Crude Protein Content Research Articles

The effects of different cutting times on morphological, agronomic and quality characteristics of wooly-pod vetch (Vicia villosa Roth ssp. dasycarpa (Ten) Cavi.)

In arid and semi-arid regions, vetch species are typically cultivated in row crop rotation or in the fallow year for the purpose of forage production. In order for vetch to be incorporated more effectively into this agricultural system, it is essential that it does not negatively impact the yield of the subsequent main crop. Therefore, vetches need to leave the field as soon as possible. For this reason, the morphological traits (main stem length, natural plant height), agronomic traits (forage yields) and quality traits (ADF and NDF ratio, digestible dry matter ratio, relative feed value) at four different growth periods were investigated in woolly pod vetch, Seğmen-2002 variety. This study was conducted at the Gölbaşı/İkizce research farm of the Central Research Institute of Field Crops between 2010 and 2013 in a randomised block design with four replications. The results indicated that the main stem length varied between 56.2 and 118.9 cm, while the natural plant height varied between 41.5 and 63.3 cm. The highest yields of fresh and dry forage were obtained at full flowering, with 2157.7 kg ha-1 and 354.1 kg ha-1, respectively. While crude protein content was 19.7% at the beginning of flowering, it decreased gradually throughout the growth periods and decreased to 16.4% at the pod setting period. The highest crude protein yield was obtained at full flowering, with 67.0 kg ha-1. The relative feed value was found to be the highest at the beginning of flowering (111.3) and to decrease to the lowest level (98.5) at full flowering. This research indicates that it is appropriate to cut wooly-pod vetch at full flowering in terms of yield, quality, and early completion of the harvesting process.

Characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria at low temperature and their effects on the silage quality.

Native grasses possess rich diversity and contribute to enhancing the nutritional value of silage, promoting digestion and absorption, thus improving the health of livestock such as cattle and sheep. However, in northern China, the silage fermentation process occurs at relatively low temperatures, necessitating the use of cold-tolerant lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This study examined the effect of Pediococcus acidilactici (L10), a strain selected for its low-temperature tolerance, added to native grass silage at 5°C (LT), 15°C (MT), and room temperature 25°C (CK) for 60 days. The organization of the microbial community and the metabolomic profiles were examined. The results showed that temperature significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the pH, lactic acid (LA) concentration, and LAB populations of the silage after 60 days. The water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and crude protein (CP) contents in the LT treatment were significantly higher than those in the CK treatment, and the pH in the LT treatment was significantly lower than in the CK treatment. In terms of the dynamic alterations within the microbial community, Pediococcus acidilactici prevailed in the LT treatment, whereas Lactobacillus plantarum was the major genus in the MT treatment, and the CK treatment was characterized by the dominance of Lactobacillus plantarum and Levilactobacillus brevis. The study also revealed that bacterial behavior and metabolism were influenced by two-component systems and quorum sensing. At 5°C the upregulation of citric acid, salicylic acid, and L-proline was ascribed to the modification of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Salicylic acid was significantly (P < 0.05) positively correlated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, while L-proline had significantly (P < 0.05) positive correlations with Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactococcus lactis, and Weissella confusa. These findings suggest that the addition of isolated Pediococcus acidilactici can enhance the quality of low-temperature native grass silage by regulating microbial metabolic pathways and community composition.IMPORTANCEThis study aimed to screen and identify low-temperature-resistant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from native fermented silage of grassland pastures, evaluating their impact on silage quality in cold conditions. Under natural conditions, LAB on forage grasses are present in low numbers and exhibit insufficient activity, which is further hindered by low temperatures during ensiling, leading to slow fermentation. The findings highlighted the effects of low temperatures on the microbial community, fermentation characteristics, and metabolomic profiles of silage. After anaerobic fermentation, the main LAB strains at different temperatures were Levilactobacillus brevis, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Pediococcus acidilactici, with Pediococcus acidilactici being dominant at 5°C. Temperature significantly affected the pH, lactic acid content, and water-soluble carbohydrates of silage, indicating an interaction between LAB strains and fermentation temperature. The study suggests that adding Pediococcus acidilactici can enhance silage quality by regulating microbial metabolic pathways and composition under low-temperature conditions.

Production and nutritional value of forage from Rhodes grass genotypes in the semiarid region of Brazil

ABSTRACT The production of ruminants in pastures depends on plants that are well adapted to the conditions of the cultivation area. In regions with low rainfall and high temperature, desirable traits include drought tolerance, high biomass production, and good nutritional value. The objective was to evaluate the yield, structure, and nutritional value of Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) genotypes in the northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experiment followed a randomized block design with four genotypes (Callide, Mariner, KG2, and Sabre) and six replications. Callide (6169.7 kg/ha), Mariner (6096.2 kg/ha), and Sabre (5575.1 kg/ha) exhibited higher leaf dry mass compared to KG2 (4207.3 kg/ha). Crude protein content did not differ among genotypes, averaging 84.9 g/kg in the rainy season and 49.1 g/kg in the dry season. Neutral detergent fiber levels were similar across genotypes, with mean values of 648.3 g/kg and 654.9 g/kg in the rainy and dry seasons. In vitro dry matter digestibility of KG2 (606.7 g/kg) was lower than that of Sabre (654.9 g/kg) and Callide (649.9 g/kg) during the rainy season. Based on higher leaf mass production and superior digestibility, Callide, Mariner, and Sabre are the most suitable genotypes for pasture establishment in the region.

The Diversity of Morphological Traits and Seed Metabolomic Composition in Buckwheat Genetic Resources

This study examines the impact of environmental conditions on the growth, yield, and biochemical composition of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) across two locations in Central Europe over three consecutive growing seasons (2019–2021). Significant variations in meteorological conditions, including temperature fluctuations and rainfall, were observed between two locations: Austria (AT) and the Czech Republic (CZ). The study highlights the role of these environmental factors in influencing morphological traits such as plant height, leaf dimensions, and 1000-seed weight (TSW), as well as nutritional and bioactive compound content. Buckwheat plants in Austria generally exhibited higher mean values for plant height and TSW compared to the Czech Republic, with significant variability observed across varieties and years. In terms of nutritional quality, crude protein content ranged between 12.56 and 14.71% dw, with the highest protein levels linked to cooler, low-rainfall conditions. The study also investigated phenolic compounds, particularly rutin, which showed a significant increase in content in 2021, likely due to extreme weather conditions. Varieties such as Sweden-1, Tempest, and Zamira exhibited stable, high rutin levels across all years. Overall, this research highlights the complexity of environmental influences on the agronomic and nutritional traits of buckwheat and provides valuable insights for future breeding programs aimed at improving yield and nutritional value under changing climatic conditions.

Inoculation of Lactobacillus parafarraginis enhances silage quality, microbial community structure, and metabolic profiles in hybrid Pennisetum

BackgroundThis study investigated the effects of inoculating Lactobacillus parafarraginis alone or in combination with citric acid on the silage quality, microbial community structure, and metabolic characteristics of hybrid Pennisetum. The experiment included three treatments: (1) addition of 10 ml distilled water (CON); (2) addition of 1 × 106 cfu/g L. parafarraginis (LP); (3) addition of 1 × 106 cfu/g L. parafarraginis and 1% citric acid (LCA). The fermentation was maintained at 25 ℃ for 60 days.ResultsThe addition of L. parafarraginis increased the dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrates, and crude protein content of the silage and decreased the fiber contents. Moreover, lactic acid content was notably higher, and pH values were lower in the L. parafarraginis group, with higher lactic acid bacteria (LAB) compared with the CON. The microbial community analysis indicated that adding L. parafarraginis promoted the proliferation of beneficial LAB and inhibited spoilage bacteria, such as Clostridium. In the LCA, amino acid metabolism was improved, particularly with an increase in L-tyrosine concentration, along with significant enrichment of pathways related to tryptophan metabolism.ConclusionsThe addition of L. parafarraginis improved the fermentation quality of the silage, reduced undesirable microorganisms, and increased the content of organic acids, indicating its potential to enhance the flavor of the silage. Compared with individual treatments, the combination of L. parafarraginis and citric acid improved amino acid metabolism and enriched pathways related to tryptophan metabolism, further enhancing the quality of the silage. These findings highlight the potential of L. parafarraginis, especially in combination with citric acid, as an effective additive for producing high-quality, nutritious hybrid Pennisetum silage.

Determination and prediction of the energy content and amino acid digestibility of brewer's spent grain for growing pigs.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the energy content and amino acid (AA) digestibility of 10 brewer's spent grain (BSG) for growing pigs, with the goal of developing predictive models for these digestible nutrients based on their chemical composition. In Exp. 1, 66 crossbred barrows (initial body weight (BW): 35.5±4.5kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 11 diets, including a corn basal diet and 10 test diets in which 20% of the corn was replaced with BSG. Difference method was employed to calculate the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of BSG. In Exp. 2, 11 crossbred barrows (initial BW: 32.3±3.8kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas in the distal ileum and randomly assigned to an 11×6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 diets and 6 experimental periods, including a nitrogen-free diet and 10 test diets formulated with BSG as the sole nitrogen source, with 0.4% titanium dioxide added as an indigestible marker to calculate the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. Results showed that there was considerable variation in the chemical composition of BSG, with all coefficient of variation exceeding 10%. On a dry matter basis, the mean DE and ME values were 2,771 and 2,610 kcal/kg, respectively. The best prediction equations for DE and ME were: DE=-1698+(1.21×GE)-(27.02×NDF) (R2=0.99, P<0.01), and ME=-1800+(1.18×GE)-(25.11×NDF) (R2=0.99, P<0.01). The mean SID values of Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, and Val was 63.1%, 73.4%, 63.8%, 77.7%, and 72.8%, respectively, both were positively correlated (P<0.05) with gross energy, ether extract and crude protein content, and negatively correlated (P<0.05) with fiber content. In conclusion, predictive models for DE, ME, and SID of AA can be developed based on the nutrient composition of BSG in growing pigs. However, considering the inherent variability in nutrient composition, the accuracy and applicability of these models in practical feed formulation require validation using samples from an independent data set.

Forage quality and yield of Sal Pasture (Rize, Türkiye)

This study investigated the forage quality and yield of Sal Pasture, located in the Çamlıhemşin district of Rize province, within the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. The study was conducted during July of 2023 and 2024. Plant samples were collected from 12 different selected points using 50x50 cm quadrats, harvesting vegetation at ground level. Subsequent laboratory analyses determined key nutritional parameters. The average fresh yield was 721.50 kg/da, with a statistically significant difference (p&amp;lt;0.05) observed between the two years (748.00 kg/da in 2023 and 695.00 kg/da in 2024). Similarly, dry matter yield also showed a significant inter-annual variation (p&amp;lt;0.05), averaging 158.24 kg/da (164.00 kg/da in 2023 and 152.48 kg/da in 2024). The average crude protein (CP) content was 13.27%, indicating a moderate protein level. Fiber fractions, as measured by acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), averaged 37.39% and 64.92%, respectively. Digestible dry matter (DDM) averaged 59.77%, and the relative feed value (RFV) was 85.66. Digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) averaged 2.83 Mcal/kg and 2.32 Mcal/kg, respectively. Mineral analysis revealed average concentrations of 0.22% phosphorus (P), 1.43% potassium (K), 1.47% calcium (Ca), and 0.39% magnesium (Mg). The Ca/P ratio averaged 6.68, and the K/(Ca+Mg) ratio averaged 0.77, with a statistically significant difference (p&amp;lt;0.05) observed between years for the latter (0.81 in 2023 and 0.72 in 2024). These findings provide valuable insights into the nutritional potential of Sal Pasture for livestock grazing and highlight the influence of inter-annual variability on forage quality and yield.

Nitrogen fertilization of Cayman Blend grass (Urochloa hybrid cv. GP0423 + GP4467) on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile in milk from grazing cows

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a constituent of bovine milk that has been shown to possess protective effects against various diseases, including cancer. Therefore, there is a compelling rationale for increasing the content of CLA in milk. The feeding of cows in pastures has been demonstrated to increase CLA, as pastures typically have higher concentrations of linoleic and α–linolenic acids, which serve as precursors of CLA in the process of ruminal biohydrogenation. The enhancement of linoleic and α–linolenic acids can be achieved through management techniques that promote rapid vegetative growth, such as nitrogen fertilization. An experiment was conducted on a ranch in the state of Tabasco, Mexico, to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of grass and bovine milk. The experimental design involved two plots, one of which was fertilized with urea (150 kg·ha-1), while the other served as a control. Each plot was assigned a group of five cows in production, utilizing a randomized complete block design. An intensive rotational grazing system was used, and grass and milk samples were taken on days 14, 21, and 28 of the experimental periods. Nitrogen fertilization of the grass increased (P≤0.01) more than 100% forage production and 15.75% the crude protein content in the grass. In milk, nitrogen fertilization of the grass increased (P≤0.05) the fat content by 31.68% but did not affect (P&gt;0.05) the protein and lactose content or the content of CLA. A positive linear relationship was found (P≤0.05) between the concentration of linoleic acid in grass and the concentration of CLA in milk. The nitrogen fertilization of Cayman Blend grass increases forage production, the crude protein content in the grass, and the fat content in milk without affecting the content of conjugated linoleic acid and other fatty acids.

The Influence of Trichocompost and NPK Fertilizer Combination on Productivity and Quality of Pakchong Grass

This research aims to determine effect of applying a combination of trichocompost fertilizer and NPK fertilizer with different levels on the productivity of Pakchong grass. This research was conducted from October to December 2023 at the Integrated Field Laboratory Greenhouse, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. This study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of trichocompost and NPK fertilizer factors. The trichocompost fertilizer factor consisted of 4 treatment levels, namely T0: without trichocompost (control), T1: 15 tons/ha of trichocompost fertilizer, T2: 30 tons/ha of trichocompost fertilizer, and T3: 45 tons/ha of trichocompost and the NPK fertilizer factor consists of 4 treatment levels, namely K0: no NPK fertilizer (control), K1: 100 kg/ha urea + 50 kg/ha TSP + 50 kg/ha KCL, K2: 150 kg/ha urea + 75 kg/ha TSP + 75 kg/ha KCL, and K3: 200 kg/ha urea + 100 kg/ha TSP + 100 kg/ha KCL. The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD). The results showed that the combination of trichocompost and NPK fertilizer did not give a significant interaction (P&gt;0.05) on the number of tillers, fresh weight and dry matter of pakchong grass, but had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on fresh weight and dry matter of pakchong grass crown. The results of the LSD test on fresh weight and dry matter of pakchong grass showed that T3 trichocompost fertilizer treatment gave the best results when compared to other treatments. The results showed that the use of NPK fertilizer had a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) on the crude protein content and crude fiber content of pakchog grass. The results of the LSD test on crude protein showed that K3 treatment provides the best results compared to other treatments. While the crude fiber content of K3 treatment was significantly different from K1.

Optimization Of Chicken Feather Waste Into High-Protein Chicken Feather Meal

This study aims to process chicken feather waste into high-protein feather meal using a completely randomized design (CRD) experimental model. Four processing methods were applied: physical (P1), chemical with 12% HCl (P2), enzymatic with 0.4% proteolytic enzyme (P3), and chemical with 6% NaOH (P4). Proximate analysis included crude fiber, protein, moisture, ash, and fat content. An organoleptic test evaluated the color, texture, and odor of the meal. ANOVA and DMRT at the 5% level indicated significant differences between methods. The chemical method with 6% NaOH yielded the highest protein content (50.1%). Organoleptic data showed that all samples had similar sensory characteristics. The study concludes that the chemical processing method with 6% NaOH is the most effective in enhancing protein content, providing an optimal solution for economically and environmentally utilizing chicken feather waste.

Gibberellic Acid (GA3) Enhances biomass production, nitrogen accumulation and crude protein content of Sesbania Aculeata Pers. at Seedling Stage

The use of plant growth regulators has been highlighted as a very essential practice in agriculture. A pot experiment was designed and conducted in a green-house of the Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Crop Production, SAU, Tandojam. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the influence of different concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the vegetative growth, development and biomass yield of a commercially important plant species locally called Manjhandri (Sesbania aculeata Pers.). The experiment was laid out in a complete randomized design with three replications. The seed was purchased from the market and sown in the pots by placing ½ inch deep in soil. After one week the seedlings were thinned to allow single plant per pot. The crop was irrigated with canal water and fertilized with chemical macronutrient fertilizer (ENGRO-NPK) based on their specific growth requirement. Thirty-days after planting the seedlings were sprayed with GA3 solutions: The GA3 concentrations included in the study for spray were: G0 = Control (without GA3 application), G1 = 40 mg L-1, G2 = 60 mg L-1, G3 = 80 mg L-1, G4 = 100 mg L-1 and G5 = 120 mg L-1 (in G5 treatment, seedlings could not survive, hence this treatment was excluded from the study). The data were recorded for plant height, number of composite leaves (plant-1), shoot and root fresh and dry weights and stem girth (mm). The results obtained from the study revealed that almost all the recorded growth and development traits of Sesbania aculeata Pers. were significantly affected by GA3. The seedlings sprayed with 40, 60, 80 and 100 mg L-1 GA3 showed 10, 31, 44 and 63% increase in height; 22, 35, 58 and 81% increase in number of composite leaves (plant-1); 33, 59, 83 and 148% increase in shoot fresh weight; 15, 27, 49 and 90% increase in root fresh weight; 45, 73, 98 and 169% increase in shoot dry weight; 18, 34, 52 and 75% increase in root dry weight; 14, 28, 38 and 62% increase in stem girth and 32, 38, 70 and 81% increase in nitrogen and crude protein over unsprayed (control) seedlings, respectively. The results advocate that the application of GA3 (100 mg L-1) at seedlings stage improves growth and development of Sesbania aculeata. Hence, GA3 can be used to spray this industrially important plant species.

Assessment of Pasture Nutritional Value and Yield on Gito Plateau (Çamlıhemşin, Türkiye)

This study investigated the nutritional value and yield of Gito Plateau pasture, located in the Çamlıhemşin district of Rize province, Türkiye, during the summers of 2023 and 2024. Plant samples from 12 different locations were collected and analyzed to determine their nutrient composition. The average dry matter yield was 114.12 kg/da. Crude protein content averaged 10.46%, with minimal inter-annual variation. Fiber analysis revealed average acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) values of 37.44% and 69.10%, respectively, indicating moderate digestibility. Calculated feed quality parameters included digestible dry matter (DDM) of 59.73% and relative feed value (RFV) of 80.42. Mineral analysis showed average concentrations of phosphorus (0.24%), potassium (1.53%), calcium (1.13%), and magnesium (0.30%), with Ca/P and K/(Ca+Mg) ratios averaging 4.81 and 1.07, respectively. The relatively consistent nutrient composition across the two years suggests a stable forage resource. These findings provide baseline data on Gito Plateau's pasture nutritional value, informing sustainable grazing management practices and optimizing livestock production in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Further research is recommended to assess seasonal variations and the impact of grazing management on pasture quality.

Study on the nutritional relationships in mycelia and fruiting bodies of Hypsizygus marmoreus under defined nutrient conditions

Study on the nutritional relationships in mycelia and fruiting bodies of Hypsizygus marmoreus under defined nutrient conditions

Ammoniation of filter residues from corn straw filtering the microalgae cultured in urine wastewater.

Ammoniation of filter residues from corn straw filtering the microalgae cultured in urine wastewater.

Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria mitigates the negative impacts of 2°C warming on the photosynthesis, growth, and nutritional value of a tropical C4 grassland under field conditions.

Inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria mitigates the negative impacts of 2°C warming on the photosynthesis, growth, and nutritional value of a tropical C4 grassland under field conditions.

The effects of phospholipids (PL) addition in the high fat diet on growth performance, oxidative stress, lipid and protein metabolism, and muscle development in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

The effects of phospholipids (PL) addition in the high fat diet on growth performance, oxidative stress, lipid and protein metabolism, and muscle development in yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco

A novel four-species microbial consortium for nutritional value improvement of rapeseed meal.

A novel four-species microbial consortium for nutritional value improvement of rapeseed meal.

Improved Quality of Cottonseed Meal: Effect of Cottonseed Protein Isolate on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Health in Growing Pigs.

Cottonseed meal (CSM) is abundant in proteins that has the potential to substitute for conventionally utilized protein supplements for animals. However, the presence of anti-nutritional factors in CSM, particularly free gossypol, has limited its application. This study evaluated the nutritional value of a cottonseed protein isolate (CPI) derived from CSM using an alkaline extraction and acid precipitation process, and explored its effect on intestinal health in growing pigs. 32 Duroc-Landrace-Yorkshire castrated male pigs (initial body weight 19 ± 2kg) were divided into four treatment groups: nitrogen-free diet (NFD), corn-soybean meal diet (CSD), cottonseed meal diet (CSMD, where CSM replaced 35% of the nitrogen in CSD), cottonseed protein isolate diet (CPID, where CPI replaced 35% of the nitrogen in CSD). Our study revealed that, as compared to the CSM, the CPI exhibited significantly higher crude protein content and lower levels of crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and free gossypol (P < 0.01). Interestingly, CPI feeding significantly decreased the ratio of gain to feed (G:F) in growing pigs (P = 0.012). Moreover, CPI also showed an improved apparent and true digestibility of protein, as well as enhanced nitrogen utilization in growing pigs (P < 0.05). The metabolizable energy of CPI was significantly higher than that of CSM (P < 0.01). Additionally, CPI showed higher apparent ileal digestibility and standardized ileal digestibility for amino acids such as arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and serine (P < 0.05). Importantly, CPI feeding improved the intestinal health in pigs as indicated by increases in villus height and digestive enzyme activities (P < 0.05), as well as increases in production of short-chain fatty acid and beneficial microbiota (0.05 ≤ P < 0.10). The results not only showed an improved quality of CPI as compared to the CSM, but also indicated a beneficial effect of CPI on the growth performance and intestinal health in growing pigs. These attributes should make it an attractive candidate to substitute for conventionally utilized protein supplements like with the soybean meal.

Bk-5 214S2L , an allelic variant of bk-5, as high-quality silage maize genetic resource.

Stem brittleness significantly affects both yield and quality of maize. Using phenotypic identification and sequence analysis, we identified a new brittle stalk maize mutant. Furthermore, we assessed its feeding value by content determination of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin crude fiber, starch, and protein contents. Here, we identified a brittle stalk maize mutant, bk-5 214S2L , an allelic variant of bk-5. The stem brittleness of bk-5 214S2L was similar to that of bk-5, but not identical. Unlike bk-5, bk-5 214S2L leaves did not fall off completely and its stems did not break in windy conditions. We identified a missense mutation (C>T) in the fifth exon of the candidate gene Zm00001d043477, resulting in an amino acid change from serine to leucine at position 214. A significant reduction in cell wall thickness in the leaf veins and stems of bk-5 214S2L compared with the inbred line RP125. Among the major cell wall components in stems and leaves, total cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin were lower in bk-5 214S2L than in RP125. We also evaluated the application value of bk-5 214S2L silage and found that the detergent fiber contents of bk-5 214S2L stems were significantly reduced compared with RP125, while the crude fiber, starch, and protein contents remained unchanged. The reduced tannin content improved the palatability of the silage for livestock. Overall, bk-5 214S2L , an allelic variant of bk-5, is a high-quality genetic resource for breeding forage and grain-feed maize.

Effect of Added Composite Bacteria on Fermentation Quality and Microbial Diversity of Mixed Microstorage of Reed Straw and Inferior Jujube

Reed straw is a potential roughage resource that limits its application in livestock production due to its higher fiber content. Inferior jujube is widely used as a non-conventional feed in livestock production due to its high nutritional value. In this study, a two-factor experimental design was used to investigate the effects of fermentation with Composite A (BA) and Composite B (BB) under the condition that the dry matter ratio of reed straw to residual red dates was 1:1, and mixed microstorage was fermented for different times (0 d, 30 d, and 60 d) with the effects of nutrient indexes, fermentation quality, and microbial community dynamics changes. A control group (CON) was set up, six replicates were set up for each treatment, and the amount of bacteria added was 1% of the dry matter basis. The results showed that compared with the control group, both composite bacterial liquids could effectively reduce the nutrient loss of micro-silage feeds, in which with the addition of composite bacterium B (BB) treatment group at the end of fermentation, the crude protein (CP) content increased by 1.91%, and the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the acid detergent fiber (ADF) were reduced by 11.32% and 10.61%, respectively. The volatile fatty acid content was significantly higher than that of the control group, which was 26.41 μg·mL−1. The BB group had the highest abundance of Lacticaseibacillus during the fermentation process, which could produce a large amount of lactic acid and lower the pH to improve the quality of feed fermentation. In addition, the differences in the indexes were smaller in the BB group compared with the BA group, but the fermentation effect of the BB group was better than that of the BA group.