Intuitive Concept Research Articles

Pandemic and the Nature-Alienated Self

This consideration of COVID-19 places the pandemic in the larger context of our present-day ontology and the environmentally destructive human–nature relationship that characterizes it, exploring it in three parts. First, it sets out the problematic conceptualization of nature in the modern social imaginary by focusing upon the self in terms of its sense of identity, agency and authority. Second, it sets out how the pandemic fundamentally disrupts these three facets of the self in terms of the fragilization of economic values, the notion of unique human agency, and the limitation of the authority of discursive reason. Finally, it concludes by outlining the opportunity for a renewed relationship with nature by proposing the recovery of the premodern concepts of metaphysical participation, teleology, and rational intuition. In doing so, the pandemic crisis is considered in the wider context of the ecological crisis of the modern age, and as an opportunity for rethinking our collective concept of nature, and the place of our selves within it.

Interaction Design System for Artificial Intelligence User Interfaces Based on UML Extension Mechanisms

With the rapid development of computer network technology in recent years, more and more demands have been placed on the functionality and attributes of the user interface. In the development of many computer projects, the variability and flexibility of user interface requirements have greatly increased the complexity of program development for researchers. In addition, the poor reusability of page access control writing has created a pressing need for a highly standardized and flexible way of developing software. Thus, the development and design of user interfaces for application software systems occupy an important position and have been a hot topic of research in the field of human-computer interaction. The traditional methods of describing user interaction, such as state transitions and data flow diagrams, are not based on global and intuitive concepts. Moreover, there is little support for the design of user interface interaction behavior, resulting in user interfaces being ignored at design time and left to implementers to grasp at coding time. It is therefore an issue that needs to be addressed in order to integrate traditional methods and intuitive descriptions from the user’s perspective into a new interface development model and methodology. This research creates a user interface framework based on interaction behavior from the user’s perspective. Furthermore, UML extension mechanisms are used to enable the user interface framework to better support UML-based modelling environments. In addition, the UML is structured and extended to include structural elements that support interface generation, and a structured use case model is proposed, which drives the analysis and design of the individual submodels. The extracted abstract interface elements and their mapping to concrete interface elements are documented in a way that explores the generation of different target languages under different platforms. This study incorporates user requirements and provides a scientific reference for the development and design of user interfaces.

Formalization of the concept of “natural safety” in nuclear technology

The main purpose of the article is the formalization of the concept of “natural safety” in nuclear technology. Some concepts encountered in the design of complex technical objects, including nuclear power plants, are referred to as intuitive concepts. These are “natural safety”, “inherent safety”, “ultimate safety” and others. The solution of the problem is based on the use of the shifted ideal method for solving discrete multicriteria tasks. For clarity, two criteria are considered as an example. The problem of maximizing these criteria is solved. As a result of the study, it was possible to formalize the basic concepts used in the design of new generation safe nuclear reactors. The significance of the article is that such formalized concepts can be used in the design of new equipment and new enterprises for various purposes, including those related to the production of electrical energy.

The Value of Time is Never the Hand of a Clock: Marcel Proust’s Time Regained, E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View and A View without a Room

This study aims at a comparative analysis of the last volume of Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time, Time Regained (1927), and E. M. Forster’s A Room with a View (1908), including its Appendix A View without a Room (1958) to decipher Henri Bergson’s concepts of duration, intuition, elan vital (vital impulse) and Jacques Lacan’s notions of anticipation and retroaction, against the backcloth of modernity and its representations of clock fixated Time. In this framework of analysis, the study draws on Bergson and Lacan’s notions of Time to foreground the inward turn of the characters in the two novels. The article also seeks to find out whether Time is a construct for Lucy, Cecil, and George in A Room with a View and the narrator, Gilberte, Albertine in Time Regained, regarding the gap between past and present. For instance, remodelling, eradication aspects of Time are never negations for the narrator’s creation of Albertine’s image in his memory in Time Regained. Time never eradicates George and Lucy’s shared view that they once achieved in a room in Bertolini Pension in Italy in A View without a Room, despite wartime remodelling of spatiotemporal realms. Ultimately, in both of the novels, the characters experience the social and empirical reality as their present circumstances affect the narration of their past with involuntary memories, producing virtual qualitative multiplicities. Thus, the anticipation emerges within the images of a dark room that resembles the minds of the characters in the two novels.

Emblems of the Sleep Societies Around the World

An emblem is a representative image and is different for each society. The images that symbolize sleep have similarities and differences between countries and cultures. This is an issue that everyone is familiar with but has never paid attention to. We obtained the information about the emblems from the website of each societies or personal communication with the executives around the world. The emblems of sleep societies represent the opposite concepts of night and day, designed to express its nationality, and several pictorial symbols related to sleep in their culture. Each society has its own identity and is devoted to sleep medicine. Intuitive concept of sleep is perceived differently in different cultures, and the sleep societies’ emblems contain their own identity as well as the concept of sleep. We believe this report may help promote the common interests of sleep medicine worldwide.

Impulso, esfuerzo y trabajo respiratorio: revisión de definiciones y herramientas no invasivas de ventiladores de cuidados intensivos durante tiempos de pandemia

Technological advances in mechanical ventilation have been essential to increasing the survival rate in intensive care units. Usually, patients needing mechanical ventilation use controlled ventilation to override the patients respiratory muscles and favor lung protection. Weaning from mechanical ventilation implies a transition towards spontaneous breathing, mainly using assisted mechanical ventilation. In this transition, the challenge for clinicians is to avoid under and over assistance and minimize excessive respiratory effort and iatrogenic diaphragmatic and lung damage. Esophageal balloon monitoring allows objective measurements of respiratory muscle activity in real time, but there are still limitations to its routine application in intensive care unit patients using mechanical ventilation. Like the esophageal balloon, respiratory muscle electromyography and diaphragmatic ultrasound are minimally invasive tools requiring specific training that monitor respiratory muscle activity. Particularly during the coronavirus disease pandemic, non invasive tools available on mechanical ventilators to monitor respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing have been extended to individualize mechanical ventilation based on patients needs. This review aims to identify the conceptual definitions of respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing and to identify non invasive maneuvers available on intensive care ventilators to measure these parameters. The literature highlights that although respiratory drive, inspiratory effort, and work of breathing are intuitive concepts, even distinguished authors disagree on their definitions.

The little robot, black holes, and spaghettification

The tidal forces generated by a black hole can be so powerful that they cause unlimited stretching, known as spaghettification. A detailed analysis of this phenomenon requires the use of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. The aim of this paper is to offer an up-to-date and accessible analysis of spaghettification, in which the complex mathematics of Einstein’s theory are replaced with the simpler and more intuitive concepts of Newtonian gravity. The article can serve as educational material for undergraduate modern physics or astronomy courses.

Intuition in Mathematics: from Racism to Pluralism

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries many mathematicians referred to intuition as the indispensable research tool for obtaining new results. In this essay we will analyse a group of mathematicians (Felix Klein, Henri Poincaré, Ludwig Bieberbach, Arend Heyting) who interacted with Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (the father of the intuitionist foundational school) in order to compare their conceptions of intuition. We will see how to the same word “intuition” (in German Anschauung) very different meanings corresponded: they varied from geometrical vision, to a unitary view of a demonstration, to the perception of time, to the faculty (shared by everybody) of considering concepts that habitually occur in our thinking separately. Furthermore, we will discover that these different meanings had a philosophical, very relevant counterside: they passed from a racial characterization of mathematics to a pluralistic view of it.

TWO ARGUMENTS FOR THE INCOHERENCE OF NON-TELEOLOGICAL DEISM

I argue that one form of deism, what I shall call ‘moderate non-teleological deism’, seems prima facie incoherent (at least on the assumption of the intuitive Anselmian conception of God). I offer two arguments in support of the prima facie incoherence view: the moral irresponsibility argument and the practical irrationality argument. On the one hand, the moral responsibility argument suggests that three of the essential attributes of such a deistic God are inconsistent: omniscience, omnipotence and moral perfection. This is, of course, a variation of the well-known argument from evil. On the other hand, the practical rationality argument suggests that were such a deistic God to create the universe but have no further interest, plan or goal for the universe, the very act would have committed a deistic God to practical irrationality. I argue that this result follows from a widely accepted understanding of the nature of practical rationality and agency. I briefly examine some objections to the two arguments and conclude that moderate non-teleological deism seems prima facie incoherent.

The three R’s of reasonable in radiological protection: relationships, rationale, and resources

Central to applying the principle of optimisation in the system of radiological protection is the evaluation of what level of radiation exposure should be considered ‘as low as reasonably achievable’ (ALARA), after taking into account the prevailing circumstances. Determining what is ‘reasonable’ is an abstract, although somewhat intuitive concept with many potential interpretations depending on both the situation and those involved, whether individuals or organisations. There are common themes in the types of considerations that need to be addressed to determine ‘reasonableness’ regardless of the exposure situation. However, despite the consistent and agreeable nature of these themes, there remains a gap in how to apply them in real situations. For example, without measurable goalposts (or a clear process for setting such goalposts) for determining what constitutes ALARA, we can find ourselves misinterpreting the optimisation process as keeping exposures ‘as low as possible’. We propose herein, by consolidating and building on existing ideas, an easily understandable and actionable ‘reasonableness’ framework. This simple, yet broadly applicable tool is intended to help radiation protection experts in the systematic, deliberative, and collaborative reflection on all of the factors that make up ‘reasonable’ before making a decision—whether it be a proposed medical treatment or clean-up of a contaminated site. Each process execution and decision itself will necessarily retain the complexity of the prevailing circumstance. The proposed ‘Rs’ of Reasonable represent Relationships (stakeholders, empathy, and trust), Rationale (contextual, technical, and ethical), and Resources (technological, financial, and time).

Galore

The use of customizable learning objects in multiple different formats such as visual, auditory, text, interactive widgets and newly defined learning objects called gamelets have a potential to tremendously enhance experiential learning. A parameterized environment, called Galore, that integrates such learning objects into a seamless experience based on student learning styles and preferences for teaching difficult counter and intuitive concepts in quantum communications is described.

A computationally efficient hybrid optimization‐based model predictive control for inductive power transfer systems

Model predictive control (MPC) has been actively researched in recent years for power electronics applications due to its intuitive concept, flexibility, and superior dynamic performance. However, current research on MPC for inductive power transfer (IPT) systems is rather limited. Several emerging applications such as dynamic electric vehicle charging, vehicle-to-grid services, and ad hoc power transfer between mobile devices require IPT systems to possess fast dynamic response characteristic. Here, a new MPC method based on computationally efficient hybrid optimization scheme is proposed to meet the needs of these applications. The proposed MPC method adaptively selects the moving discretized control set-based optimization or the newly proposed group-based optimization under different system's states to minimize the number of iterations required for determining the optimum control variable, thus offering the advantage of low computational burden. The paper also proposes a new prediction error compensation scheme that effectively improves the control accuracy of the proposed MPC method. All the proposed works are experimentally verified on a laboratory prototype.

Economic decision‐making systems in critical times: The case of ‘Bolsa Familia’ in Brazil

Kahneman's theory of two systems assumes that human decision making in Economy is based on two cognitive systems, one that is automatic, intuitive and mostly unconscious, and one that is reflexive, rational and fully conscious. The authors consider Kahneman’s approach incomplete and limited in accounting for the creativity of embodied agents grasping the opportunities afforded by physical and social environments. This limitation leads us to argue for the existence of a third system in decision making in Economy, the creative intuition based on direct perception of affordances, addressing not only the dispositions and goals of agents but also the social and environmental responsibility of corporations and governments. The authors argue that the third decision-making system the authors propose implies a concept of intuition that is different from the type of association process discussed by Morewedge and Kahneman [2] and gives an example of the third system operation, the Bolsa Família in Brazil, and finding new options for the funding of similar programs.

Intuitive concepts in internal medicine and their occurrence in undergraduate medical students in different semesters.

Background: Dealing with errors in medical practice is of great importance for patient safety. In the natural sciences, intuitive concepts, so-called misconceptions, are increasingly coming into focus of teaching because they lead to a faulty understanding of contexts and thus to faulty scientific reasoning. In medicine, intuitive concepts still play a subordinate role. However, once intuitive concepts have been memorized, they can become firmly established and, under certain circumstances, lead to diagnostic and treatment errors in medical practice. The aim of this study was to identify potential intuitive concepts in internal medicine and to analyze their occurrence in medical students from different semesters.Methods: Eight internists from different subspecialties were asked about intuitive concepts by means of a structured interview. A total of 17 intuitive concepts were identified. Using these concepts, a multiple-choice test was created with 17 patient cases. For each case, there were four possible answers: the correct answer, an incorrect answer that included the intuitive concept, the answer “both are incorrect”, and the answer “I am not sure”, which is to be understood in the sense of “I do not know whether one of the three answers is correct”. As an online multiple-choice test, these 17 cases were made available to all 2nd, 6th, and 12th semester students (N=1170, n=418 from the 2nd semester, n=425 from the 6th semester, and n=327 from the 12th semester, i.e., the final year) for four weeks in June 2015. The test had to be answered within nine minutes. A mixed logistic regression model was used for evaluation.Results: Of the N=317 participating students (n=97 from the 2nd semester, n=124 from the 6th semester, and n=96 from the internship year, overall response rate 27.1%), on average, students from all three groups chose the intuitive concept most often, approximately 40%, although the correct answer increased toward the final year with simultaneously decreasing uncertainty and decreasing feeling of not knowing, respectively. In the final year, compared to the 2nd semester, the intuitive concept was selected significantly more often for two questions (p<0.01). For four questions, the intuitive concept was selected significantly less frequently in the final year (p<0.01).Conclusion: Intuitive concepts can be identified in internal medicine and do not appear to be significantly reduced in students during the course of their studies. This suggests that this could also be the case for other medical subjects. Therefore, similar studies should be conducted for other medical subjects in order to identify potential sources of error in clinical work. In addition, suitable didactic methods should be developed and tested with which students learn not to succumb to intuitive concepts as far as possible in order to prevent diagnostic or therapeutic errors in later medical practice.

A Comparison of Partial Atomic Charges for Electronically Excited States.

Partial atomic charges are a useful and intuitive concept for understanding molecular properties and chemical reaction mechanisms, showing how changes in molecular geometry can affect the flow of electronic charge within a molecule. However, the use of partial atomic charges remains relatively uncommon in the characterization of excited-state electronic structure. Here, we show how well-established partial atomic charge methods perform for interatomic, intermolecular, and interbond electron transfer in electronically excited states. Our results demonstrate the utility of real-space partial atomic charges for interpreting the electronic structures that arise in excited-state processes. Furthermore, we show how this analysis can be used to demonstrate that analogous electronic structures arise near photochemically relevant conical intersection regions for several conjugated polyenes. On the basis of our analysis, we find that charges computed using the iterative Hirshfeld approach provide results which are consistent with chemical intuition and are transferable between homologous molecular systems.

Objectivity and Rigor in Classical Italian Algebraic Geometry

The classification of algebraic surfaces by the Italian School of algebraic geometry is universally recognized as a breakthrough in 20th century mathematics. The methods by which it was achieved do not, however, meet the modern standard of rigor and therefore appear dubious from a contemporary viewpoint. In this article, we offer a glimpse into the mathematical practice of the three leading exponents of the Italian School of algebraic geometry: Castelnuovo, Enriques, and Severi. We then bring into focus their distinctive conception of rigor and intuition. Unlike what is often assumed today, from their perspective, rigor is neither opposed to intuition nor understood as a unitary phenomenon –Enriques distinguishes between small-scale rigor and large-scale rigor and Severi between formal rigor and substantial rigor. Finally, we turn to the notion of mathematical objectivity. We draw from our case study in order to advance a multi-dimensional analysis of objectivity. Specifically, we suggest that various types of rigor may be associated with different conceptions of objectivity: namely objectivity as faithfulness to facts and objectivity as intersubjectivity.

Hemodynamic Parameters for Cardiovascular System in 4D Flow MRI: Mathematical Definition and Clinical Applications.

Blood flow imaging becomes an emerging trend in cardiology with the recent progress in computer technology. It not only visualizes colorful flow velocity streamlines but also quantifies the mechanical stress on cardiovascular structures; thus, it can provide the detailed inspections of the pathophysiology of diseases and predict the prognosis of cardiovascular functions. Clinical applications include the comprehensive assessment of hemodynamics and cardiac functions in echocardiography vector flow mapping (VFM), 4D flow MRI, and surgical planning as a simulation medicine in computational fluid dynamics (CFD).For evaluation of the hemodynamics, novel mathematically derived parameters obtained using measured velocity distributions are essential. Among them, the traditional and typical parameters are wall shear stress (WSS) and its related parameters. These parameters indicate the mechanical damages to endothelial cells, resulting in degenerative intimal change in vascular diseases. Apart from WSS, there are abundant parameters that describe the strength of the vortical and/or helical flow patterns. For instance, vorticity, enstrophy, and circulation indicate the rotating flow strength or power of 2D vortical flows. In addition, helicity, which is defined as the cross-linking number of the vortex filaments, indicates the 3D helical flow strength and adequately describes the turbulent flow in the aortic root in cases with complicated anatomies. For the description of turbulence caused by the diseased flow, there exist two types of parameters based on completely different concepts, namely: energy loss (EL) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). EL is the dissipated energy with blood viscosity and evaluates the cardiac workload related to the prognosis of heart failure. TKE describes the fluctuation in kinetic energy during turbulence, which describes the severity of the diseases that cause jet flow. These parameters are based on intuitive and clear physiological concepts, and are suitable for in vivo flow measurements using inner velocity profiles.

Conceptions intuitives des notions de justice et de liberté : résultats d'une étude au collège dans le cours d'enseignement moral et civique

Le développement de la pensée critique en tant que compétence transversale est devenu un enjeu éducatif dans de nombreux pays. Plus encore, il semble, aujourd’hui, crucial de préparer les élèves, en tant que membres déjà actifs de la société et citoyens de demain, à porter un regard critique, au sens d'avoir une opinion éclairée, sur les valeurs proposées par la société dans laquelle ils sont insérés. En France, il existe un programme d’enseignement moral et civique qui a pour ambition de servir cet ob-jectif. Cependant, il apparaît de plus en plus clairement que les conceptions intuitives peu-vent entraver la réflexion et les prises de décisions quant aux questions de société. Dans ce cadre, améliorer ses connaissances des conceptions existantes de notions essentielles en éducation citoyenne telles que la justice et la liberté devrait permettre d’aller au-delà de ces idées premières et de faire évoluer les perspectives, favorisant ainsi le développement de l’esprit critique. C’est l’objet de l’étude sur lequel porte cet article.

Holistic View of Intuition and Analysis in Leadership Decision-Making and Problem-Solving

Making decisions is a key task for leaders and managers. Senior leaders are currently exposed to increasing amounts of data which they must process quickly in our current dynamic world. Complex factors in the business world are not always best approached through an analytical framework. Using tacit knowledge gained through intuition can enable a more holistic understanding of the deep nature of today’s problems. This paper takes an expansive view of decision-making with intuition right at the centre and canvasses understandings of intuition arising from philosophy, psychology, Western and Eastern beliefs; and proposes a model that relates intuition to other problem-solving approaches. The paper presents the results of interviews with senior leaders who must make difficult decisions in complex turbulent environments. The interview schedule is based on questions raised in a prior literature search concerning the relationship between intuition and analysis in complexity decision-making and problem-solving, the usefulness to this group of respondents, the possibilities of combining both approaches and any conflict arising from that combination, and understandings of the concept of intuition by these respondents. The resultant model presents a visual description of a process that moves from exterior assessment achieved via sensing and analysis, through to deeper understandings and a more holistic discernment gained through intuition. The model has the potential to assist leaders faced with difficult-to-solve problems in providing a better understanding of the steps involved in tackling problems of increasing levels of complexity.

Proposal to Test a Transient Deviation from Quantum Mechanics' Predictions for Bell's Experiment.

Quantum mechanics predicts correlations between measurements performed in distant regions of a spatially spread entangled state to be higher than allowed by intuitive concepts of Locality and Realism. These high correlations forbid the use of nonlinear operators of evolution (which would be desirable for several reasons), for they may allow faster-than-light signaling. As a way out of this situation, it has been hypothesized that the high quantum correlations develop only after a time longer than L/c has elapsed (where L is the spread of the entangled state and c is the velocity of light). In shorter times, correlations compatible with Locality and Realism would be observed instead. A simple hidden variables model following this hypothesis is described. It is based on a modified Wheeler–Feynman theory of radiation. This hypothesis has not been disproved by any of the experiments performed to date. A test achievable with accessible means is proposed and described. It involves a pulsed source of entangled states and stroboscopic record of particle detection during the pulses. Data recorded in similar but incomplete optical experiments are analyzed, and found consistent with the proposed model. However, it is not claimed, in any sense, that the hypothesis has been validated. On the contrary, it is stressed that a complete, specific test is absolutely needed.