Concentrations Of Inflammatory Markers Research Articles

IL-6 and TNF-α salivary levels according to the periodontal status in Portuguese pregnant women.

BackgroundPeriodontitis is associated with increased concentration of inflammatory markers and saliva has been proposed as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid in oral and systemic diseases. The levels of salivary biomarkers, such as cytokines, could potentially be used to distinguish periodontal healthy individuals from subjects with periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to characterize the salivary levels of two inflammatory biomarkers associated with periodontitis, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), in order to assess whether these cytokines salivary levels could potentially be used to complement periodontitis pregnant women diagnose.MethodsForty-four pregnant women were distributed into three groups, according to their periodontal status: healthy, mild/moderate periodontitis and severe periodontitis. Unstimulated saliva was collected and analysis of TNF-α and IL-6 salivary levels were performed with Immulite®.ResultsWomen with periodontitis exhibited significantly higher levels (p = 0.001) of salivary IL-6 and TNF-α compared with the healthy group: 25.1 (±11.2) pg/mL vs. 16.3 (±5.0) pg/mL and 29.7 (±17.2) pg/mL vs. 16.2 (±7.6) pg/mL, approximately 1.5 and 1.8 times more, respectively. Additionally, cytokines were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in severe periodontitis compared to periodontal healthy pregnant women.ConclusionsThese results revealed that IL-6 and TNF-α salivary biomarkers provide high discriminatory capacity for distinguishing periodontal disease from periodontal health in pregnant women.

Ultra-endurance Triathlon Performance And Markers Of Whole-body And Gut-specific Inflammation

PURPOSE: To examine the influence of the Ultraman triathlon (3 days of non-continuous racing; stage 1: 10 km swim and 144.8 km cycle; stage 2: 275.4 km cycle; stage 3: 84.4 km run) on circulating plasma concentrations of whole-body (CRP, IL-6, and IL-10) and gut-specific inflammatory markers (IL-17 and IL-23) in trained participants (N = 17; 14 men, 3 women), and determine whether these variables influence performance. METHODS: Fourteen triathletes (age: 39 ± 8 yrs) were evaluated pre-race and post-race for circulating concentrations of CRP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-23. Blood samples were drawn two days prior to stage 1 (1600 h) and one day after stage 3 (1200 h). Plasma biomarker concentrations were determined by ELISA according to manufacturer’s instructions. Data were analyzed with SPSS and significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Values are reported as means ± SD. Data points (for blood biomarkers) greater than 2 SD from the mean were removed as outliers. RESULTS: Plasma CRP significantly increased from pre-race (266.27 ± 276.18 ng/mL) to post-race (25,891.94 ± 12,888.65 ng/mL; p < 0.001). Plasma IL-10 increased from pre-race (3.46 ± 2.98 pg/mL) to post-race (5.15 ± 1.89 pg/mL). Pre-race concentrations of IL-6 were below detectable limits; post-race IL-6 concentrations were 4.00 ± 3.74 pg/mL. Both pre-race and post-race concentrations of IL-17 and IL-23 were below detectable limits. Pearson’s correlation between mean finish time and post-race CRP and post-race IL-10 was 0.35 and 0.54 (p < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The significant increase in CRP during the race may have been due to muscle damage. The greater anti-inflammatory capacity of the athletes likely led to increased clearance of IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 the day after the race; the increase in IL-10 concentrations during the race reflect this anti-inflammatory response. A significant positive correlation between post-race IL-10 concentrations and mean finish time may indicate that a relationship between anti-inflammatory responses and performance exists. This study was supported by Florida State University.

DYNAMICS OF SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE MARKERS IN PATIENTS WITH URGENT CONDITIONS DEPEND-ING ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEPSIS

Background There is still no information on the dynamics of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and mark-ers of the septic process before the clinical manifestation of sepsis. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of inflammation and sepsis markers concentration in early periods in patients with urgent pathology, depending on the subsequently developed sepsis. Materials and methods. The concentration of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, LBP, IL-6, IL-10, IL-2R in 61 patients with a high risk of sepsis was investigated starting from the first day after admission to the hospital and then with intervals of 3–5 days. The Group 1 included 29 patients with verified sepsis. All patients of this group survived. The Group 2 included 8 patients who died. The Group 3 included 24 patients who had no clinical signs of sepsis. All the patients in this group recovered. Results. We revealed significant differences in concentrations of systemic inflammatory response markers and its dynamics in the period preceding clinical manifestations of sepsis. It was found that it was possible to predict the development of sepsis and its unfavorable outcome with a high statistical probability in the study of paired samples of blood serum of patients received on day 1–3 and 4–6 from the onset of the disease or severe trauma. The predictors were multidirectional changes of IL-6, IL-10, LBP concentrations and more than three-fold IL-2R increase on the background of high concentrations of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein. Conclusion. The highest concentrations of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, IL-10 and IL-2R were revealed within the first three days in patients who died of sepsis. High concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 within first three days and different directions of their concentrations during the next 4–6 days indicate the development of sepsis with an unfavorable outcome. Reduction of IL-2R and IL-6 and an increase in IL-10 within the first week after the onset of the disease or trau-ma are predictors of lethal outcome.

Inflammatory markers in postoperative delirium (POD) and cognitive dysfunction (POCD): A meta-analysis of observational studies.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to summarize and discuss the similarities and differences in inflammatory biomarkers in postoperative delirium (POD) and cognitive dysfunction (POCD).MethodsA systematic retrieval of literature up to June 2017 in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database, and the Wanfang database was conducted. Extracted data were analyzed with STATA (version 14). The standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of each indicator were calculated using a random effect model. We also performed tests of heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, assessments of bias, and meta-regression in this meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 54 observational studies were included. By meta-analysis we found significantly increased C-reactive protein (CRP) (9 studies, SMD 0.883, 95% CI 0.130 to 1.637, P = 0.022 in POD; 10 studies, SMD -0.133, 95% CI -0.512 to 0.246, P = 0.429 in POCD) and interleukin (IL)-6 (7 studies, SMD 0.386, 95% CI 0.054 to 0.717, P = 0.022 in POD; 16 studies, SMD 0.089, 95% CI -0.133 to 0.311, P = 0.433 in POCD) concentrations in both POD and POCD patients. We also found that the SMDs of CRP and IL-6 from POCD patients were positively correlated with surgery type in the meta-regression (CRP: Coefficient = 1.555365, P = 0.001, 10 studies; IL-6: Coefficient = -0.6455521, P = 0.086, 16 studies).ConclusionAvailable evidence from medium-to-high quality observational studies suggests that POD and POCD are indeed correlated with the concentration of peripheral and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) inflammatory markers. Some of these markers, such as CRP and IL-6, play roles in both POD and POCD, while others are specific to either one of them.

Correlation between immunological-inflammatory markers and endothelial disfunction in the early stage of coronary heart disease

Classical risk factors for endothelial dysfunction (ED), such as age, gender, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, and smoking history are utilised for the Framingham score and Systemic Coronary Risk Estimation (SCORE) for evaluation of the 10-year cardiovascular risk in routine practice. Nonetheless, pro-inflammatory mediators are deeply involved in the initiation and the progression of ED and coronary artery disease (CAD), and act additionally or independently of metabolic factors before clinical manifestations of the disease appear. C-reactive protein, a marker of intimal thickening of the myeloid-related protein 8/14 heterodimer, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, interleukin-15, the cytotoxic mediator, granulysin, and the matrix metalloproteinase 9 could be valuable, single, fast, and non-invasive laboratory tools for ED deterioration degree assessment. We propose to investigate the impact of pro-inflammatory biomarkers on ED, measured by previously established clinical methods in patients with yet undiagnosed CAD and at medium risk for an acute coronary event. It could be useful to measure and correlate the concentration of particular inflammatory markers in peripheral blood samples and the results of the Framingham and SCORE charts, multi-slice computed tomography coronary angiography, echocardiography, brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, ankle-brachial index, carotid wall thickening, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and particularly, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. The goal would be that the degree of correlation between particular inflammatory markers and the results of some methods for the assessment of ED or cardiac ischaemic imaging could be emphasised and pro-inflammatory markers positioned in the pathogenetic algorithm of CAD.

Myeloperoxidase level and inflammatory markers and lipid and lipoprotein parameters in stable coronary artery disease

BackgroundMyeloperoxidase (MPO) impairing endothelial functions. We investigated whether increasing concentration of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inflammatory markers induce progression and incident acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients. Therefore, the concentration of MPO, lipids, lipoproteins (apo(apolipoprotein) AI, apoB, lipoprotein associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) level), inflammatory markers (high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukine-6 (IL-6) concentration) were examined.MethodsThis study concerned 67 SCAD patients divided into groups: all patients, patients with MPO < 200 ng/ml, MPO 200–300 ng/ml, MPO > 300 ng/ml concentration and 15 controls. ApoAI, apoB and hsCRP levels were examined using the immunonephelometric method, and MPO, LpPLA2, IL-6, TNF-α concentration was performed by using Quantikine ELISA kit R&D Systems.ResultsIn the all patients, and in group with MPO 200–300 ng/ml TC, LDL-C, nonHDL-C, LpPLA2 concentration and TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were insignificant, and significantly higher concentration of TG, apoB, MPO, inflammatory markers and TG/HDL-C, MPO/apoAI, MPO/HDL-C ratios but HDL-C, apoAI level and HDL-C/apoAI ratio were significantly reduced. In the group of patients with MPO < 200 ng/ml, level of TC, LDL-C, nonHDL-C, apoAI, apoAII, LpPLA2 and MPO and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio were in-significant, HDL-C was decreased but apoB, TG, inflammatory markers, apoB/apoAI, TG/HDL-C, MPO/apoAI, MPO/HDL-C ratio were significantly increased. In the group of patients with MPO > 300 ng/ml concentration of TC, LDL-C, nonHDL-C, apoAII, LpPLA2 and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were not significant, but HDL-C and apoAI concentrations were significantly decreased. The concentrations of TG, apoB, MPO and inflammatory markers and TG/HDL-C, MPO/apoAI, MPO/HDL-C ratios were significantly increased compared to the controls. The apoAI concentration was significantly decreased and the concentration of MPO and hsCRP as well as MPO/apoAI and MPO/HDL-C ratios were significantly higher as compared to the group of patients with MPO < 200 ng/ml.Spearman’s correlation test showed a positive correlation between MPO concentration and MPO/apoAI and MPO/HDL-C ratios in all patients and MPO < 200 ng/ml, MPO 200–300 ng/ml. The patients with MPO > 300 ng/ml showed a positive correlation between the concentration of MPO and the level of hsCRP and IL-6, and a negative correlation between MPO/apoAI ratio and the concentration of HDL-C, apoAI and apoAII.ConclusionThe results suggest that moderate dyslipidemia and dyslipoproteinemia deepening of inflammation, and inflammation slowly induce increase MPO concentration which decrease apoAI and HDL-C level and disturb HDLs function. The increasing MPO level and MPO/HDL-C, MPO/apoAI ratios can differentiate the SCAD patients at the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACAD) and stroke.

Impact of Endurance Exercise in Hypoxia on Muscle Damage, Inflammatory and Performance Responses.

Sumi, D, Kojima, C, and Goto, K. Impact of endurance exercise in hypoxia on muscle damage, inflammatory and performance responses. J Strength Cond Res 32(4): 1053-1062, 2018-This study evaluated muscle damage and inflammatory and performance responses after high-intensity endurance exercise in moderate hypoxia among endurance athletes. Nine trained endurance athletes completed 2 different trials on different days: exercise under moderate hypoxia (H trial, FiO2 = 14.5%) and normoxia (N trial, FiO2 = 20.9%). They performed interval exercises (10 × 3-minute running at 95% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max with 60-second of active rest at 60% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max) followed by 30-minute of continuous running at 85% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max under either hypoxic or normoxic conditions. Venous blood samples were collected 4 times: before exercise, 0, 60, and 120-minute after exercise. The time to exhaustion (TTE) during running at 90% of V[Combining Dot Above]O2max was also determined to evaluate endurance capacity 120-minute after the training session. The H trial induced a significantly greater exercise-induced elevation in the blood lactate concentration than did the N trial (p = 0.02), whereas the elevation in the exercise-induced myoglobin concentration (muscle damage marker) was significantly greater in the N trial than in the H trial (p = 0.005). There was no significant difference in plasma interleukin-6 (inflammatory marker) concentration between the H and N trials. The TTE was shorter in the N trial (613 ± 65 seconds) than in the H trial (783 ± 107 seconds, p = 0.02). In conclusion, among endurance athletes, endurance exercise under moderate hypoxic conditions did not facilitate an exercise-induced muscle damage response or cause a further reduction in the endurance capacity compared with equivalent exercise under normoxic conditions.

Sex-related association of serum uric acid with inflammation, kidney function and blood pressure in type 1 diabetic patients.

Recent studies suggest that uric acid (UA) is a mediator of diabetic nephropathy. We hypothesized that serum UA would associate with the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and that this relationship would differ by sex. We examined 120 young boys and the same number of girls with T1D. C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), UA, cystatin C serum concentrations, albumin excretion rate and blood pressure were also analyzed. T1D boys had higher serum UA and creatinine concentration, as well as albumin excretion rate and estimated glomerular filtration rate than T1D girls. Moreover, newly diagnosed nephropathy was more common in male subjects in comparison to female patients. Only in T1D boys serum UA was positively correlated with concentrations of subclinical inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, TNF-α), the indicators of renal function (albumin excretion rate, serum cystatin C level), blood pressure and negatively correlated with anti-inflammatory IL-10. In addition, only in T1D girls serum UA concentration was negatively correlated with hemoglobin A1c. Serum UA is associated with nephropathy prevalence, albeit only in boys with T1D and may be an important risk factor for predicting diabetes-related cardiorenal complications in these patients.

Venus occlusion in the upper limbs in patients with CIDS

Benefits of treatment with cardiological implantable electronic devices have been confirmed in numerous studies. Similarly to other treatment options this therapy is not free from complications. Among them venous stenoses and occlusions are observed. Its presence is related to impaired blood flow in the vessel as an effect of lead presence, endothelial malfunction and procoagulation. Despite vein occlusion is present in 9-11% of patients after device implantation and vein stenosis which is grater then 70% of diameter in 17-38% or even in some groups up to 50%, clinical symptoms are reported only in 1-3% of patients. What is interesting in 13,7% of individuals before implantation venous stenosis over 60% is present and occlusion in 4,4% patients. Significant venous stenosis is more frequently observed on the left side. Among risk factors responsible for stenosis one can find: numer of leads, total diameter of all leads, usage of anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs, decreased ejection fraction, increased left ventricular end diastolic diameter, left atrial diameter, higher concentration of procoagulation and inflammatory markers. Presence of significant venous stenosis is important mainly before of up-grade procedures or lead replacement and knowledge about venous anatomy allows better planning of the subsequent procedure.

Osteoarthritis and Ageing

Ageing is a complex process of accumulation of molecular, cellular, and organ damage, leading to loss of function and increased vulnerability to disease and death, the rate and extent of which varies among individuals. Osteoarthritis (OA) is not only the most common joint disease, but is also one of the major causes of disability in people aged &gt;65 years and is accompanied by comorbid conditions, increased mortality, and decreased quality of life. One of the major risk factors for OA is ageing. However, OA itself may be involved in the biological ageing process. This is likely to be in part a direct involvement, by contributing levels of systemic inflammation and sharing molecular pathways with biological ageing, such as mitochondrial damage leading to cell senescence. Although OA is not considered an inflammatory form of arthritis, there is evidence of subclinical low-grade inflammation in the whole joint and inflammatory processes play a key role in the disease pathogenesis. For instance, there is synovial inflammation (e.g., following injury), mechanically derived inflammation present due to biomechanical overloading of a joint, and systemic inflammation resulting from obesity. Systemic inflammation is often associated with frailty, and having a high concentration of inflammatory markers is predictive of incident frailty, some of which are known to increase with age and correlate with pain. In addition, OA may also contribute indirectly to biological ageing via the disability and pain resulting from it. Further research into the exact process linking OA and biological ageing, including frailty, is needed.

Systemic Inflammation in Severe Obese Patients Undergoing Surgery for Obesity and Weight-Related Diseases

BackgroundObesity is a worldwide disease related to genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors, and it is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Recently, obesity has been characterized by a low-grade inflammatory state known as inflammome indicated by chronic increases in circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of weight loss induced by surgery for obesity and weight-related diseases on pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory adipokine (adiponectin) levels, and on an adipose-derived hormone (leptin) in severely obese subjects.MethodsThis randomized, controlled trial involved 55 severe obese patients (50 women, age 18–63 years, and body mass index of 35.7–63 kg/m2) who underwent bariatric surgery (BS). Patients with a BMI > 65 kg/m2 and clinical and mental instability, or significant and unrealistic expectations of surgery were excluded. Blood samples were collected during the fasting period to analyze tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and leptin levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsAt baseline, no significant difference was observed in the anthropometric, demographic, clinical characteristics and biochemistry and inflammatory markers between the control group (CG) and bariatric surgery group (BSG). The same finding was also observed when we compared the baseline variables to those at the 6-month follow-up in the CG. However, the same variables in the BSG group were significantly different between baseline and the 6-month follow-up after BS.ConclusionsWeight loss induced by surgery for obesity and weight-related diseases reduced the inflammome state in severely obese patients.

Serum Carotenoids Are Inversely Associated with RBP4 and Other Inflammatory Markers in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults.

(1) Background: Carotenoids may be inversely associated with inflammatory markers (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β). However, data are scarce on retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) in humans. We examined the associations among serum carotenoids, RBP4 and several inflammatory markers in a Chinese population. (2) Methods: This community-based cross-sectional study included 3031 participants (68% males) aged 40–75 years in Guangzhou, China. Serum concentrations of carotenoids, RBP4, and inflammatory markers were measured. (3) Results: Generally, serum individual and total carotenoids were significantly and inversely associated with retinol-adjusted RBP4, RBP4, hsCRP, MCP1, and TNF-alpha levels. Age- and gender-adjusted partial correlation coefficients between total carotenoids and the above inflammatory markers were −0.129, −0.097, −0.159, −0.079, and −0.014 (all p < 0.01, except for TNF-alpha with p >0.05), respectively. The multivariate-adjusted values of partial correlation coefficients for these inflammation-related markers were −0.098, −0.079, −0.114, −0.090, and −0.079 (all p < 0.01), respectively. Among the individual carotenoids, those with the most predominant association were lutein-zeaxanthin and total carotenoids for retinol-adjusted RBP4 and RBP4, alpha- and beta-carotene for hsCRP, and alpha-carotene for MCP1 and TNF-alpha. No significant associations were observed for IL-6 and IL-1beta. (4) Conclusions: Serum carotenoids were inversely associated with RBP4, hsCRP, MCP1 and TNF-alpha among middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults.

Effect of aerobic and resistance training on inflammatory markers in heart failure patients: systematic review and meta-analysis

Elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers are evident in patients with heart failure and are associated with disease severity and prognosis. Exercise training has been shown to reduce circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other pro-inflammatory markers in healthy and clinical populations. The aim of the systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of aerobic (AT) and resistance training (RT) interventions on circulating concentrations of inflammatory markers; tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM) and soluble vascular adhesion molecule (sVCAM) in heart failure patients. We conducted database searches (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Trials Register to 30 June 2017) for exercise-based trials in heart failure, using the following search terms: exercise training, inflammation, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 6, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, soluble intercellular adhesions molecule-1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1. Twenty studies, representing 18 independent trials, were included in the review. Pooled data of six studies indicated a minimally favourable effect of exercise training on circulating TNF-α [SMD 0.42 (95% CI 0.15, 0.68), p = 0.002)]. However, together the pooled and descriptive analyses failed to provide strong evidence for a reduction in other pro-inflammatory markers. However, given the complexity of heart failure and the pathways involved in the immune and inflammatory process, large prospective trials considering aetiology, comorbidities and local skeletal muscle inflammation are required to elucidate on the anti-inflammatory effect of exercise in this population.

Camelina Sativa Oil, but not Fatty Fish or Lean Fish, Improves Serum Lipid Profile in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism-A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The aim of the study is to examine whether lean fish (LF), fatty fish (FF), and camelina sativa oil (CSO), a plant-based source of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), differ in their metabolic effects in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism. Altogether 79 volunteers with impaired fasting glucose, BMI 25-36 kg m-2 , age 43-72 years, participated in a 12-week randomized controlled trial with four parallel groups, that is, the FF (four fish meals/week), LF (four fish meals/week), CSO (10 g d-1 ALA), and control (limited intakes of fish and sources of ALA) groups. The proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid and DHA increase in plasma lipids in the FF group, and the proportion of ALA increase in the CSO group (p < 0.0001 for all). In the CSO group, total and LDL-cholesterol (C) concentrations decrease compared with the FF and LF groups; LDL-C/HDL-C and ApoB/ApoA-I ratios decrease compared with the LF group. There are no significant changes in glucose metabolism or markers of low-grade inflammation. A diet enriched in CSO improves serum lipid profile as compared with a diet enriched in FF or LF in subjects with impaired fasting glucose, with no differences in glucose metabolism or concentrations of inflammatory markers.

Associations between intake of dietary fermented soy food and concentrations of inflammatory markers: a cross-sectional study in Japanese workers.

Epidemiological investigations have shown that consumption of soybeans or soy foods reduces the risk of the development of cardiovascular disease, cancer and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between different soy foods and inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-18, in Japanese workers. The cross-sectional study included 1,426 Japanese workers (1,053 men and 373 women) aged 20 to 64 years. Intake of 12 soy foods was estimated by a validated food frequency questionnaire. Associations of total soy foods, fermented soy food, non-fermented soy food, soy isoflavone with hs-CRP, IL-6, and IL-18 levels were examined by general linear model regression analysis. We found that total fermented soy food intake was inversely associated with multivariable-adjusted geometric concentration of IL-6 in men (Q1:1.03 pg/mL, Q5:0.94 pg /mL;P for trend = 0.031). Furthermore, it was shown that IL-6 concentrations were inversely associated with miso intake (β = -0.068;p = 0.034) and soy sauce intake in men (β = -0.074;p = 0.018). This study suggests that intake of total fermented soy food, miso and soy sauce be associated with IL-6 concentrations in Japanese men. J. Med. Invest. 65:74-80, February, 2018.

Adaptation to Occupational Exposure to Moderate Endotoxin Concentrations: A Study in Sewage Treatment Plants in Germany.

Acute or chronic inhalation of endotoxin may lead to changes of lung function and inflammatory markers in the airways. Adaptation to workplace exposure may be possible. In this study, we investigated the possible difference in inflammatory markers assessed in nasal lavage fluid (NALF) in chronical exposure compared to voluntary subjects exposed acutely to endotoxin. We sought to define the variability of inflammatory markers in NALF and the dose-related changes after moderate exposure in naïve subjects. Endotoxin exposure (4-1039 EU/m3) resulted from routine work during one shift in sewage treatment plants. Subjects were matched to pairs (8 workers escorted by 10 students). Inflammatory markers were investigated before, directly after, and 16h after the shift end. Additional NALF samples were collected in students without any specific exposure after 3days. In NALF, total cell count, and interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-1β concentrations were significantly higher in workers than in students at all times pointing to workplace-related long-lasting exposure resulting in adaptation. However, concentration of inflammatory markers without specific exposure in students showed a great variability, covering the whole range of values recorded in the workers. The findings of this study make us to recommend a repeated assessment of inflammatory markers in healthy volunteers before the investigation of exposure-related changes and a sample size adequate for statistical analysis.

Effects of Adalimumab, an Anti-tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Antibody, on Obese Diabetic Rats.

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) represents a major health problem worldwide. Recent studies have confirmed that obesity is a state of chronic inflammation that is characterised by increased concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and other inflammatory markers. It has been reported that increased TNF-α and IL-6 cause an immunological disturbance in DM. In the present study, the levels of fasting glucose, TNF-α and IL-6 were estimated in order to determine whether adalimumab can improve the glucose levels in obese diabetic rats.Materials and methodsTwenty-eight Wistar rats were divided into four groups: obese + diabetes + adalimumab (group 1), obese + diabetes (group 2), obese (group 3) and normal control (group 4), respectively (n = seven per group). Obesity was induced by feeding the rats in groups 1, 2 and 3 with a high-fat diet for four weeks. Some 30 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) was administered to groups 1 and 2 so as to induce diabetes. Adalimumab was administered at a rate of 50 mg/kg to group 1 following the induction of diabetes. The fasting glucose, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations were determined.ResultsA significant decrease was observed in the glucose levels of the treated rats (6.91 [0.11] mmol/L) when compared to those of the untreated rats (15.43 [0.44] mmol/L) (P < 0.001). The TNF-α levels were lower in group 1 (20.71 [0.35] ng/L) than in groups 2 (37.90 [0.27] ng/L) and 3 (25.89 [0.12] ng/L) (P < 0.001), although they were higher when compared to the levels seen in group 4 (12.44 [0.38] ng/L) (P < 0.001). The IL-6 concentrations were found to be elevated in groups 1 (22.89 [0.45] ng/L), 2 (21.00 [0.40] ng/L) and 3 (31.80 [1.32] ng/L) when compared to the levels seen in group 4 (18.70 [0.37] ng/L) (P < 0.001), although they were lower in group 1 (22.89 [0.45] ng/L) than in group 3 (31.80 [1.32] ng/L) (P < 0.001).ConclusionAdalimumab reduced the glucose and TNF-α levels of diabetic rats, which indicates that it has a therapeutic effect in terms of controlling the blood glucose.

High Visceral to Subcutaneous Fat Ratio Is Associated with Increased Postoperative Inflammatory Response after Colorectal Resection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Aim Excessive postoperative inflammatory response, which is characterized by overproduction of cytokines, often leads to complications after colorectal surgery. However, the impact of body composition on postoperative inflammatory response is largely unknown. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether body fat amount and its distribution affects postoperative inflammation after colorectal surgery in IBD patients. Methods Eighty-six patients undergoing colorectal resection for IBD from June 2014 to Jan 2017 were enrolled. Abdominal CT images within one week prior to surgery were assessed for visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and muscle mass. Postoperative inflammatory response was evaluated using serum CRP, PCT, and IL-6 levels on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Univariate analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for infectious complications. The correlation between body composition and postoperative plasma concentration of inflammatory markers was analyzed using a linear regression model. ROC curve was applied to analyze the effect of different body composition parameters on postoperative infectious complications and to determine the relationship between inflammatory markers and infectious complications. Results Neither volume of fat or muscle was related to postoperative plasma concentrations of CRP, IL-6, and PCT. However, visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio was associated with PCT levels on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 5, with the highest regression coefficient on POD1 (β = 0.360; 95% CI, 0.089–0.631; P = 0.010). Body composition did not predict postoperative infectious complications, while CRP on POD 3 was predictive of infectious complications. Conclusion Increased visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio was associated with postoperative inflammatory response in IBD patients undergoing colorectal resection. This may partly explain the increased incidence of postoperative complications in patients with visceral obesity.

The effect of weight change over a 2-year period on inflammatory status in postmenopausal women.

Body fat distribution has been shown to be a predictor of adhesion molecule and inflammatory marker expression albeit the effect of modest weight change on concentrations of adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women are not fully understood. The primary aim was to investigate the effects of weight change on adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers over 24 months in postmenopausal women. Body composition was assessed in 254 healthy postmenopausal women using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Adhesion molecules and inflammatory markers were analysed by multiplex ELISA. Participants weight gain/loss at 24 months was defined as any value that was either above/below the weight value recorded at baseline. Postmenopausal women with an average weight loss of 3% had significantly decreased leptin concentrations by 18% at 24 months (P < 0.01). A 4% increase in body weight or a 9% increase in FMI significantly increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and leptin concentrations in postmenopausal women at 24 months (P < 0.01). Modest weight loss in postmenopausal women has a lowering effect on leptin concentrations over 24 months which may improve inflammatory status whilst modest weight gain increases ICAM-1, leptin and TNF-α, markers which are associated with a pro-inflammatory state and vascular complications.

Protective effect of salvianolic acid B against intestinal ischemia reperfusion-induced injury in a rat model

Purpose: To evaluate the gastro-protective efficacy of salvianolic acid B (SAB) against intestinal ischemic-reperfusion injury (IIRI) in a rat model.Methods: Forty-eight healthy male rats were randomly choosen and divided into 4 groups of 12 rats each. Control group rats underwent laparotomy without occlusion; IIRI group rats underwent laparotomy with occlusion for 60 min, followed by 24 h of reperfusion; SAB + IIRI group received 7 days of pretreatment with 40 mg/kg of SAB + IIRI; while the fourth group received only SAB. The antioxidant, inflammatory markers, intestinal permeability marker, as well as intestinal histopathological changes were assessed.Results: The activities of antioxidants including reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly ameliorated (p &lt; 0.01) in SAB-supplemented group (SAB + IIRI). The concentration of inflammatory markers, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor p65 (NF-p65) as well as small intestinal permeability marker (FITC-Dextran), were significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.01) following administration of SAB for 7 days. In addition, pretreatment with SAB reverted intestinal (ileum) histopathological changes to almost normal architecture with significant reduction in Chiu score.Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that SAB may protect the intestine by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammatory response and hence, may be potentially for treating IIRI.Keywords: Salvianolic acid B, Intestinal Ischemia-reperfusion, Antioxidants, Inflammation, Intestinal permeability