Concentrations Of Na Research Articles

Hydrochemistry, controlling mechanisms and water quality index in hot springs of the Kullu-Manali region, India

The present study highlights the unique chemical characteristics of hot springs and their comparison with cold springs, surface water, and groundwater in the same area. The hot springs' temperature ranges from 27 to 96 °C, which induce variable degree of hydrochemical alteration of hot springs' water. The concentrations of Na+ and K+ are highly correlated with Cl−, HCO3−, and SO42− in hot springs, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ behave erratically. The Na/Cl ionic ratios give clues of a restricted geological environment of thermal waters, mixing in cold springs and groundwater, and a meteoric origin of the surface water. The SiO2 behave conservatively, with little change in different water types except surface water. The concentrations of SiO2, highest in the hot springs and lowest in the surface water, help draw depth profiling of different water types. Mixing of ascending hot springs with overlying waters of different origins creates ambiguity in chemical interpretations. Due to mixing with different water types, Chalcedony thermometry better represents hot springs than Na–K–Mg geothermometry. As a result, hot springs alter from Na–Cl and Na–Cl–SO4 type facies with high SiO2 and gradually evolved in Ca–Mg–Na–HCO3–Cl type water. Similarly, most cold springs show mix-type and Ca–HCO3 water types. The chemical characteristics of cold springs are similar to groundwater and equally sensitive to seasonal variation due to mixing with meteoric recharge. The surface water is characterized by Ca–Cl2 type water. All water types acquire unique chemical signatures due to the combined effect of geological formations, depth, temperature, degree of meteoric recharge, and, to some extent, anthropogenic pollution. The Water Quality Index (WQI) assessment revealed that three samples from the Kullu and Kalath regions fall in poor WQI, requiring immediate protection from anthropogenic pollution.

Effect of Kaolin Addition on Combustion Behavior of Zhundong Coal Pellet Using Flame Emission Spectroscopy

ABSTRACT Kaolin, as an adsorbent, has been proven to be effective in inhibiting sodium release during high alkali coal combustion thereby alleviating severe slagging and fouling problems. Understanding the co-firing behavior of Zhundong coal with kaolin additives is essential for Zhundong coal utilization. In this study, the effect of kaolin additive on the combustion behavior of two Zhundong coals with different Na contents was investigated based on image analysis and flame emission spectroscopy (FES) method. Spectral and image results were able to distinguish the three stages of coal combustion. The addition of kaolin impacted all combustion stages for both types of coal. The results show the volatile combustion time of the blended coal sample was shortened, while the char burnout time was prolonged, which was attributed to the ash suppression effect. The two coals presented similar decrease trends with different blending ratios in terms of sodium concentration, pellet surface temperature, and thermal radiation. However, the changes were no longer evident after the blending ratio reached 8% and 12%. The replacement of combustible components in the coal by the kaolin altered the mineral fraction of the ash and thus affected the heat and mass transfer. Combining the online measurement results and the analysis of the ash fusion characteristics, the suggested addition of kaolin was 8% and 12% respectively.

Effect of inorganic cation on dynamic characteristics of bubble generation

Understanding the effect of inorganic cations on dynamic bubble generation is an important precursor for predicting the bubble characteristics in actual coal flotation. Using the high-speed motion acquisition system, we investigated the bubble growth in different inorganic salt solutions. The bubble generation process was divided into Formation, Expansion, and Contraction stages according to the contact angle between the bubble and the capillary as 90°. Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Al3+ were found to promote bubble growth during the Formation and Expansion stages while restraining the growth during the Contraction stage. Al3+ roughly presented the most obvious promotion of the bubble generation. The dynamic bubble width and length during different bubble growth stages were analyzed to discuss the bubble pressure. The internal pressure increased as the bubble grew. The pressure difference inside and outside the bubble generally followed the order Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Al3+. The forces acting on the bubble were attempted to be discussed. The net force acting on the bubble first kept constant and then decreased with the concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, while it first decreased and then increased in the presence of Al3+. Our results can provide valuable insight into the development of the technology for mineral flotation.

Wearable Health Monitoring System Based on Human Sweat Analysis using Electrochemical Sensors

With the recent development in the field of electronics, it has made possible to continuous monitor health of patients and elderly and even of normal person. Since many years we are using blood-based diagnosis for diagnosis of various health conditions and diseases. However, recent research done by many researchers shows that there are other potential biomarkers such as, sweat which can provide diagnosis of various health conditions and diseases. Sodium and chloride concentration in sweat provides status of hydration status in human body. Here we have designed a health monitoring device based on sweat analysis using different types of electrochemical sensors. Ion-selective electrodes for Na+ and Cl- are used which gives details about a person’s hydration status and a glucose sensor is also used to measure the sweat glucose levels. The sensors are calibrated for artificial sweat solutions with different concentrations of Na+, Cl- and glucose. On body testing is done to confirm functionality of designed system for sweat analysis. The system is compact so can be used as a wearable device that is capable of continuously monitoring and wirelessly transmitting sensor data to the personal computer or smartphone.

Water ecological requirements of Characeae taxa in eastern Spain

Presence of Characeae taxa is limited by the existence of clear and oligotrophic waters. Some other chemical water parameters can also influence the distribution of taxa, which can thus be used as ecological bioindicators. The area of eastern Spain contains a high diversity of water basins in both coastal and inland habitats that allow the study of ecological gradients. This work aimed to identify the most relevant and significant water chemical parameters that determine the distribution of Characeae taxa, and establish their optima and tolerance ranges for each parameter in eastern Spain. Ninety-six records corresponding to unpublished old and recent samplings of the presence of 17 taxa belonging to the genera Chara, Nitella, Tolypella and Lamprothamnium were related to water parameters that included salinity, pH, electric conductivity, total water hardness, alkalinity, concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42-, and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio. Principal Component Analysis showed that salinity was the major factor that determined the distribution of Characeae taxa, followed by concentration of Mg2+, Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio and alkalinity. When previously published records from the same area were added, non-parametric tests showed significant differences among taxa only for salinity, water hardness, and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratio. These statistical analyses, along with optima and tolerance ranges for each parameter showed that Characeae taxa, especially Lamprothamnium papulosum and Tolypella spp., could be used as bioindicators in eastern Spain, although their ecological differentiation is not clear in many cases.

Effects of Ulva prolifera Degradation on Growth Performance and Antioxidant Capacity of Japanese Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Family

Massive macroalgae blooms, primarily caused by the overgrowth of Ulva prolifera (U. prolifera) in the Yellow Sea of China, pose a severe risk to both marine organisms and the aquaculture industry. This study’s aim was to evaluate the impact of U. prolifera degradation on the growth performance and antioxidant capacity of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and select some potential Japanese flounder families (labeled 2101–2108, established by crossbreeding) tolerating U. prolifera degradation conditions. Thus, a 60-day U. prolifera exposure experiment was conducted. The results showed that the contents of Na, K, Mg, and Fe elements in the U. prolifera degradation water were significantly increased. The specific growth rate and survival rate of flounder were significantly decreased under the U. prolifera degradation condition, while the 2101 and 2103 flounder families showed a better growth performance compared with the positive control (PC) group. Moreover, the results showed that activities of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), transaminases, and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum were significantly decreased, while the 2103 flounder family showed higher activities. Furthermore, U. prolifera degradation significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content while decreasing catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the liver. Specifically, SOD and CAT activities of the 2103 flounder family were higher than the 2101 flounder family and PC group. In addition, the gill SOD and CAT activities of the 2103 flounder family were significantly higher than the PC group. Similarly, the antioxidant-related gene (sod and cat) expressions were synchronously upregulated or downregulated in the liver and gills in response to U. prolifera degradation. These results revealed that U. prolifera degradation decreased the growth performance and influenced the antioxidant capacity of Japanese flounder, while the 2103 flounder family had better advantages in the U. prolifera degradation condition. Therefore, the 2103 flounder family could be regarded as the potential flounder family tolerating U. prolifera degradation. The increased Fe content in the U. prolifera degradation water may be one of the main causes of the physiological alterations observed in Japanese flounder.

Influence of Forced Running Loads on the Content of Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase Isoforms and Monovalent Cations in Skeletal Muscles of Mice with a Model of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

The effect of forced running for 1 hour daily for 4 weeks on the content of Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms and monovalent cations in the skeletal muscles of mice with a model of type II diabetes mellitus (DM-II) was studied. To form a model of the disease, a high-fat diet was used, and physical activity in the form of forced running was carried out for 4 weeks. The content of Na+/K+-ATPase isoforms and Na+ and K+ ions in muscle tissue of m. gastrocnemius was determined by Western blotting and atomic absorption spectrophotomery, respectively. It has been shown that the formation of DM-II in mice is accompanied by changes in the content of Na+/K+-ATPase alpha 1 and 2 isoforms in muscle tissue. The effect of forced running loads on the content of Na+/K+-ATPase in muscle tissue is significant and primarily differs in age groups. One can also note a certain dependence of the influence of forced running loads on the content of this enzyme on the time of their use. In young animals, changes in the concentrations of monovalent sodium and potassium cations after forced running loads were less pronounced. In aged mice, against the background of forced loads, an increase in the content of sodium and decrease in the content of potassium in muscle tissue was observed. The detected changes in monovalent cations content in the muscle tissue of mice with diabetes mellitus II under the influence of forced running loads may play a role in the implementation of the metabolic effects of physical activity.

ЭЛЕМЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ ФАЗ В ТОРФЯНЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЯХ БОЛОТА ДУЛИХА (ПРИБАЙКАЛЬЕ) ПО ДАННЫМ МЕТОДОВ РЕНТГЕНОСПЕКТРАЛЬНОГО АНАЛИЗА

The paper deals with a detailed study of the Holocene core of drilling peat deposits of the upland (oligotrophic) Dulikha bog. Based on the results of non-destructive X-ray fluorescence analysis, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 oxides predominate in the peat deposit chemical composition along the section depth. The main minerals of the peat ash part are mica, quartz, plagioclase, bassanite, potassium feldspar; secondary one is chlorite, accessory ones are amphibole, illite. The study results of peat substance by energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed that peat deposits are represented by a mixture of particles and conglomerates of various shapes and sizes. The elemental composition of the main matrix of samples is presented by an organic component with a high content of C and O and silicate mineral component with a content of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe. Single small bright particles of facetted and semi-facetted shape with a high content of Fe, Ti, Ca, Ba and W occur in almost all studied peat samples. The mineral component of these particles may be represented by magnetites, titanites, single metal granules. The upper interval of the peat bog section (0-20 cm) is characterized by increased concentrations of Cu and Zn, that may be due to both anthropogenic stress on swamp ecosystems and high biophillyng, i.e. the ability to accumulate living matter.

Karakteristik Pupuk Organik Cair Berbasis Limbah Vinasse Melalui Teknologi Aktivasi

Utilization of vinasse waste as POC has great potential in the agricultural sector. This is because there is an abundance of vinasse waste originating from the bioethanol industry sector. So action is needed so that vinasse waste can be utilized into a profitable product. This research aims to test the potential of vinasse waste if it is processed into POC. Apart from using vinasse waste as the main raw material, the formula also added organic ingredients such as straw ash, humate, husk charcoal and filter cake dregs which were fermented for 5 weeks. Based on the research results, the content of N, P, K and C-organic elements cannot comply with the 2019 Ministry of Agriculture Quality Standards. Meanwhile, the content of Na and pH elements is appropriate, but for Fe only the F2 and F4 T1 treatments can be appropriate.

Elemental concentrations of seven types of green vegetables grown on small-scale farmlands in rural areas of Japan: Differences according to the type and place of production

We collected seven types of green vegetables produced in 11 areas of Japan and analyzed their elemental concentrations. Halogen analyses were performed with and without prior chemical treatment. The most popular type of spinach exhibited the highest concentrations of Mg, K, and Zn, and the lowest concentrations of alkaline earths (Ca and Sr) and halogens (Cl and Br). Japanese mustard spinach, the second most consumed type of spinach in Japan, exhibited the highest concentrations of P, S, Ca, Fe, and Br and adequate amounts of other essential elements. The other five green vegetables had unique elemental concentrations. In particular, radish had the highest concentrations of Ca, Na, and Cl and the lowest concentrations of Mg, P, Cu, and Zn. Leaves and stalks were separately analyzed. Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn concentrations tended to be higher in leaves, and K, Na, and Rb concentrations were higher in stalks. Halogen (Cl and Br) concentrations in Japanese mustard spinach produced on farmland near the coast were remarkably high, suggesting an effect of sea salt. However, even in green vegetables produced near the coast, halogen uptake clearly differed by production area. The concentrations of Cl and Br in Japanese mustard spinach produced in two coastal areas were very high and were not removed by washing, but were mostly lost after boiling samples from Taneichi for 3[Formula: see text]min. In contrast, there was no difference in Na concentrations among vegetables produced in coastal and inland areas. The concentrations of essential elements such as Mg, Ca, and Fe were clearly higher in green vegetables from small- versus large-scale production areas, perhaps attributable to differences in the farming methods employed.

Effect of lactation on the distribution of mineral elements in goat milk

The distribution of mineral elements in milk is crucial for their absorption and utilization, however, there has been limited attention given to the status of mineral elements in goat milk. In this study, goat milk was collected at 4 lactation periods (1-3, 90, 150, 240 d) and separated into 4 fractions (fat, casein, whey, and aqueous phase). The concentrations of Mg, Ca, Na, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Co, Ni, Mo, and Cr in 4 fractions were analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. Our findings reveal that Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Cr exhibit the highest levels in casein, while Mo demonstrates the highest content in whey. Additionally, Mg, Na, K, and Ni display the highest concentrations in the aqueous phase. Specifically, the contents of Ca, Cu and Fe in casein decrease from 1-3 to 150 d of lactation but increase from 150 to 240 d of lactation. Furthermore, the content of Mg in the aqueous phase decreases from 1-3 to 90 d of lactation but increases from 90 to 240 d of lactation. The content of Na and K in the aqueous phase decreases from 1-3 to 150 d of lactation. Notably, the content of Mo in whey increases from 1-3 to 150 d of lactation and decreases from 150 to 240 d. Our research contributes to the advancement of understanding the bioavailability of mineral elements in goat milk.

Thirty years of regional groundwater-quality trend studies in the United States: Major findings and lessons learned

Changes in groundwater quality have been evaluated for more than 2,200 wells in 25 Principal Aquifers in the United States based on repeated decadal sampling (once every 10 years) from 1988 to 2021. The purpose of this study is to identify contaminants with changing concentrations, the locations and magnitude of those changes, the factors driving those changes, the obstacles to interpreting the changes, and approaches to ameliorate those obstacles. Sampling was conducted in 89 networks of 20–30 wells each that represent various geographic regions, aquifer types and land use types. Each network, and the wells that comprise them, are sampled on a rotating basis once every 10 years. Of the 28 constituents evaluated for trends, concentrations of Na, Cl, dissolved solids, SO4, and NO3 exhibited statistically significant increases at the network level more frequently than other constituents. Factors affecting trends in Cl and NO3 are emphasized in this study. Regional patterns show large increases of Cl in urban areas in the Northeast and Midcontinent, where road-deicing salt application rates are 10 to 100 times greater than in other regions of the country, and in semiarid and arid regions of the western United States, where evaporation concentrates solutes in recharge. The largest increases in NO3 were in agricultural areas of the semiarid west, arid west and Pacific regions which are characterized by oxic groundwater, long-term increases in nitrogen fertilizer usage, and high rates of irrigation. However, finding a direct relation between increasing contaminant sources and corresponding groundwater quality response, particularly when sampling once every 10 years, can be complicated by factors such as uncertainty in the timing, mass, and location of contaminant sources, groundwater residence time (recharge date), geochemical conditions in the aquifer that affect contaminant transport, and variability in water quality due to climatic factors such as seasonality and hydrologic conditions. Understanding groundwater residence time allows the changes in groundwater quality to be evaluated in the context of recharge date rather than the sample date. Likewise, information on geochemical characteristics of the aquifer can be helpful for understanding relations between contaminant source inputs and groundwater concentrations. For example, oxic geochemical conditions in the aquifer may allow for conservative transport and accumulation of NO3 in groundwater, whereas reducing environments could favor NO3 degradation. Differences in hydrologic conditions (wetter or drier than average) on the date of sampling could impact the statistical results of sampling at decadal intervals and obscure long-term patterns. Samples collected under substantially different hydrologic conditions can be identified, and high-frequency sampling can improve interpretation of measured results in these cases. Although decadal sampling and associated water-quality interpretations have limitations, repeated, scheduled sampling of thousands of wells over multiple decades has great value for identifying and understanding long-term, regional groundwater-quality trends. Despite these limitations, the concepts presented herein provide options that could be used to interpret trends or changes when sampling over longer timespans, which is less common than trend networks with higher frequency sampling intervals.

Influence of Forced Running Loads on the Content of Na+/K+-ATPase Isoforms and Monovalent Cations in Skeletal Muscles of Mice with a Model of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Influence of Forced Running Loads on the Content of Na+/K+-ATPase Isoforms and Monovalent Cations in Skeletal Muscles of Mice with a Model of Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Emulsion for stabilizing β-carotene and curcumin prepared directly using a continuous phase of polysaccharide-rich Schizophyllum commune fermentation broth

In this study, we examined the effect of Schizophyllum commune fermentation broth (SCFB) rich in polysaccharides (SCFP) on the stability and bioaccessibility of β-carotene and curcumin. An SCFB-stabilized oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion (SCFBe) was prepared using SCFB as the continuous phase, and then evaluated for storage stability using an SCFP-based emulsion (SCFPe) as the control. The findings revealed that SCFBe is more stable at 60 °C than SCFPe, and stratification or droplet size varied at differing pH levels (3–9) and concentrations of Na+ (0.1–0.5 M) and Ca2+ (0.01–0.05 M). Since the absolute value of the zeta potential of SCFBe is much lower at 60 °C than that at 4 °C and 25 °C, a higher temperature (60 °C) may enhance the reactivity of polysaccharides and proteins in SCFB to improve the stability of SCFBe. Both the protective impact of SCFB on functional food molecules and their capacity to block lipid oxidation increased as polysaccharide content improved. The bioaccessibility of β-carotene after in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion is 11.18 %–12.28 %, whereas that of curcumin is 31.64 %–33.00 %. By fermenting edible and medicinal fungi in liquid, we created a unique and environmentally friendly approach for getting food-grade emulsifiers without extraction.

Comparative Study of the Priming Effect of Abscisic Acid on Tolerance to Saline and Alkaline Stresses in Rice Seedlings

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) regulates the plant response to environmental stress; therefore, ABA priming is an effective strategy for enhancing stress tolerance in rice. In this study, we investigated the priming effects of 1 and 5 µM ABA on the biochemical and physiological traits associated with seedling growth performance in two rice cultivars exposed to saline (100 mM NaCl) and alkaline (15 mM Na2CO3) stress via root drenching. ABA pretreatment effectively reduced damage in rice seedlings by mitigating the increases in Na+/K+ ratio, membrane injury, contents of Na+, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion radical, and prevented reductions in K+ and total chlorophyll contents, and ROS-related enzyme activities in both cultivars under saline and alkaline stresses. Rice seedlings with ABA pretreatment under alkaline stress had a stronger ability to maintain ion homeostasis, eliminate ROS, and induce changes in endogenous ABA levels via the upregulation of OsHKT1;5, OsSOS1, OsNHX5, OsPOX1, OsCATA, OsNCED3, OsSalT, and OsWsi18 and downregulation of OsRbohA than under saline stress. The saline–alkaline (SA)-sensitive cultivar demonstrated greater sensitivity to the priming effect of ABA than that of the SA-tolerant cultivar under both stress conditions. These findings have implications for rice adaptation to SA soils.

New Experimental Constraints for the Evolution and Thermobarometry of Alkali Ultrabasic to Intermediate Igneous Rocks

Abstract We report new experimental data from ultrabasic basanite and ultrabasic tephrite as starting material compositions in the 1350°C to 1000°C temperature range. Crystallization experiments under low- to high-pressure (0.5–2.0 GPa) were carried out under reduced conditions (≈CCO buffer), while one-atmosphere, anhydrous, experiments were performed ranging from reduced to oxidized conditions (−2 ≤ ∆QFM ≤ +2). The results highlight the ƒO2 role on the silica saturation of the alkali liquids differentiated from these primary ultrabasic magmas, on the mineral assemblage, and its composition. The liquid lines of descent (LLDs) from basanite are sodic and strongly SiO2 undersaturated, whereas from tephrite, the LLDs are sodic-potassic/potassic for both weakly SiO2-undersaturated and SiO2-saturated compositions, being more silica saturated under oxidized conditions. At the lowest temperature experiments, the percentage of liquid remaining is significantly higher in the basanite-derived products (ca. 35 wt.%) than in tephrite, indicating that the equivalent magmas are more prone to produce larger quantities of evolved melts. The best obtained Fe–Mg olivine/melt and clinopyroxene/melt exchange coefficients for these alkali compositions considering the new and available data are ${K_D}_{Fe^{2+}- Mg}^{Ol- Alkali\ melt}=0.285\pm 0.014$ and ${K_D}_{Fe^{2+}- Mg}^{Cpx- Alkali\ melt}=0.245\pm 0.008$, slightly lower than those observed in tholeiitic melts. Clinopyroxene compositions are Ti–Al-rich and Si-poor as compared with common clinopyroxenes in subalkali systems. We suggest that Ti should be allocated in the tetrahedral sites substituting for Si and that its contents are inversely correlated with pressure. Our results allow a simple new barometer based on clinopyroxene-only compositions, as follows:$$ P\left(\pm 0.16\ GPa,1\sigma \right)=16.028\left(\pm 1.042\right) Na-6.715\left(\pm 0.727\right)\frac{Ti}{Ti+ Al(t)}+0.494\left(\pm 0.441\right) Si+0.144\left(\pm 0.079\right) $$where Na, Ti, Al(t), and Si are molar proportions relative to 6O. This formulation accounts for the jadeite (NaAlSi2O6) component, herein computed from the Na contents, corrected for the Ti-diopside (CaMgTi2O6) component in clinopyroxene and also considers the evolutionary trend from Mg-augite to ferroan diopside. It applies to alkali ultrabasic to intermediate compositions in the examined P–T–ƒO2 range, resulting in more accurate estimates than the available calibrations. The MgO-in-melt thermometer was optimized for the studied compositions at one-atmosphere pressure and anhydrous conditions, as follows:$$ T\ \left(\pm 5{}^{\circ}C,1\sigma \right)=27.35\left(\pm 0.65\right)\ \big({MgO}^{liq}\big)+984\left(\pm 4\right) $$which provides much more reliable liquidus temperatures for these alkali systems. Given data restriction, this formulation may be expanded to include the pressure effects for relatively low-H2O (< 3 wt.%) systems as:$$ T\ \left(\pm 20{}^{\circ}C,1\sigma \right)=27.35\left(\pm 0.65\right)\big({MgO}^{liq}\big)+80.20\left(\pm 5.50\right)P(GPa)+981\left(\pm 4\right) $$

Characterization of Semisweet and Sweet Wines from Kos Island Produced Traditionally and Conventionally.

Eight wines, four semisweet rosé and four sweet red, produced on Kos Island in Greece, were analyzed. Wines produced following different winemaking procedures were characterized based on their physicochemical parameters, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and chromatic properties. Moreover, their elemental composition was studied with ICP-OES. Differences were observed among the measurements performed. All of the samples were below the levels set for SO2 content. The sweet red wines had higher alcoholic strength than semisweet rosé ones, and were characterized by a higher yellow proportion. The vinification process significantly affected SO2 levels, phenolics, and antioxidant activity. The red wines were high in Na content, with one sample exceeding the level set by OIV (International Organization of Vine and Wine). The levels of all the other elements related to quality (Fe, Cu, Zn) or safety (Pb, Cd) were far below the limits set. Rosé wines contained less Mg, but were higher in Na than the red ones. The obtained data suggest that sweet and semisweet wines produced with traditional procedures are safe and of high quality, holding antioxidant capacity beneficial to health. The information reported contributes to a better understanding of these types of wines.

Magnetic treatment of irrigation water and its effect on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Abstract Magnetic water treatment (magnetic treatment device (MTD)) has long been a contentious procedure for domestic water treatment. This study examines the pros and cons of using different water types with and without a magnetic field treatment for growing French bean crop irrigation. The MTD used in this experiment works by ionizing the dissolved solid using a cathode and anode, electrolysing water using a dynamic pulse current at 50 kHz, and energizing the cations using a 7,000 Gauss magnet. The MTD of normal, waste and saline water enhanced the yield by 12.7, 16.9, and 20.07% over their respective control plots. Contrarily, seed protein (22.52 g/100 g), vitamin A (687.09 IU), potassium (212.44 mg/100 g), vitamin K (14.32 mg/100 g), and calcium (39.93 mg/100 g) reached their peak values when French bean plants were irrigated by magnetically treated wastewater. Na concentration in pods was significantly reduced when 3,000 mg/L of magnetically treated saline water was used to irrigate French bean plants. The MTD of irrigation water has also improved N and K desorption from colloidal soil complexes, which significantly helped make these two elements easily available to the plants and promoting better plant growth and yield. Overall, using the MTD, the overall characteristics of French bean were improved.

Effects of Lipids and Type of Amino Acid in Protein in Microalgae on Nitrogen Reaction Pathways during Hydrothermal Liquefaction.

It is meaningful to understand the conversion pathways of nitrogen during the hydrothermal liquefaction process of microalgae to reveal the related reaction mechanisms and develop effective methods to prevent N from ending in biocrude, which eventually increases the quality of biocrude. Extending from our previous works that mainly focused on two high-protein (>50 wt%) microalgae (Chlorella sp. and Spirulina sp.), Nannochloropsis sp., which has a high lipid content (>70 wt%), was used as the feedstock for this project using the same methodology. The high lipid content in Na. induced less nitrogen during the oil phase and as a result, reduced the heteroatom content while also improving the quality of biocrude. It is worth noting that another investigation was conducted on the model compounds with different types of amino acids to specify the effects of the types of amino acids in the proteins in microalgae on the N pathway and their distribution in the products (aqueous phase, oil, solid, and gas). It was found that the basic amino acid in microalgae caused the formation of more N-heterocyclic compounds in the biocrude. The mass flow based on the mass balance was demonstrated to further refine the map showing the predicted reaction pathway of nitrogen from the previous version.

Experimental investigation of the responses of meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris L.) to sodic salinity and its implications for habitat monitoring

Ranunculus acris L. is a native species widely distributed throughout Europe and is invasive in nonnative areas, causing substantial economic losses in pasture productivity. The present study examined the effects of sodic salinity on the growth and functioning of this species. Salinity stresses the germination process and seedling growth, indicating that the studied species experience serious limitations at 60–90 mmol dm−3 NaCl and cannot establish in habitats where salinity is equal to or greater than 150 mmol dm−3 NaCl. R. acris is tuned to subsaline habitats characteristic of temperate meadows, as its growth and functioning were the best when the plants were treated with 30 mmol dm−3 NaCl. Increasing salinity (60 and 90 mmol dm−3 NaCl) hampered growth, leaf morphology and photosynthesis but not mineral nutrition, as Na accumulation seemed to be the most outlined effect of NaCl application. Changes in leaf morphological characteristics coordinated well with Na content in those organs, which indicates that leaf appearance can be easily catchable sign of progressing salinity. Ultimately, progressing salinity reduces the competitiveness of the studied species, shifting its strategy to ruderal behavior, but under subsaline conditions, the strategy of this species seems to be most balanced.