Psychological resilience cannot mediate the relationship between social media engagement and social integration, which is proved to be mainly achieved through perceived social support and the partial chain mediation of perceived social support and psychological resilience. These findings shed theoretical and practical light on the design of older migrant-friendly social media apps and the efforts of adult children and communities to enhance the social integration of older internal migrants through social media engagement.

Is face and information availability important in green purchasing among young consumers?

With the growing awareness of environmental issues available across various media platforms, consumers, particularly the younger generation, are more conscious of their consumption and its impact on the environment. This trend can be observed in the surging demand for environmentally friendly and animal-test-free products on the market. However, despite the young consumer group’s critical role in the marketplace, existing research in this area remains limited, demanding further investigation. Recognising the significance of this trend, this study employs a two-stage partial least squares structural equation modelling-artificial neural network (PLS-SEM-ANN) approach to analyse the antecedents influencing green consumption among young Chinese consumers. This study proposes a conceptual research model that extends the norm activation model (NAM) by analysing 366 self-reported questionnaires. The first-stage PLS-SEM results reveal significant positive correlations between personal norms (PN), environmental knowledge (EK), information availability (IA), social norms (SN) and green consumption intention (GCI). However, face consciousness (FC) was found to have no significant effect on GCI. The second-stage ANN sensitivity analysis shows that PN emerged as the most influential factor on GCI, followed by IA, SN, and EK. This ranking diverges from the PLS-SEM results, suggesting potential hidden nonlinear relationships between IA, SN, EK and GCI. Among the significant predictors of PN, the ascription of responsibility (AR) ranks first, followed by an awareness of consequence (AC) and SN. With its unique two-stage PLS-SEM-ANN approach to green consumption among young consumers, this study offers valuable insights for both marketers and researchers. Marketers gain a new tool to predict GCI more effectively, while researchers can explore the intricate interplay of factors shaping sustainable consumption choices. Methodologically, the present study is one of the few that applies extended NAM using two-stage PLS-SEM-ANN in the context of green consumption.

Examination of the effects of learning capabilities and market orientation of logistics companies on innovation and logistics performance

PurposeIn today’s economic conditions, businesses face great challenges related to competitiveness. The effort to respond flexibly to the changing business environment and customers’ demands constantly puts pressure on innovation. For this reason, research purpose to examine the effects of learning capabilities and market orientation in logistics companies during the pandemic.Design/methodology/approachIn this research, a quantitative method was adopted and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied. The research is based on four variables. A conceptual research model was established through literature review and the model was tested. Within the scope of this research, A sample of 544 participants was taken to construct and test the model, and a 39-statement scale was presented to them. After presenting the reliability and validity values on the model, hypotheses were tested. Analyses were conducted using Smart-PLS 3.3 software.FindingsAs a result of the research conducted in logistics companies, the positive effects of learning orientation on performance outputs and the positive effects of market orientation as both a mediator and an independent variable show that these concepts are important for company management.Research limitations/implicationsConsidering the limitations of the research, it would be wrong to generalize the results of the analysis for different sectors because the data were collected from experts working in logistics companies. Therefore, it is necessary to make evaluations taking into account the limitations of the research. In future studies, it is recommended to make comparisons with research in different sectors, taking into account the limitations, and to enrich the literature with more research in this area.Practical implicationsBecause of the importance of logistics activities seen in all countries with the pandemic period, it can be explained as a result of the analyses that the performance outputs are positively affected by the learning orientation, the companies’ adaptation to continuous change and development and their emphasis on market orientation at the same time.Originality/valueThe research is an original study as it analyzes the effects of learning orientations of logistics companies on the problems and opportunities experienced in the supply and distribution channel along with the pandemic process.

Disentangling composite influences of social connectivity and system interactivity on continuance intention in mobile short video applications: The pivotal moderation of user-perceived benefits

The expeditious proliferation of wireless network technology has caused the widespread integration of mobile short video apps into our daily routines, offering unprecedented opportunities for information dissemination and interactive communication. Despite extensive researches on the interactivity of mobile short video app, there has been a limited focus on understanding the underlying factors that contribute to users' perceived benefits and continuance intention. Leveraging insights from preceding studies, this study develops a conceptual research model that investigates how two distinct facets of interactivity, namely social interactivity and system interactivity, influence users' perceived benefits from mobile short video apps, ultimately impacting their intention to continue using them. This analysis rigorously scrutinizes data garnered from 808 users of mobile short video applications, employing structural equation modeling to validate the proposed hypotheses. The findings conclusively reveal that interactivity significantly affects users’ perceived benefits from mobile short video apps. Moreover, the study elucidates that perceived benefits from these apps are the significant predictors of continuance intention. Furthermore, interactivity could indirectly influence continuance intention via the mediation of perceived benefits. These findings possess the potential not only to augment our comprehension of perceived benefits and continuance intention from the interactivity perspective but also to furnish valuable insights for scholars in the field. The research sheds light on effective methodologies to encourage the adoption of mobile short video applications and to boost user engagement in a society oversaturated with mobile technology.

Innovative travel experiences: discovering smart tourism in Uruguay's Punta del Este

This article aims to measure the concept of smart tourist destinations in Punta del Este and propose a conceptual research model to analyze the integration of smart technologies in the tourism context of the region. The research methodology is quantitative, and descriptive in 5 dimensions: a) information; b) accessibility; c) interactivity; d) personalization, and lastly e) security. The type of sampling is convenience. The data collection period was from March to December 2023, 774 cases were collected and answered by Brazilian tourists through a survey with 20 variables and a 5-point Likert scale. The evaluation for each dimension was on average: information with 3.5, accessibility with 3.27, interactivity with 3.18, personalization with 3.14, and security with 3.5. In tourism, smart technologies have caused significant changes, revolutionizing businesses, products, and tourism experiences. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) play a crucial role in the development of smart tourism by providing a convenient, user-friendly, and personalized travel experience. The DTI Punta Del Este Framework is an academic approach that aims to improve the visitor experience by offering accurate and personalized information, optimizing business operations, and attracting new visitors, increasing the competitiveness of the sector.

The Model of Social Responsibility of Islamic Banks

Islamic banks, in addition to their "specialized duties", also have "social responsibilities". In economic and managerial literature, this is interpreted as "Corporate Social Responsibility" (CSR), which is a set of benevolent duties arising from the divine and voluntary will that has been determined in the structure of serving the Islamic and human community for Islamic banks. In the Islamic perspective, the responsibility of banks goes beyond the level of shareholder profitability and encompasses the realm of public interest and welfare. Welfare includes both worldly interests and salvation in the hereafter. The origin of these "social responsibilities" is the will of God, from which only wise matters arise. This research aims to present a "model of social responsibility" for Islamic banks. The proposed model consists of structures and variables: the "independent variable" such as governance of ethical and religious values, institutional factors, and economic motivations; the "moderating variable" such as education and awareness of Islamic bank managers, technological and technical factors, compliance with regulations and laws of the Islamic government, the proximity of Islamic banks' location, and convenience for customers; and the "mediating variable" such as market factors (banking products and services), media coverage (advertising), economic-political factors (economic institutions), cultural-social factors (effective cultural-social institutions), international factors (civil society institutions). The "dependent variable" is the social responsibility of Islamic banks. Data analysis was performed using both quantitative and qualitative methods, and the study population is Afghan banks. For fitting the conceptual model of research and investigating the main hypotheses of the research, the structural equation modeling (SEM) method by software (SMART PLS3) has been used, and the research findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between all research variables.

Construction of the Digital Health Equity-Focused Implementation Research Conceptual Model - Bridging the Divide Between Equity-focused Digital Health and Implementation Research.

Digital health implementations and investments continue to expand. As the reliance on digital health increases, it is imperative to implement technologies with inclusive and accessible approaches. A conceptual model can be used to guide equity-focused digital health implementations to improve suitability and uptake in diverse populations. The objective of this study is expand an implementation model with recommendations on the equitable implementation of new digital health technologies. The Digital Health Equity-Focused Implementation Research (DH-EquIR) conceptual model was developed based on a rigorous review of digital health implementation and health equity literature. The Equity-Focused Implementation Research for Health Programs (EquIR) model was used as a starting point and merged with digital equity and digital health implementation models. Existing theoretical frameworks and models were appraised as well as individual equity-sensitive implementation studies. Patient and program-related concepts related to digital equity, digital health implementation, and assessment of social/digital determinants of health were included. Sixty-two articles were analyzed to inform the adaption of the EquIR model for digital health. These articles included digital health equity models and frameworks, digital health implementation models and frameworks, research articles, guidelines, and concept analyses. Concepts were organized into EquIR conceptual groupings, including population health status, planning the program, designing the program, implementing the program, and equity-focused implementation outcomes. The adapted DH-EquIR conceptual model diagram was created as well as detailed tables displaying related equity concepts, evidence gaps in source articles, and analysis of existing equity-related models and tools. The DH-EquIR model serves to guide digital health developers and implementation specialists to promote the inclusion of health-equity planning in every phase of implementation. In addition, it can assist researchers and product developers to avoid repeating the mistakes that have led to inequities in the implementation of digital health across populations.

글로벌기업의 산학협력, 연구개발 인적자원, 기술능력 및 정부지원의 결합효과

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between Industry-University (I-U) cooperation affecting technology innovation and business performance through combination with R&D human resources, technology capability, and government support targeting global companies. Design/Methodology/Approach - Based on existing literature, we reviewed factors expected to affect the technology innovation and business performance of global companies and selected I-U cooperation, R&D human resources, technology capability, and government support. The complex relationship between these factors was proposed as a conceptual research model. Data for analysis was from 613 companies among the 2022 survey data of the Ministry of SMEs and Startups. Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings - The I-U cooperation of global companies was found to be a core condition that affects technology innovation. Even if a company does not utilize government support or has poor technology capabilities, I-U cooperation appears to be an important factor in determining technology innovation. In addition, the R&D human resources of global companies were found to be a core condition that determines technology innovation, and the I-U cooperation of global companies was found to be a core condition that affects business performance. Research Implications - It was revealed that the I-U cooperation of global companies, combined with R&D human resources, technology capability, and government support, is an important factor affecting technology innovation. In addition, it was revealed that the I-U cooperation of global companies is an important factor affecting business performance in combination with R&D human resources, technology capability, government support, and technology innovation.

Smart tourism destinations: an overview of current research trends and a future research agenda

研究目的本研究旨在提供关于智慧目的地知识演变的概览, 并确定智慧目的地研究领域中涉及的关键问题、主要主题和子主题, 以及智慧目的地研究的研究空白, 同时提出未来研究议程以填补这些空白。研究方法本研究利用 Bibliometrix R 软件对发表的409篇智慧目的地文献进行了文献计量分析, 以全面回顾关于智慧目的地的研究, 并确定主要研究主题、文献中的空白以及未来的研究机会。研究发现基于研究结果, 本研究提出了智慧目的地研究的概念模型。该概念模型可作为进一步知识生成的基础。研究发现还为未来研究方向提供了启示, 强调了利用先进创新和数字化技术在智慧目的地各个维度上进行研究的机会。研究创新尽管过去的研究关注了智慧目的地的主题, 但本研究通过提出以可达性、可持续性、数字化、体验共创和创意为里程碑的新智慧目的地管理范式, 推进了科学知识的发展。

Untangling influences of information relevance and media richness on health anxiety and COVID-19-related stress: perspective of stimulus-organism-response

PurposeIn light of the stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theoretical paradigm, this paper explores how information relevance and media richness affect social network exhaustion and, moreover, how social network exhaustion ultimately leads to health anxiety and COVID-19-related stress.Design/methodology/approachThe conceptual model is explicitly analyzed and estimated by using data from 309 individuals of different ages in mainland China. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were utilized to validate the proposed hypotheses through the use of online data.FindingsThe findings suggest that information relevance is negatively associated with social network exhaustion. In addition, social network exhaustion is a significant predictor of health anxiety and stress. Furthermore, information relevance and media richness can indirectly influence health anxiety and stress through the mediating effect of social network exhaustion.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, this paper verifies the causes and consequences of social network exhaustion during COVID-19, thus making a significant contribution to the theoretical construction and refinement of this emerging research area. Practically, the conceptual research model in this paper may provide inspiration for more investigators and scholars who are inclined to further explore the different dimensions of social network exhaustion by utilizing other variables.Originality/valueAlthough social network exhaustion and its adverse consequences have become prevalent, relatively few empirical studies have addressed the deleterious effects of social network exhaustion on mobile social media users’ psychosocial well-being and mental health during the prolonged COVID-19. These findings have important theoretical and practical implications for the rational development and construction of mobile social technologies to cultivate proper health awareness and mindset during the ongoing worldwide COVID-19 epidemic.

A peer-to-peer trading model to enhance resilience: A blockchain-based smart grids with machine learning analysis towards sustainable development goals

Blockchain technology, with its peer-to-peer trading feature, influences the management of energy consumption by offering the potential to transform transparency, efficiency, and sustainability within the energy sector. Nonetheless, there is a need to develop analytical decision-making models tailored for managing peer-to-peer energy transactions to improve energy resilience. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to address the research question: How can energy distribution systems be protected via blockchain technology to enhance energy resilience and mitigate vulnerabilities to disruptions? This paper employs a conceptual research model design and a mathematical decision-making model to address the research question by capturing the peer-to-peer trading capability of blockchain technology. The theory of planned behavior provides theoretical explanations for the proposed model. The sample includes longitudinal energy consumption data from 2015 to 2023 in Texas. The findings indicate a significant improvement in energy efficiency along with a considerable decrease in total electricity consumption. Post hoc analysis results reveal that the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average algorithm is effective as a reliable input for the proposed mathematical model. The significant implications are to implement blockchain-based smart grids in which energy systems become more resilient to disruptions, as the peer-to-peer capability enables users to trade energy. The proposed model suggests that energy will be used more efficiently and effectively. This paper contributes to prior works by introducing a mathematical model that captures the trading behavior of energy consumers. Moreover, this paper proposes the SARIMA algorithm to predict energy demand.

Framing a strategic, stakeholder and contextual view of employee assistance programmes: A systematic review and an integrated conceptual model

AbstractScholars across disciplines (e.g., medicine and health, human resource management, organizational behaviour) have paid increasing attention to employee assistance programmes (EAPs) over the past 40 years. Our study systematically reviewed 327 EAP studies published in peer‐reviewed journals from 1980 to December 2021. We provided both descriptive and thematic analyses of this body of literature. We revealed that existing research has not paid sufficient attention to the role of multiple stakeholders, the importance of context and the strategic nature of EAPs, all of which are critical to EAP effectiveness. To fill these gaps, we develop an integrated conceptual model for EAP research that highlights the stakeholder perspective, strategic human resource management and contextual approach. We argue that EAPs cannot yield desirable outcomes without three forms of ‘strategic fit’: the internal fit between EAPs and a bundle of HR strategies; the organizational fit between EAPs and business strategies; and the environmental fit between EAPs and the environmental contexts. We suggest that employees and other diverse stakeholders should proactively engage in the EAP process to achieve mutual gains.

Conceptual Model of Financial Ratios in Detecting Fraud in Local Government Financial Statement

The preparation of a local government financial statement must be free from fraud, so local governments need to ensure that there are no elements of material misstatement in the preparation of financial statement. This research aims to propose a conceptual model of the influence of financial ratios which includes the quick ratio, current ratio, working capital to total assets ratio, debt-to-equity ratio, and debt to capital assets ratio which have the potential to detect fraud in local government financial statements. The method used in this research combines four concepts in one conceptual model framework. It is hoped that this research's conceptual model can become a method used in local government agencies to detect fraudulent financial statement through financial ratios.

Brand authenticity influence on young adults’ luxury sneakers brand preference: the mediating role of brand image

It is of interest to examine how consumers perceive luxury brands with the different elements of authenticity, leading to brand image, for companies to create and build a brand that is conducive to influence purchase intention. Through a proposed conceptual research model, brand authenticity and brand image as the predictor variables, with brand preference as the outcome variable, the study investigates the causal relationship of these constructs, where eight (8) determinants of brand authenticity are assessed. Findings of the research support all nine proposed hypotheses, as a result, indicated that brand authenticity and brand image influence consumers’ brand preference. The same model development for the current study can be applied in other geographical zones and in different contexts to prove its generalisability. This study assists fashion marketing practitioners and brand managers to remain sustainable and better identify the factors that influence brand authenticity and brand image on brand preference of luxury sneakers among young adults in South Africa. The rapid globalization and increase in competition has caused a shift in the luxury industry so marketers need to focus on the authenticity of a brand to influence consumers’ brand preference. Theoretically, this study adds to the limited academic literature on the theory of reasoned action and the brand equity theory, with regard to branding.

Information system quality and organizational performance: The effect of information system integration in Tabriz metropolitan municipality, Iran

Due to the multiplicity of administration in urban management in Iran and with the aim of feasibility of implementing the integrated urban management, this study evaluates the impact of information system (IS) quality and IS integration on performance of Tabriz metropolitan municipality, Iran, as the trustee of urban affairs. The quantitative method was applied using survey questionnaires that have been conducted based on the relevant literature. SPSS software was used to perform regression and covariance analyses to analyze the collected data (80 valid responses) as well as the relationships among the components of the conceptual research model. The quantitative data for this research was limited to the Tabriz municipality's ICT experts (all experts of Statistics and Information Technology organization). The results prove positive relationships among IS quality, IS integration and the organizational performance. Additionally, the findings reveal that IS integration fully mediates the relationship between IS quality toward organizational performance. The originality of this study lies in examining the integrated urban management in Iran from the perspective of urban information infrastructures (urban information systems) for the first time.

Methodological development of the CBPR conceptual model in promoting partnership in a multidisciplinary paediatric care project in western China

The community‐based participatory research (CBPR) conceptual model has emerged as a popular methodological approach to facilitate collaboration between health professionals and community members to achieve project goals and improve health outcomes. Most existing literature has either introduced or explored the direct application of the CBPR conceptual model to paediatric care projects. Few have studied the mechanisms by which partnerships are built following this model. For the study described in this article, interviews were conducted with the health professionals and community participants on a research team about their application of the CBPR conceptual model to promote partnership in a project serving families of children with cancer in western China. Twenty themes identified from the results validated and expanded existing constructs and added new ones (challenges from COVID‐19, enhanced stigma, researcher–practitioner divide, misunderstanding in the process and validity and research integrity issues) to the model. The findings presented can be used to enlighten those engaging in partnerships and the framework created can be directly applied to guide participants to identify critical issues at the beginning of a project as well as to reflect on the sustainability of the partnership both during and after the project.

Addressing adverse social determinants of health in pediatric primary care: Study protocol for a hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation randomized controlled trial in two national pediatric practice-based research networks

BackgroundGrowing evidence linking social determinants of health (SDOH) to child health outcomes has prompted widespread recommendations for pediatricians to screen and refer for adverse SDOH at primary care visits. Yet there is little evidence to date demonstrating the effectiveness of practice-based SDOH screening and referral interventions on increasing family engagement with resources. This hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial aims to demonstrate the non-inferiority of a low-touch implementation strategy in order to facilitate dissemination of an existing SDOH screening and referral system (WE CARE) and demonstrate its effectiveness and sustainability in various pediatric practices. MethodsWe recruited eighteen pediatric practices in fourteen US states through two pediatric practice-based research networks. For this stepped wedge cluster RCT, practices serve as their own controls during the Usual Care phase and implement WE CARE during the intervention phase via one of two randomized implementation strategies: self-directed, pre-recorded webinar vs. study team-facilitated, live webinar. We collect data at practice, clinician/staff, and parent levels to assess outcomes grounded in the Proctor Conceptual Model of Implementation Research. We use generalized mixed effects models and differences in proportions to compare rates of resource referrals by implementation strategy, and intention-to-treat analysis to compare odds of engagement with new resources among families enrolled in the Usual Care vs. WE CARE phases. DiscussionFindings from this trial may inform decisions about broader dissemination of SDOH screening systems into a diverse spectrum of pediatric practices across the US and potentially minimize the impact of adverse SDOH on children and families.

Structural Modeling of the Relationship Between Organizational Factors and Negative Job Outcomes Mediated by Job Characteristics Among Teachers in Urmia

Objective: The present study aims to structurally model the relationship between organizational factors and negative job outcomes mediated by job characteristics among teachers in Urmia County. Methodology: This correlational research involved a statistical population of all teachers in Urmia County, totaling 10,000 individuals. The research sample, based on the Morgan table, comprised 373 individuals, selected using proportional stratified random sampling. To measure the variables, questionnaires on organizational support (Eisenberger, 1997), organizational identity (Cheney, 1983), job stagnation (Judith Bardwick, 1988), intention to leave the job (Mobley-Horner, 1978; Lyons, 1971), organizational silence (Vakola & Bouradas, 2005), job autonomy (Jang, 1995), and job security (Nissi, 2000) were used. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and advisors, and the reliability of the questionnaires was estimated to be 0.953, 0.984, 0.968, 0.972, 0.992, 0.918, and 0.980, respectively. In this study, the PLS method was used with the help of Smart PLS 3.2.9 software to fit the conceptual research model and test the hypotheses. Findings: The results indicate that organizational factors (organizational identity and organizational support) have a significant inverse relationship with negative job outcomes (organizational silence, job stagnation, and intention to leave the job). Thus, there is an indirect and significant inverse relationship between the organizational factors of teachers (organizational identity and organizational support) and negative job outcomes (organizational silence, job stagnation, and intention to leave the job) mediated by job characteristics (job autonomy and job security) among teachers in Urmia County. Conclusion: Thus, with an increase in organizational identity and organizational support, teachers' job autonomy and sense of job security increase, which in turn reduces their negative job outcomes, namely intention to leave the job, job stagnation, and organizational silence.