Analysis Of Conceptual Metaphors Research Articles

The symbolic reach of the Catholic Church: liturgy-based language among atheists and Catholics in Poland

ABSTRACTThe power of the Catholic Church in Poland can be seen throughout modern Polish history. It can also be observed in the influence of the Catholic clergy on political and social life in Poland. But how far-reaching is this power? Does it only concern the Catholic majority in Polish society or does it extend also to the atheist minority? In this article, we address this question through a study of the linguistic habitus of two groups (Polish Catholics and Polish atheists), specifically an analysis of conceptual metaphors in a corpus compiled from web forums. We examine the frequencies of three metaphors concerning love, death and sin previously identified in Catholic transition rituals, such as baptisms or weddings. The results show no quantitative differences in the usage of these metaphors and instead significant qualitative similarities in the language form of the metaphors. The findings thus suggest the ability of the Catholic Church to influence the ways of speaking and possibly also of thinking and acting among both Catholics and atheists in Poland.

A Comparative Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in Business and Political Speeches: A Chronological Approach 1)

A Comparative Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in Business and Political Speeches: A Chronological Approach 1)

A corpus-based study of game based conceptual metaphors in the Egyptian and Tunisian Spring Political Discourse: A Contrastive Study

This paper conducts a corpus-based cognitive-linguistic analysis of GAME-based conceptual metaphors in the political discourse addressing the Egyptian and Tunisian Revolutions, being the most prominent of all Arab Spring revolutions. In so doing, it seeks to reflect the role of conceptual metaphors in touching upon the ideologies which governed the progress of such revolutions. The general data set comprised 150.000 words collected from the electronic archives of two Egyptian (Al-Ahram and Ash-Shrouk) and Two Tunisian (Al-Chourouk At-Tunisiah and As-Sabbahnews) newspapers covering three years from January 25, 2011, to January 25, 2014. The corpus analyzed in the current study is limited to sixty-eight linguistic expressions. The procedures of MIP (Pragglejaz Group, 2007) in line with the tenets of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff & Johnson, 1999, 2003) as well as Conceptual Blending Theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 1998, 2002) are used to identify conceptual metaphors based on the source domain GAME. Concordance lines for lexical items with metaphorical potential as well as dictionaries helped to provide clear-cut distinction between metaphorical and non- metaphorical usages. Findings showed similar conceptual metaphors in the Egyptian and Tunisian press, emanating from the source domain of GAME. Such similarity is ascribed to mutual culture and mutual linguistic repertoire. Political ideologies in both countries were identified.

Metaphors in financial analysis reports: How are emotions expressed?

This study critically investigates the use of emotion metaphors in a corpus of BNP Paribas financial analysis reports produced during the credit crisis from 2011 to 2012. The corpus was examined to identify constituent words in the semantic category of ‘Emotion’. Concordances for selected words in ‘Emotion’ were examined by adopting the Metaphor Identification Procedure in order to identify metaphors in the corpus. The emotion metaphors identified were then classified into different semantic domains, underpinned by Conceptual Metaphor Theory. The main findings of the study revolve around the conceptualisation of emotion words reflecting the market turbulence circa 2011. In addition, the findings show that BNP Paribas' corporate culture is revealed by the use of emotion metaphors in their financial analysis reports. The bank also uses varied metaphors to describe the emotions of investors. The study concludes that the identification of emotion terms for a conceptual metaphor analysis can be more effectively carried out by combining the methods of corpus linguistics, semantic annotation and Metaphor Identification Procedure. The study suggests important pedagogical implications for both ESP teachers and members of the financial services profession.

Anti-European discourse and negative image of the European Union in the Serbian media

This paper presents the results of research on the representation of the process and actors of Europeanization in the Serbian media. The analysis included 243 texts sampled from 13 to 19 June 2016 in the online editions of the daily newspapers Danas, Informer, Politika and Blic. The Europeanisation in the paper was not observed just as a technical aspect of the process, it was rather widely perceived as a discursive practice used for explaining, describing and defining social and political activities. To determine the key mechanisms for creating the image of Europeanization and actors of that process, a method of critical discourse analysis is applied. Special attention was paid to the analysis of lexical constructs and metaphors used to describe the process of Europeanization. Since one of the goals of the paper was to determine to what extent the presentation of this process in the media discourse has changed in comparison with previous research from 2012, comparative analysis is used as a complementary method. The results show an increased Euro-skepticism in the media discourse and in the discourse of the actors of the process of Europeanization. The framework of the negative perceptions of the EU in the discourse of politicians and state officials is constituted by implicit and explicit constructs of unstable, fickle and irresponsible EU who threatens, orders, and humiliates. Extreme anti-European opinions towards Europe are expressed through the open hate speech and the banalization and spectacularization of the topic. Analysis of conceptual metaphors in the sample showed that the previously observed patterns of conceptualization of the European Union as a model to follow has not changed and that they are still present in the media discourse of Serbian media.

Metaphors of Intercultural Communication in English and Russian Academic Texts

This study addresses the metaphoric representation of intercultural communication (IC) based on English and Russian academic texts. Conceptual metaphor analysis results present “overlapping” target areas e.g. communication, language, and culture. Another interrelated sourcing area is spatial metaphor. The closest conversion is subject and premise metaphors, and the main divergence relates to metaphors of space and time. The data show that IC theories in English and Russian attribute common meanings to subject and object as well as man-made construction. Peripheral divergence in categorization of space and time is due to linguistic differences and an archetype perception of the immediate environment.

“Nixon Stonewalled the Investigation”: Potential Contributions of Grammatical Metaphor to Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Analysis

Halliday’s (1985, 1998) theory of grammatical metaphor (GM) has been quite influential among scholars who study structural approaches to language but has received little attention among researchers in cognitive linguistics. In this paper we summarize the aspects of Halliday’s approach that are most relevant to cognitive linguists, and show how key aspects of grammatical metaphor are related to the analysis of lexical and conceptual metaphors. Using an example of scientific writing analyzed by Halliday (1998) as well as examples from discourse previously subjected to conceptual metaphor analysis, we show how the two approaches might usefully be combined to yield new insights in the analysis of naturally occurring discourse.

Euro crisis metaphors in the Spanish press

This article aims to analyze the use of economic metaphors in the particular case of the European sovereign debt crisis, by the examination of the public discourse as reflected in the Spanish press. The general hypothesis, in accordance with the research undertaken in similar studies on economic metaphors, is that one can expect a fairly common use of the same metaphors ‐the most traditional ones- and with the same weight among different newspapers, in spite of their editorial and journalistic diversity. The context of the study and the research approach are justified by addressing in the first part of this article a synthetic review of three research fields that converge around this topic: the analysis of conceptual metaphors, the use of them in financial and economic discourses and their particular categorization to make sense of the crisis situations. In the second part, the empirical research design is explained. Finally, the main results are stated and their significance explained. The study confirms the hypothesis of a very high uniformity in the use of the main metaphors among newspapers, which is translated into a problematic, one-sided, interpretation of the crisis.

Las metáforas de la crisis del euro en la prensa española

This article aims to analyze the use of economic metaphors in the particular case of the European sovereign debt crisis, by the examination of the public discourse as reflected in the Spanish press. The general hypothesis, in accordance with the research undertaken in similar studies on economic metaphors, is that one can expect a fairly common use of the same metaphors –the most traditional ones- and with the same weight among different newspapers, in spite of their editorial and journalistic diversity. The context of the study and the research approach are justified by addressing in the first part of this article a synthetic review of three research fields that converge around this topic: the analysis of conceptual metaphors, the use of them in financial and economic discourses and their particular categorization to make sense of the crisis situations. In the second part, the empirical research design is explained. Finally, the main results are stated and their significance explained. The study confirms the hypothesis of a very high uniformity in the use of the main metaphors among newspapers, which is translated into a problematic, one-sided, interpretation of the crisis

FEMININE IMAGERY IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN POP SONGS: A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS

For over a decade, metaphor analysis has been postulated as a powerful means of unveiling human experience encoded in various spheres of language use. Proposing a hypothesis that even within a single culture, the views of a particular social group may alter significantly within a relatively short period of time with pop songs being an immediate reflection of the change, the present study explores feminine imagery as constructed in American pop songs by leading female pop singers in two ten-year periods: from 1985 to 1995 and from 2005 to 2015. Set within the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory, the study employs the Metaphor Identification Procedure developed by Pragglejaz Group and P.A.N., a poetry analysis software, in order to identify and conduct qualitative analysis of conceptual metaphors that construe feminine imagery. The findings are drawn on the basis of 522 conceptual metaphors whose most common targets are love, life, and time. It is shown that, while in both periods the contemporary woman construes her image as a strong, persistent and self-dependent leader, the earlier period is characterized by more positive views on love while in latest times woman’s relationships are characterized by a greater dynamism: the woman of today conceives life as both competitive and risky and yet is able to adapt seeking to take up a leading role in relationships. There is also evidence that most recently, woman has developed a more aggressive attitude toward love in particular and a more pragmatic attitude toward life in general. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-2027.6.6

Taking Advantage of the “Big Mo”—Momentum in Everyday English and Swedish and in Physics Teaching

Science education research suggests that our everyday intuitions of motion and interaction of physical objects fit well with how physicists use the term “momentum”. Corpus linguistics provides an easily accessible approach to study language in different domains, including everyday language. Analysis of language samples from English text corpora reveals a trend of increasing metaphorical use of “momentum” in non-science domains, and through conceptual metaphor analysis, we show that the use of the word in everyday language, as opposed to for instance “force”, is largely adequate from a physics point of view. In addition, “momentum” has recently been borrowed into Swedish as a metaphor in domains such as sports, politics and finance, with meanings similar to those in physics. As an implication for educational practice, we find support for the suggestion to introduce the term “momentum” to English-speaking pupils at an earlier age than what is typically done in the educational system today, thereby capitalising on their intuitions and experiences of everyday language. For Swedish-speaking pupils, and possibly also relevant to other languages, the parallel between “momentum” and the corresponding physics term in the students’ mother tongue could be made explicit..

Analysis of Conceptual Metaphors in the Political Discourse of Daily Newspapers: Structure, Function, and Emotional Appeal (Ma Thesis)

The present paper explores the structure, function, and the potential of conceptual metaphors in the political discourse of daily newspapers to provoke an emotional reaction with the electorate, i.e. readers. The two groups of metaphors that are investigated include CONFLICT and SPORT metaphors. Consequently, the corpus consists of metaphorical expressions corresponding to the two previously mentioned conceptual keys, extracted from the on-line editions of The New York Times during December 2011. The paper resides on an integrated theoretical framework that encompasses the basic tenets of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), the fully developed model of the Conceptual Blending Theory (CBT), and the Conceptual Act Theory of Emotion. Additionally, basic tenets of the Circumplex Model of Affect and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) are also utilized. The present research is conducted in two stages: 1) metaphorical expressions from the corpus are analyzed in terms of their structure and function through the concomitant use of the CMT and CBT models; 2) building on the Conceptual Act Theory of Emotion, Russell’s circumplex, and the PANAS model, the second stage of the research uses appropriate questionnaires to test whether the metaphorical expressions extracted from the corpus can provoke an actual tangible emotional reaction with the experimental subjects. The reaction is measured in terms of affect, and in terms of specific emotion concepts. Such research design is meant to reveal both the cognitive mechanisms that underlie the construction of metaphorical conceptual integration networks, and the mechanisms that facilitate the development of an emotional response. Furthermore, the results obtained from the two parts of the present research are compared and investigated for potential points of intersection. Additionally, the results of the present study are also compared against the results obtained from the previous research in the field, predominantly conducted within the CMT framework. Finally, the paper also presents additional evidence in favor of the joint use of the CMT and the CBT frameworks. Based on the analyses, it can be concluded that all metaphorical conceptual integration networks from the present corpus appeared as single-scope networks. Additionally, a high degree of systematicity of emergent structures was also recorded, which was accounted for by the highly entrenched nature of the two conceptual keys, and links were established with the systematic nature of compression. The two main cognitive mechanisms that facilitate the creation of an emotional reaction are backward projections and coupled elaboration, which in turn enable metaphors to function as powerful persuasive tools. The second part of the research revealed that metaphorical expressions from the corpus can provoke a certain degree of an emotional response with the readers, i.e. experimental subjects. In addition, the recorded reactions also showed a certain degree of consistency. In conclusion, metaphor poses as a powerful rhetorical tool that can influence individuals’ reasoning and behavior by influencing their emotional and affective states. Future research should attempt to further reveal the nature of interaction between the processes of meaning and emotion construction.

Metaphors in the perspective of argumentation

Based on his study of the metaphors used in Chilean parliamentarian media participation, Santibáñez (2010) proposes a novel model which analyses conceptual metaphors from the perspective of argumentation. Santibáñez's analysis is significant in the sense that it reveals the vital role of metaphors in daily argumentation, which inspires us to further explore the relationship between metaphor and argumentation. In this article, we take issue with some points of Santibáñez's analysis, pointing out that it does not clearly distinguish between analogy argumentation and arguing by metaphors, nor does it clearly tell us what role conceptual metaphors play in Toulmin argumentation model, and what the overall structure of arguing by metaphors is. We then address these questions via the cases in Santibáñez (2010), with reference to Juthe (2005)’s approach to analogy argumentation, Kövecses (2010)’s analysis of conceptual metaphor and Toulmin ([1958]2003, [1978]1984) model of argumentation model.

Problem Solving Concretely with the Word like

While the average teenager’s conversation may seem inundated with the word like, in the mathematics classroom, teenagers use it with purpose. Linguists study the word like to understand and categorize comparative statements. By overlapping linguistics and mathematics education within the frame of cognitive science, this study found that high school students do not use the word like arbitrarily. Its use within conceptual-metaphor analysis (Lakoff, & Johnson, 2003; 1980) suggests a specific purpose within mathematical problem solving. This interdisciplinary study identifies distinctions in high school students’ use of the word like. Specifically, students predominantly used the word like in a concrete manner to aid in conceptualization. This article offers practical indicators for teachers to improve students’ ability to solve mathematics problems.

A Corpus Analysis of Color-Term Conceptual Metaphors in Persian Proverbs

This study investigated the distribution of color terms in Persian proverbs in three Iranian proverbs books and their metaphoric reflection in the users’ beliefs, ideas, or values. Through investigating as many as 4710 proverbs in the pertinent books, a corpus of 56 Persian proverbs with color terms in content was selected and analyzed. The results suggested that colors are not distributed equally in Persian proverbs and that they stood for both positive and negative connotations. Since metaphoric expressions are inseparable feature of scientific and non-scientific writings, language users are suggested to attain adequate awareness of these expressions in different domains.

How Semantics is Embodied through Visual Representation: Image Schemas in the Art of Chinese Calligraphy

<p>This study aims to investigate abstract reasoning and embodied cognition through the analysis of image schemas and conceptual metaphors in the interplay of art and language. Chinese calligraphy is noteworthy due to its unique embodied characteristics and image-schematic representations of visual art and language. The art of Chinese calligraphy not only represents the visual forms of Chinese characters but also conveys meanings, emotion, and style, demonstrating the aesthetics of language and art. By analyzing image schemas and metaphors in classical works of art, this paper shows how semantics is conceptualized and embodied through visual representation of Chinese calligraphy. In this study, we examine how semantics is visualized within the topological structure of cognitive mechanisms of a CONTAINER schema, the crucial image schema that structures the conceptualization of spatial relation concepts. This paper proposes that the CONTAINER schema, the BALANCE schema, the FORCE schema, as well as the metaphors SIGNIFICANCE IS SIZE and MIND IS A BODY, which may motivate the calligrapher’s creative process, underlie the art of Chinese calligraphy.</p>

Pictorial (multimodal) metaphor in printed advertising

The theoretical basis of the article is the methodology of pictorial/visual metaphor research presented in Charles Forceville's work Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising (2006) and multimodal metaphor research proposed in his book Multimodal Metaphor (2009). Both verbal and non-verbal metaphors are investigated combining interaction theory proposed by Max Black and the principles of conceptual metaphor analysis formulated in cognitive linguistics. In a metaphor, the primary and the secondary subjects are considered equal to the target and the source domains distinguished by cognitive linguists and the result of their interaction (the properties of the secondary subject (source domain) are mapped onto the primary subject (target domain)) is a conceptual metaphor. The target domain in advertising is an item or service being promoted, while the source domain is an object whose properties are attributed to the item or the service being advertised.In the discourse of advertising metaphor is realised by verbal and non-verbal forms of communications: written language, spoken language, image, music, sound, gestures. If the target and source domains in a conceptual metaphor are expressed by means of one of the indicated forms, it is treated as a monomodal metaphor, whereas if they are expressed by more than one of them, it is regarded as a multimodal metaphor. Since in the case of pictorial metaphor one of the components is expressed verbally and the other – by means of an image, it is treated as one of the varieties of multimodal metaphor.In Lithuanian printed advertising, pictorial metaphor is used to express various concepts. In the article the following examples of conceptual metaphors are analysed: JUICE IS SUN, CAR IS ANIMAL, TILE ADHESIVE IS BINDWEED, VODKA IS A NATION/PERSON. The research has revealed that in a metaphor both the source and the target domain can be expressed using pictorial and verbal means and sometimes using both of them. As a result, both verbal and pictorial means are equally important in metaphor as their interaction makes an advertisement more persuasive and effective.

Conceptual metaphors in taboo-induced lexical variation

Taboo is deeply woven into every culture and society, which is obviously reflected in vocabulary. Indeed, taboo keeps language users from avoiding the forbidden concept and compels them to preserve or violate it, which leads to endless series of cross varietal synonyms for forbidden concepts. In this process, though metaphor stands out as a potent source for euphemistic and dysphemistic reference, the analysis of conceptual metaphor in the Lakoffian tradition as a X-phemistic device has not been dealt with in depth so far. In this regard, the main aim of this paper is twofold: to gain an insight into the process of metaphorical X-phemistic lexical replacements triggered by taboo and explore the role the process of lexicalization of metaphorical units plays in sex and death-related X-phemistic vocabulary. The analysis undertaken demonstrates that whereas lexicalized metaphorical units are deprived of their capacity to conceptualize the taboo in particular terms, both semi-lexicalized and creative metaphors suit the purpose of euphemism and dysphemism by conceptualizing a taboo topic within a conceptual network, which accounts for the X-phemistic function of metaphorical items.

숀 탠 (Shaun Tan)의 3D 애니메이션 <The lost thing>에 나타난 은유적 표현에 대한 고찰

본 논문은 최근 아카데미 단편 애니메이션 상을 수상하며 국제무대에서 객관적인 작품성을 인정받은 숀 탠의 애니메이션 <The lost thing>에 나타난 은유적 표현을 분석하였다. 단편 애니메이션 <The lost thing>은 내용적 시각적인 면에서 많은 부분이 은유적인 방식으로 표현되어 있다. 분석의 방법은 언어체계를 기반으로 하는 '개념적 은유 분석틀'을 이용하여 스토리와 시퀀스를 분석하고, 개념들이 구조화될 때 파생되는 시각적 차원을 분석하기 위하여 '시각적 은유 분석틀'을 이용하여 캐릭터를 분석하였다. 본 논문에서는 애니메이션이 관객과 소통하는 방식을 기존의 다양한 관점 중에서 은유라는 광범위한 의미에서의 언어적 대상을 통해 애니메이션이 자신을 실현하는 방식, 애니메이션이 자기 조직화하는 양상을 고찰함으로써 밝히고자 하였다. 애니메이션에서 은유는 파편과도 같은 이미지들 간의 연계와 총체성을 생산하고 관객에게 창조적 소통을 유도하는 본질적인 수단으로 기능한다. 애니메이션 <The lost thing>에서 다양한 방식으로 실현되는 은유들의 시동 동기로서 작용하는 본질적 의미는 현대인이 느끼는 상실과 그리움의 정서이며, 열차, 병뚜껑, 음식, 물품 처리소, 좁은 틈새 공간, 소속을 알 수 없는 분실물을 통해 작품 전체를 관통하는 의미로 작용하고 있다. 이와 같이 작품 분석을 통하여 알아본 은유의 기능은 우선 미적 기능으로서 간결미와 신선미를 준다. 또한 경제적 기능으로서 장황한 내용을 함축적으로 표현하며, 여러 가지 의미를 한꺼번에 내포한다. 그리고 창조적 기능으로서 은유가 새로운 의미생산의 도구로서 사용되었다. 즉 애니메이션은 단지 어린 연령층을 대상으로 한 오락적인 장르만이 아닌 사유와 소통의 도구로서 보다 폭넓은 대중들에게 감동을 전달할 수 있는 매체이며, 이러한 다양하고 깊이 있는 의미전달을 위한 장치로서 은유적인 표현이 사용되었음을 알 수 있다. The paper analyzed the metaphoric expressions appeared in <The lost thing> whose cinematic quality has been subjectively recognized on the global stage by winning the Oscar for Best Animated Short Film. Many contents and visual effects of the film were expressed with metaphor. Story and sequence were analyzed through the language system-based 'Conceptual Metaphor Analysis Framework'. In addition, characters have been analyzed through the 'Visual Metaphor Analysis Framework'. The framework is to analyze visual dimensions which are derived when concepts are structuredin animation. This paper has attempted to investigate and reveal patterns how animation self-organizes or how animation self-realizes through linguistic objectives. That is, it is to reveal how animation communicates with the audience from the metaphoric perspective among many conventional ones. In an animated film, metaphor is a fundamental means to connect fragmented images, produce a holistic view and therefore induce creative communication with the audience. The essential motive of metaphor which is expressed in various styles in <The lost thing> is modern people's feeling of loss and sense of missing something. Train, bottle top, food, lost-and-found center, in-between space and lost items have significance across the movie. According to an analysis, metaphor offers simplicity and freshness as an aesthetic function. In addition, the metaphor expresses lengthy contents and various meanings implicitly, delivering an economic function. With a creative function, metaphor is a tool to generate new meanings. In other words, an animated film is a medium to inspire and move the general public as a means of communication and thinking, not just an entertainment for young generations. After all, metaphoric expressions have been used to deliver diverse and deep meanings in animated films.

A Content Analysis of Colour-term Conceptual Metaphors in Modern Persian Poetry

This study sought answers related to the distribution of colour terms in Persian poems and their metaphoric reflection in poets' beliefs, ideas, or values. In so doing, 137 Persian verses from two poetry books with colour terms in content were considered for the analysis. Four raters who studied literature of Persian scrutinized the verses for the evaluation of the colour metaphoric conceptualizations. To validate the raters' suggestions, a focus group of sixteen commented on the recommended connotations. Results indicated that colours are not similarly distributed in Persian poems, are used with different conceptualizations and stood for both positive and negative connotations. Therefore, since colours are part of the authors' and speakers' daily lives to express information, knowledge of metaphoric expressions is suggested to be an inseparable part of language classes.