Concentrations Of Fusaric Acid Research Articles

Production profile and comparison analysis of main toxin components of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami isolates with different pathogenicity levels

Fusarium wilt is a common fungal disease in sesame caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. sesami (FOS). To determine the toxin production profiles of the FOS isolates with different pathogenicity levels under various culture conditions, we assessed the content variation of fusaric acid (FA) and 9, 10-dehydrofusaric acid (9, 10-DFA) produced by the four representative FOS isolates. Results indicated that the concentration of FA reached to a maximum of 2848.66 ​μg/mL in Czapek medium, while 9, 10-DFA was mainly produced in Richard and Low-carbon Richard medium. The concentration of 9, 10-DFA on Richard culture medium varied from 0 ​μg/mL to 716.89 ​μg/mL. Of the five culture media used in this study, Czapek culture medium was the most conductive to produce FA. FA production was significantly affected by culture medium, culture time, and their interactions. Results suggest that there is no correlation between toxin production and pathogenicity level of FOS isolates. These findings provide key information for the mechanism analysis of FOS- sesame interaction and pathogen control.

Effect of Fusaric Acid (FA) Bio-stress on Certain Morphological Parameters for Potato (Solanum tuberosum. L) Cultivars in Vitro

The experiment was carried out with the aim of studying the effect of biological stress on some morphological parameters of ten varieties of potatoes grown in vitro. Biological stress was applied by adding different concentrations of fusaric acid (0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mM), to the growth medium MS, and some growth parameters were measured, such as plant height (cm), number of leaves (leaf/plant¹), leaf area (mm²), number of roots (root.plant¹) and length it (cm), wet and dry weight of the plant (g). The results showed that the studied varieties were different in the response to biological stress according to the studied parameters. The addition of fusaric acid led to reduce all growth parameters compared with the control. The cluster analysis showed that based on the sum of the relative values ​​of the studied growth parameters, the studied varieties were distributed in three different groups: The first group includes three tolerant varieties to biological stress, and these are Toronto, Barcelona, and Suria). The second group includes four Moderate varieties of bio-stress, and these are Fabulla, Nectare, Spunta, and Ardappel. The third group included the following sensitive varieties, 7-four-7, Farida, and Joly. The results indicate that the in vitro screening technology can be used as a fast and efficient method to investigate the genetic variation of biological stress tolerance in potatoes.

Ethylene-dependent regulation of oxidative stress in the leaves of fusaric acid-treated tomato plants

The mycotoxin fusaric acid (FA) induces rapid oxidative burst leading to cell death in plants. At the same time, plant defence reactions are mediated by several phytohormones for instance ethylene (ET). However, previously conducted studies leave research gaps on how ET plays a regulatory role under mycotoxin exposure. Therefore, this study aims to the time-dependent effects of two FA concentrations (0.1 mM and 1 mM) were explored on the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in leaves of wild-type (WT) and ET receptor mutant Never ripe (Nr) tomatoes. FA induced superoxide and H2O2 accumulation in both genotypes in a mycotoxin dose- and exposure time-dependent pattern. 1 mM FA activated NADPH oxidase (+34% compared to the control) and RBOH1 transcript levels in WT leaves. However, superoxide production was significantly higher in Nr with 62% which could contribute to higher lipid peroxidation in this genotype. In parallel, the antioxidative defence mechanisms were also activated. Both peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities were lower in Nr but ascorbate peroxidase showed one-fold higher activity under 1 mM FA stress than in WT leaves. Interestingly, catalase (CAT) activity decreased upon FA in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and the encoding CAT genes were also downregulated, especially in Nr leaves at 20%. Ascorbate level was decreased and glutathione remained lower in Nr than WT plants under FA exposure. Conclusively, Nr genotype showed more sensitivity to FA-induced ROS suggesting that ET serves defence reactions of plants by activating several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to detoxify excess ROS accumulation.

Potential of Burkholderia sp. IMCC1007 as a biodetoxification agent in mycotoxin biotransformation evaluated by mass spectrometry and phytotoxicity analysis.

Microbial degradation is considered as an attractive method to eliminate exposure to mycotoxin that cause a serious threat in agriculture global industry and severe human health problems. Compared with other more prominent mycotoxin compounds, fusaric acid (FA) biodegradation has not been widely investigated. In this study, a fusaric acid-degrading bacterium Burkholderia sp. IMCC1007 was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and its detoxification characteristics were evaluated. This strain able to utilize FA as sole energy and carbon source with growth rate (µ) of 0.18h- 1. Approximately 93% from the initial substrate FA concentration was almost degraded to the residual about 4.87mg L- 1 after 12h of incubation. The optimal degradation conditions for pH and temperature were recorded at 6.0 with 30°C respectively. An efficient FA degradation of strain IMCC1007 suggested its potential significance to detoxification development. Accroding to LC-MS/Q-TOF analysis, FA was bio-transformed to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (C7H6O3) and other possible metabolites. Plant treated with detoxified FA products exhibited reduction of wilting index, mitigating against FA phytoxicity effect on plant growth and photosynthesis activity. Phytotoxicity bioassay suggested that degradation product of IMCC1007 was not a potent harmful compound towards plants as compared to the parent compound, FA. As a conslusion, our study provides a new insight into the practical application of biodetoxifcation agent in controlling mycotoxin contamination.

Biosensor approach for electrochemical quantitative assessment and qualitative characterization of the effect of fusaric acid on a culture-receptor

Fusaric acid (FA) is a secondary fungal metabolite, which is widespread on corn and corn-based feed and food; FA has non-specific toxicity. Biosensor method is an express and easy-to-use method for quantitative and qualitative assessment of FA effect. Search for cultures has been performed for the formation of laboratory models of FA biosensor with the Clark-type oxygen electrode as transducer: respiration intensity of chosen cultures changed in the presence of FA. Resting cells of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Bacillus subtilis were used as receptors of the amperometric biosensor for FA determination in aqueous solution. To enhance the sensitivity of detection, induction by substrate was performed for Bacillus subtilis. Response-concentration linear dependencies were obtained in a range of 0.5–500 FA mg/L. Biosensor models were applied to characterize influence of FA on microbial cells and investigate some features of FA transport. The dependences of the cells’ response to FA on FA concentration were obtained; the kinetic parameters S0.5 and Vmax were determined for each culture. Inhibition-threshold FA (Sit) concentrations were similar for both studied cultures. At concentrations lower than Sit, the process of simple diffusion governed FA transport into cells and caused the cells’ response to FA for non-induced culture.

Induced oxidative equilibrium damage and reduced toxin synthesis in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum by secondary metabolites from Bacillus velezensis WB.

In this study, the antifungal mechanism of secondary metabolites from the WB strain against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) was investigated. The WB strain induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in Fon hyphae and caused morphological changes, including surface subsidence and shrinkage deformation. The cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from WB treatment caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and the contents of soluble protein and malondialdehyde. Additionally, CFSs from WB decreased the fusaric acid concentration in Fon. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of some antioxidant-related genes was upregulated and that the expression of mycotoxin-related genes was downregulated. Four polypeptide compounds from the WB strain, including iturin A, fengycin, surfactin and bacitracin, were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analysis and complete genome mining. RT-qPCR and a quantitative analysis confirmed that the presence of Fon induced the expression of polypeptide genes and elevated polypeptide production. The combined minimum inhibitory concentration and quantitative analysis of four polypeptides revealed that iturin A, fengycin, surfactin and bacitracin might be responsible for inhibiting the growth of Fon. In conclusion, secondary metabolites from strain WB exhibited antifungal effects on Fon by triggering oxidative stress and decreasing toxin levels.

Analysis of Phenol, Reducing Sugar, and Chlorophyll of Dendrobium sp. plantlet after induction of fusaric acid In Vitro

Orchids are ornamental plants with varied and beautiful flower colors and are much favored by the public. Orchid plants have a higher economic value when compared to other ornamental plants, both as cut flowers and potted flowers. In the process of growth, orchid plants are disturbed, namely Fusarium wilt disease caused by Genus Fusarium which can produce a toxin compound, namely fusaric acid which is widely used in in vitro selection of plants. Plant resistance can be formed through the induction of fusaric acid compounds. Induced resistance is an alternative way to obtain disease-resistant plants because plants are able to create natural resistance mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of tolerant fusaric acid to select Dendrobium orchid plantlets with optimal growth and specific expression characters of Dendrobium orchid plantlets based on phenol content, reducing sugar content, and total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. The results of this study indicated that there was an increase in total phenol content, reducing sugar content, and total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b along with the addition of fusaric acid concentration.

Analysis of reducing sugar levels of Cattleya sp. orchid plantlet after induction fusaric acid in vitro

Cattleya sp. orchid is one type of orchid plant that is widely known in Indonesia. The queen of orchids is the nickname given to the Cattleya sp. orchid because of the elegant shape and color of the flowers of the Cattelya sp. orchid. This research was conducted to determine the level of reducing sugar produced by plantlets of Cattleya sp. after the addition of fusaric acid in in vitro media. Determination of reducing sugar content was carried out using the Nelson – Somogyi method. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD), with five levels of treatment and five replications for each level. The treatment consisted of adding fusaric acid with concentrations of fusaric acid in the medium: 0 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm and 40 ppm. Data analysis used Anova analysis, and continued with Tukey's test at 5% significance level. Based on the analysis, there was an increase in reducing sugar levels in the plantlets of Cattleya sp. orchids after adding fusaric acid to the growing media.

Molecularly Imprinted Photonic Crystals Based on Fusaric Acid for the Detection of Banana Fusarium Wilt

Banana Fusarium wilt is a soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) in which F. oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (Foc4) could infect all kinds of banana and has caused great damage to the banana planting industry. The most important means to prevent and control banana Fusarium wilt in agricultural production is to control the spread and invasion of pathogens. Among them, the detection and determination of banana Fusarium wilt in the field is essential and thus is the basis of protection. Since fusaric acid (FA) is one of the specific products present during the metabolic processing of Fusarium wilt pathogens, by combining FA with molecularly imprinted photonic crystal (MIPC) technologies, a series of MIPCs based on monodispersed silica, FA, and cross-linked polymers, i.e., MIPC-FA, which could be recycled, were designed and prepared. It was found that the responses of MIPC-FA were affected by the cross-linking degree of the polymer matrix and the pH values. The results showed that MIPC-FA could effectively detect FA in a solution of FA in a minute scale, Foc4-containing medium, and banana plants infected by Foc4, and the response was related to the FA concentration, which makes it an effective and fast method to detect and determine banana Fusarium wilt caused by Foc4 in the field.

Physiological Response of Cape Gooseberry Plants to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali, Fusaric Acid, and Water Deficit in a Hydrophonic System.

Cape gooseberry production has been limited by vascular wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. physali (Foph). Fusaric acid (FA) is a mycotoxin produced by many Fusarium species such as F. oxysporum formae speciales. The effects of the interaction between this mycotoxin and plants (such as cape gooseberry) under biotic stress (water deficit, WD) have been little explored. Three experiments were carried out. The objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) different Foph inoculum densities (1 × 104 and 1 × 106 conidia ml−1; experiment (1); (ii) the effect of times of exposure (0, 6, 9, and 12 h) and FA concentrations (0, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg L−1; experiment (2), and (iii) the interaction between Foph (1 × 104 conidia mL−1) or FA (25 mg L−1 × 9 h), and WD conditions (experiment 3) on the physiological (plant growth, leaf stomatal conductance (gs), and photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline] responses of cape gooseberry seedling ecotype Colombia. The first experiment showed that Foph inoculum density of 1 × 106 conidia ml−1 caused the highest incidence of the disease (100%). In the second experiment, gs (~40.6 mmol m−2 s−1) and Fv/Fm ratio (~0.59) decreased, whereas MDA (~9.8 μmol g−1 FW) increased in plants with exposure times of 9 and 12 h and an FA concentration of 100 mg L−1 compared with plants without FA exposure or concentrations (169.8 mmol m−2 s−1, 0.8, and 7.2 μmol g−1 FW for gs, Fv/Fm ratio and MDA, respectively). In the last experiment, the interaction between Foph or FA and WD promoted a higher area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) (Foph × WD = 44.5 and FA × WD = 37) and lower gs (Foph × WD = 6.2 mmol m−2 s−1 and FA × WD = 9.5 mmol m−2 s−1) compared with plants without any interaction. This research could be considered as a new approach for the rapid scanning of responses to the effects of FA, Foph, and WD stress not only on cape gooseberry plants but also on other species from the Solanaceae family.

Ethylene-dependent effects of fusaric acid on the photosynthetic activity of tomato plants

Fusaric acid (FA) is one of the potential toxins produced by pathogenic Fusarium species which exerts oxidative stress and cell death in plants. In this work, the effects of different concentrations of FA were investigated on the photosynthetic activity in leaves of wild type and Never ripe (Nr) tomato plants to reveal the potential role of ethylene under mycotoxin exposure. FA induced a significant ethylene emission from leaves in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. FA (1 mM) decreased the maximal and effective quantum yields of PSII and PSI in both tomato genotypes but photoprotective processes, such as the nonphotochemical quenching and the cyclic electron flow, were activated more effectively in Nr plants. However, the lipid peroxidation was higher in leaves of Nr. Our result confirmed that Nr plants were more sensitive to FA phytotoxicity suggesting the key role of ethylene in the activation of defense responses.

The participation of cyanobacteria in reducing the concentration of fusariotoxins and heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions (model experiments)

Aim. The goal was to establish the effect of soil cyanobacteria (CB) Fischerella muscicola, Nostoc paludosum and Nostoc linckia on change in the concentration of heavy metal ions (HM) and fusariotoxins in aqueous media.Material and Methods. In order to plot the kinetics of sorption by dry biomass of CB Fischerella muscicola and Nostoc paludosum of copper(II), lead(II) and cadmium ions from solutions with a concentration of 10‐4mol/L, the method of potentiometry with ion‐selective electrodes was used. The concentration of fusariotoxins in the filtrate of the contact medium of Fischerella muscicola CB and Nostoc linckia with F. culmorumwas determined by HPLC.Results. The kinetics of sorption of TM ions by dry biomass of the CB isbest described by a modified second‐order model. According to the model, the sorption process limits the ion exchange reaction. In the presence of CB Fischerella muscicola and Nostoc linckia with a titer of 1.8∙106 cells/mL (1:100 dilution), a decrease in toxin and lycomarasmin in T‐2 medium occurs. However, this increases the concentration of fusaric acid and deoxynivalenol. In the variant where the titer of CB is equal to 1.8∙107cells/mL, the concentration of lycomarasmin is significantly reduced, while there is no change in the concentration of other fusariotoxins.Conclusion. Dry biomass of CB, having a high bisorption potential, can act as a good biosorbent with respect to copper(II), lead(II) and cadmium ions. A decrease in the concentration of fusariotoxins indicates the possibility of isolating active CB substances that can inhibit the biosynthesis of certain toxins of micromycetes of the genus Fusarium, reducing both the phytotoxicity of plant growth media and increasing the safety of crop production.

Analysis of the Protein Profile of Cassava Plantlets (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) Resistance to Fusarium Wilt Disease

Fusarium wilt disease is still a production constraint in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) cultivation. The disease is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo), which to date has not been cured. It is expected that the use of varieties of cassava that are resistant to Fusarium wilt is an important alternative for disease control. Induced Resistance cassava research on Murashige and Skoog medium containing Fusaric Acid (FA) selective concentration has been done before and there were indications FA concentration tolerant to the selection of resistant plantlets in vitro. It is hoped that cassava plantlets that are resistant to FA will also be resistant to Fo. In previous studies, the inoculation of Fo fungal isolates on resistant cassava plantlets was carried out in vitro, followed by DNA pattern analysis compared to controls. The results of the DNA pattern analysis, in the form of a new (specific) DNA band that has a size of 550 bp (OPA_1) and 300 bp (OPA_10), are predicted to be candidates for RAPD markers for cassava resistance to Fo. Based on the results of these previous studies, it is necessary to study more deeply in this study to ascertain whether the new DNA strand is really a peroxidase protein that causes cassava plantlets to be resistant to Fo by protein profile analysis. The results of protein profile analysis showed that the appearance of new protein bands (around 98 kD) indicated the formation of PR-protein (peroxidase) in cassava plantlets that were resistant to Fo and missing protein bands (around 65 kD) in cassava plantlets.

Analysis of Total Carbohydrate and Chlorophyll Content of The Orchid Plantlet [Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl.] Resistant Fusarium Wilt Disease

The moon orchid [Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Bl.] is a popular orchid in the community, native orchid from Indonesia, and included in the list of endangered species. The pathogenic fungus that often attacks orchid leaves is Fusarium oxysporum, which causes fusarium wilt. Control of diseases that do not cause negative impacts can be done using superior cultivars resistant to F. oxysporum infection, through in vitro selection in the medium with the addition of fusaric acid. Fusaric acid is a metabolite produced by several fungal species of the genus fusarium and at non-toxic concentrations it helps to induce phytoalexin synthesis, increase chlorophyll and carbohydrate content when pathogen infasion. The purpose of this study was to find out the total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total dissolved carbohydrate content. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with one factor, namely the concentration of fusaric acid divided into 5 levels, namely 0 ppm, 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, and 40 ppm with 5 replications each. The results showed an increase in the total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total dissolved carbohydrate content.

Wheat/faba bean intercropping improves physiological and structural resistance of faba bean to fusaric acid stress

AbstractFusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae is the causal agent of fusarium wilt. Fusaric acid (FA), produced by F. oxysporum, plays an important role in the occurrence of disease, and intercropping is an effective measure for control of disease and for improving host resistance in plants. The objective of this study was to investigate the physiological and biochemical responses, and mechanisms of tissue structure resistance, of intercropped faba beans following exposure to different concentrations of FA. Results demonstrated that intercropping reduced the occurrence of fusarium wilt, and improved faba bean growth and yield. In addition, wheat intercropping significantly reduced red ink absorption of faba bean (33.2%), increased water content (3.1%), and increased activity of the root antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) (26.3% and 2.2.%, respectively). Furthermore, increased lignin content and callose deposition in plant vessels were observed (12.5% and 42.7%, respectively) when subjected to the highest concentration of FA stress (200 mg/L). Intercropping resulted in more intact root cell morphology, increased occurrence of intracellular vacuoles, increased cell wall thickness, and an increase in the number of mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum. Intercropping alleviated the wilting effect of FA on faba bean via enhanced physiological, biochemical, and tissue structure resistance of faba bean root.

Burkholderia collagen-like protein 8, Bucl8, is a unique outer membrane component of a putative tetrapartite efflux pump in Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei.

Bacterial efflux pumps are an important pathogenicity trait because they extrude a variety of xenobiotics. Our laboratory previously identified in silico Burkholderia collagen-like protein 8 (Bucl8) in the hazardous pathogens Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei. We hypothesize that Bucl8, which contains two predicted tandem outer membrane efflux pump domains, is a component of a putative efflux pump. Unique to Bucl8, as compared to other outer membrane proteins, is the presence of an extended extracellular region containing a collagen-like (CL) domain and a non-collagenous C-terminus (Ct). Molecular modeling and circular dichroism spectroscopy with a recombinant protein, corresponding to this extracellular CL-Ct portion of Bucl8, demonstrated that it adopts a collagen triple helix, whereas functional assays screening for Bucl8 ligands identified binding to fibrinogen. Bioinformatic analysis of the bucl8 gene locus revealed it resembles a classical efflux-pump operon. The bucl8 gene is co-localized with downstream fusCDE genes encoding fusaric acid (FA) resistance, and with an upstream gene, designated as fusR, encoding a LysR-type transcriptional regulator. Using reverse transcriptase (RT)-qPCR, we defined the boundaries and transcriptional organization of the fusR-bucl8-fusCDE operon. We found exogenous FA induced bucl8 transcription over 80-fold in B. pseudomallei, while deletion of the entire bucl8 locus decreased the minimum inhibitory concentration of FA 4-fold in its isogenic mutant. We furthermore showed that the putative Bucl8-associated pump expressed in the heterologous Escherichia coli host confers FA resistance. On the contrary, the Bucl8-associated pump did not confer resistance to a panel of clinically-relevant antimicrobials in Burkholderia and E. coli. We finally demonstrated that deletion of the bucl8-locus drastically affects the growth of the mutant in L-broth. We determined that Bucl8 is a component of a novel tetrapartite efflux pump, which confers FA resistance, fibrinogen binding, and optimal growth.

The neglected foodborne mycotoxin Fusaric acid induces bioenergetic adaptations by switching energy metabolism from mitochondrial processes to glycolysis in a human liver (HepG2) cell line

Metabolic flexibility defines the capacity of cells to respond to changes in nutrient status. Mitochondria are important mediators of metabolic flexibility and dysfunction is associated with metabolic inflexibility and pathology. Foodborne toxins are often overlooked as potential factors contributing to metabolic toxicity. Fusaric acid (FA), a neglected mycotoxin, is known to disrupt mitochondrial function. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying a metabolic switch in response to FA. This study investigated the effects of FA on energy homeostasis in cultured human liver (HepG2) cells. HepG2 cells poised to undergo oxidative and glycolytic metabolism were exposed to a range of FA concentrations (4, 63 and 250 μg/mL) for 6 h. We determined mitochondrial toxicity, acetyl CoA levels and cell viability using luminometric, fluorometric and spectrophotometric methods. Expression of metabolic proteins (PDK1, PKM2, phosphorylated-PDH E1α and HIF-1α) and mRNAs (HIF-1α, PKM2, LDHa and PDK1) were determined using western blot and qPCR respectively. Our data connects a constitutive expression of HIF-1α in response to FA, to the inhibition of pyruvate decarboxylation through up-regulation of PDK-1 and phosphorylation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E1α subunit. Moreover, we highlight the potential of FA to induce a glucose “addiction” and phenotype reminiscent of the Warburg effect. The findings provide novel insights into the impact of this neglected foodborne mycotoxin in the dysregulation of energy metabolism.

STUDI KASUS CACING NEMATODA (NEMATODIASIS) PADA SAPI DI DISTRIK SEMANGGA KABUPATEN MERAUKE

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui dan mengidentifikasi jenis penyakit parasit cacing golongan nematoda yang ada pada ternak sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) di Distrik Semanga Kabupaten Merauke dengan waktu 1 bulan mulai dari bulan Februari sampai dengan bulan Maret 2015. Studi Kasus Penyakit Cacing Nematoda pada Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) sangat tinggi di Distrik Semangga. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan dari gejala klinis dan hasil pemeriksaan di laborotorium, jenis-jenis cacing dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan infeksi Cacing Nematode (nematodiasis) di Distrik Semangga. Sampel yang diambil dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 200 ekor sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) terdiri dari jantan dan betina produktif. Metode pemeriksaan tinja digunakan metode Native dan Centrifuge. Hasil penelitian menujukkan di Distrik Semangga terlihat tingginya infeksi cacing golongan nematoda (Trichostrongylus sp ) yaitu 86 % dari jumlah Sampel, dan faktor penyebabnya yaitu faktor iklim dan pola pemeliharaan

Effect of inoculation with Lactobacillus buchneri LB1819 and Lactococcus lactis O224 on fermentation and mycotoxin production in maize silage compacted at different densities

We examined the effectiveness of a combined inoculant of hetero-fermentative Lactobacillus buchneri LB1819 and homo-fermentative Lactococcus lactis O224 on quality of maize silage at two different densities. The four treatments were: CTR-LD, untreated at low-density (132 ± 6 kg DM/m3); CTR-HD, untreated at high density (186 ± 6 kg DM/m3); TRT-LD, inoculated at low density; and TRT-HD, inoculated at high density. The 5 replicates for each treatment were ensiled in 20-L plastic jars and the inoculant was applied at a rate of 250,000 CFU/g ensiled forage. The fermentation profile, aerobic stability, and DM losses were measured after 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days of ensiling, and the chemical composition, microbial counts, and concentrations of mycotoxins were assessed in the 32 day samples. Data measured once during experiment were analyzed according to a completely randomized design (CRD), with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (i.e., inoculation, density, and their interaction). Data measured at different time points were analyzed according to a CRD, with a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments (i.e., inoculation, density, length of ensiling, and their first or second order interactions). The lactic acid concentration increased (P < 0.05) with the duration of ensiling, with no differences among treatments (overall means on day 2 and day 32: 26.7 and 50.9 g/kg DM, respectively). Aerobic stability was greatest (P < 0.05) in the TRT-HD silage at 32 days. After 32 days of ensiling, soluble crude protein was greater in the CTR-HD and TRT-LD silages than the CTR-LD and TRT-HD silages (P < 0.05, inoculation × density interaction). The treatments had similar chemical parameters, yeast and mould counts (overall mean: 4.53 log10 CFU/g and 1.59 log10 CFU/g, respectively). The overall concentration of aflatoxin B1 was 0.412 μg/kg DM. The CTR groups had higher concentrations of fumonisin B2 (413 vs. 278 μg/kg DM, P < 0.05) and roquefortine C (22.81 vs. 3.39 μg/kg DM, P < 0.05) than the TRT groups. Conversely, the CTR groups had lower concentrations of fusaric acid than the TRT groups after 32 days (2849 vs. 4162 μg/kg DM, P < 0.05). Both CTR and Lactobacillus buchneri LB1819 and Lactococcus lactis O224 treated samples at a high silage density increased the aerobic stability after 32 days of ensiling (P < 0.05, day × density interaction). Results indicated that inoculation and use of a greater silage density enhanced the fermentation and aerobic stability of maize silage.

Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of mycotoxin fusaric acid

Fusaric acid (FA) is produced by several Fusarium species and is commonly found in grains. This investigation was performed to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of FA either in human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cell line using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and in human lymphocytes using chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), micronuclei (MN) as well as comet assay in vitro. The cells were treated with 0.78, 1.56, 3.125, 6.25, 12.50, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 µg/mL concentrations of FA. It has potent cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell line measured by MTT assay especially at higher concentrations (200, 400 µg/mL). The half of inhibitory concentration (IC50) evidenced by FA in the HeLa cells was 200 μg/mL at 24 h and between 200 and 400 μg/mL at 48 h. It was also observed that FA produced a significant decrease in mitotic index (MI) at 12.50 µg/mL compared to solvent control. Furthermore, it indicated a cytotoxic effect at the concentrations ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL in human lymphocytes. The results of this research point out that being exposed to FA at high concentrations show cytotoxicity. Besides FA induced comet tail intensity at 3.125, 6.25, and 12.50 µg/mL concentrations in isolated human lymphocytes. On the other hand, no genotoxic effects were seen in human lymphocytes in vitro using CA, SCE and MN assays.