Macronutrient Content Research Articles

The effect of upper- and lower-body exercise on next-day postprandial triglycerides in healthy young men.

High non-fasting triglycerides (TG) concentration is linked to the development of atherosclerosis, and physical activity is commonly recommended to reduce postprandial TG concentration and cardiovascular diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that acute whole-body (walking and running) or lower-body (leg cycling) aerobic exercise reduces postprandial TG. However, it is unclear whether upper-body exercise (i.e. arm-cranking) with sufficient energy expenditure lowers postprandial TG. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of energy-matched upper- and lower-body exercises on postprandial TG concentrations the next day in healthy young men. Fifteen healthy young men (age 22.5 ± 1.7years, height 173.8 ± 5.7cm, body mass 68.2 ± 8.5kg, peak oxygen uptake 48.0 ± 5.5mL/min/kg and physically active) participated in a three-arm crossover trials: 1) arm-cranking, 2) leg-cycling exercise at 70% of mode-specific peak oxygen uptake to induce a net energy expenditure of 1,255kJ, or 3) rested between 16:00 and 17:00h on day 1 and consumed two standardised meals for breakfast (10:00h) and lunch (13:00h) on day 2. The mean macronutrient content of the breakfast was 44.9 ± 5.6g fat, 104.8 ± 13.0g carbohydrate, and 29.4 ± 3.6g protein, which provided 3.95 ± 0.49MJ energy (43% fat, 45% carbohydrate, and 12% protein), and that of the lunch was 45.2 ± 5.6g fat, 106.7 ± 13.2g carbohydrate, and 33.9 ± 4.2g protein, which provided 4.06 ± 0.50MJ energy (42% fat, 44% carbohydrate, and 14% protein). Time-averaged postprandial serum TG concentrations over 8h differed among trials (main effect of trial p < 0.001) and were lower in the upper- and lower-body exercise trials than in the control trial (1.46 ± 0.54 vs. 1.50 ± 0.69 vs. 1.79 ± 0.83mmol/L, respectively). The incremental TG area under the curve (AUC) (main effect of trial, p = 0.012) was 39% and 37% higher in the control trial than in the upper- and lower-body exercise trials (p = 0.025 and p = 0.033, respectively). There were no significant differences in incremental TG AUC between the upper- and lower-body exercise trials. An acute bout of energy-matched upper- and lower-body exercises similarly lowered postprandial TG concentrations the following day in healthy young men.Trial registration number: UMIN000045449.Date of registration: 10 September 2021.

The test-retest reliability and validity of food photography and food diary analyses.

To assess test-retest reliability of both food photography and food diary methods and validity of these data against known values derived from food labels. Test-retest reliability analyses of food diary and food photography were compared using single foodstuffs using intra-class correlation coefficients, coefficients of variation, and limits of agreement. For food diaries, 24-h test-retest reliability was also examined. Validity was assessed against weighed analyses. As part of habitual intake, a single foodstuff (randomly allocated from 14 common foods) was consumed by 26 participants over 24-h. On two occasions (14 days apart), single-blind dietary analyses allowed estimation of foodstuff-specific energy and macronutrient content and 24-h intakes. For food diaries, test-retest reliability was acceptable (weight, energy, carbohydrate, protein, and fat: all intra-class correlation coefficients: >0.990, coefficient of variation percentage: <0.1%, limits of agreements: <0.1 to <0.1, p > 0.05, and effect size: <0.01). For food photography, test-retest reliability was acceptable for weight, energy, carbohydrate, and protein (all intra-class correlation coefficients: >0.898, coefficient of variation percentage: 3.6%-6.2%, limits of agreements: 1.1 to - 44.9, and effect size: 0.01-0.12). Food photography validity was worse than food diaries for all variables (percentage difference: 8.8%-15.3%, coefficient of variation percentage: 7.5%-13.8%, all p ≤ 0.05, and effect size: 0.001-0.11). Greater reliability and validity occurred in food diaries versus food photography. These findings suggest that using food photography may lead to an underestimation of energy and macronutrient content, which may have implications for dietary interventions and nutritional strategies.

Optimal fertilization of Marandu grass with gelatin industry sludge

This study determined optimal fertilization levels for Marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) as a forage using sludge from the gelatin industry. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse with five treatments: three rates of gelatin sludge application (0, 200, and 300 m3 ha-1), an organo-mineral (100 m3 ha-1 + mineral: 60 mg dm-3 N), and pure mineral fertilizer (100 mg dm-3 N) with six replicates. Plant and stem height, number of tillers, leaves, leaves/tiller, chlorophyll index, dry mass (leaves, roots, and residue), crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber, macronutrient, and micronutrient concentrations were measured. Plant and stem height, number of tillers, leaves, and biomass production increased linearly as gelatin sludge dosage increased. There was a linear increase in crude protein with reduction in neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber with increasing gelatin sludge fertilization. Gelatin sludge dosage did not affect the contents of P, Mg, S, Cu, and Fe. Only Mn had a positive linear response to gelatin sludge with reduction at the highest rate. The 300 m3 ha-1 dosage of gelatin sludge increased biomass production and chlorophyll index. In contrast, the organo-mineral fertilizer promoted higher crude protein and lower neutral detergent fiber concentrations in grass. The gelatin sludge dosage of 300 m3 ha-1 improved the nutritive value of Marandu grass compared to mineral fertilizer. Gelatin sludge is a promising pasture amendment for growing Marandu grass as it recycles industrial animal waste for a more integrated livestock-cropping system.

308 Isoenergetic reduction of dietary macronutrients reveals distinct fecal metabolomic signatures in lean and obese cats fed at maintenance

Abstract Obesity has become a concerning problem in cats. Increasing evidence demonstrates the utility of metabolomics in identifying disease biomarkers and assessing the effects of nutritional interventions, although limited information exists regarding alterations in fecal metabolites in lean and obese domestic cats in response to different macronutrient content. In the current study, three extruded diets were formulated based on adult maintenance using an isoenergentic approach. These diets were created by adjusting the levels of identical ingredients to achieve a low-protein [LP; protein 28% metabolizable energy (ME), fat 40%ME, NFE 32% ME), a low-fat (LF; protein 42% ME, fat 30% ME, NFE 30% ME), and a low-carbohydrate (LC; protein 36% ME, fat 41% ME, NFE 23% ME] diet. Healthy neutered male adult cats [n = 18; body condition scores (BCS) 4 or 5 (lean, n = 9) and 8 or 9 (obese, n = 9)] were fed each diet for a period of 4 wk in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. Fecal samples from each cat were collected between d 22 and 28 of each treatment period. A total of 67 fecal metabolites in six groups (35 amino acids, 11 fatty acids, 10 sugars and sugar metabolites, 5 alcohols, 3 nitrogenous bases, and 3 others) were analyzed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. To evaluate the impact of body condition, diet and their interaction on each metabolite, proc GLIMMIX covariance structure was selected by the smallest Akaike information criterion value in SAS. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check normality and lognormal or beta distribution were applied when appropriate. Bonferroni correction post-hoc test was followed to correct Type I error. Statistical significance was considered at P &amp;lt; 0.05. In lean cats, significantly greater concentrations of fecal proteinogenic and branched-chain amino acids, such as methionine, valine, and L-lysine, as well as pyruvic acid and sugars (P &amp;lt; 0.05) were observed. This suggests that these metabolites may either be more actively fermented by bacteria or not utilized as extensively as in obese cats, potentially contributing to a reduction in obesity status. Regardless of body condition, there is a possibility of an enhanced activity in the tryptophan degradation pathway, leading to the greatest concentrations of fecal tryptophan (P = 0.04) in the LF diet, while the greatest fecal D-galactose (P = 0.04) in the LP diet was likely due to the greater dietary carbohydrate content. These observed results suggested that fecal metabolites were influenced by both body condition and diet; however, body condition had a more substantial impact on metabolite changes in cats, whereas no body condition and diet interaction were noted. Overall, the study indicated distinct fecal metabolic signatures in lean and obese cats subjected to different macronutrient diets and further research is warranted to validate the observed findings. Funding was provided by Champion Petfoods, Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and Mitacs Accelerate.

The Impact of Suspension Fertilizers Based on Waste Phosphorus Salts from Polyol Production on the Content of Macronutrients in Maize Grown for Green Fodder

The Impact of Suspension Fertilizers Based on Waste Phosphorus Salts from Polyol Production on the Content of Macronutrients in Maize Grown for Green Fodder

Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Soyabeans (Glycine Max) Enriched Carbohydrate Diets

This study explored enhancing the nutritional value and functional properties of carbohydrate-rich diets by incorporating soybeans into millet, cassava, and yam. Soybeans, known for their high protein, unsaturated fats, and micronutrients, were used to fortify these staple foods. Proximate analysis assessed the macronutrient content of both the original and soybean-enriched samples, while functional properties such as water and oil absorption capacities, swelling index, bulk density, and gelation capacity were evaluated. Results showed significant increases in protein content, particularly in the millet-soybean mixture (29.81%), with relatively low levels of fat and ash. Functional assessments indicated millet’s highest gelation capacity and cassava’s superior water absorption. These findings suggest that soybean fortification can improve carbohydrate-rich diets’ nutritional quality and versatility. Further research is recommended to assess the impact of these dietary modifications on human health and consumer acceptance.

Enhancing soybean cultivation sustainability: impact of limestone mining co-products on soil and plant chemical attributes

The increasing demand for sustainable agricultural practices necessitates innovative solutions for soil fertilization. This study aimed to assess the viability of using limestone mining co-products from the Irati and Corumbataí Formations as multi-nutrient sources for Glycine max cultivation. The experiment utilized a double factorial design (7 × 2) with five replications, randomly arranged and placed in pots within a greenhouse. The factors examined were the type of co-product (sedimentary rocks from the Irati Formation: rhythmite and bituminous shale; and the Corumbataí Formation: clayey siltstone) and the soil type (Haplic Arenosol and Rhodic Ferralsol). Soil ion content was assessed at 21 and 140 days after treatment application. Each pot housed four G. max plants, with leaf harvest occurring after 42 days of growth. Macronutrient content, leaf production, and soil ion availability were determined thereafter. Overall, co-product application led to increased soil pH and availability of essential ions, including K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, P, S-SO42−, and Si. At 140 days, rhythmite was notably effective in increasing pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in Haplic Arenosol, with respective increases of 22%, 224%, and 696%. Bituminous shale, on the other hand, significantly increased S-SO42− content by 67% and 426% in Rhodic Ferralsol and Haplic Arenosol, respectively. Moreover, the application of co-products resulted in enhanced accumulation of K, Ca, Mg, and S in G. max plants, alongside increased leaf production. In conclusion, the utilization of mining co-products positively influenced soil and plant chemical attributes, particularly enhancing leaf production in G. max. These findings highlight the potential of co-products as environmentally friendly solutions for soil fertilization, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. This research highlights a significant step towards sustainable agriculture by recycling mining waste into valuable soil amendments, which can improve crop yields and reduce the environmental impact of both mining and agricultural activities.Graphical

The nitrogen deficiency influence on the growth and development of spring two-nuclear barley varieties grown under photoculture conditions

The purpose of the research is to study, the effect of N deficiency in irrigation solutions on the structural and functional characteristics of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the Oplot variety under controlled environmental conditions, in comparison with the structural and functional characteristics of Takmak barley, which has been the standard in all variety testing sites of the Krasnoyarsk Territory since 2022. The plants were grown under light culture conditions using hydroponics on expanded clay with constant environmental conditions at a photoperiod day/night of 17h / 7h, respectively. The basis for the preparation of irrigation solutions was Knop solution (control) and a solution in which, in order to reduce the concentration of N-NO3, the salt content was changed 2 times so as not to change the concentration of other macronutrients. A comparison of the rate of absorption of macronutrients by barley plants of the Oplot and Takmak varieties, depending on the composition of the irrigation solution, shows a higher demand of the barley of the Oplot variety for the presence of mineral nutrition elements in the irrigation solution in comparison with the barley of the Takmak variety. The deficiency of N in the irrigation solution led to a decrease in total tillering by about 2.5 times, but productive tillering in the barley of the Oplot variety decreased to a greater extent than in the barley of the Takmak variety. When growing on Knop solution the barley of the Oplot variety showed higher productivity than the barley of the Takmak variety. When grown on solutions with a deficiency of N, the grain yield of the barley of the Oplot variety decreased by 2.8 times, and in the barley of the Takmak variety, the differences between the control and experimental variants were unreliable. The barley of the Takmak variety showed higher resistance to N deficiency in the irrigation solution, thereby showing higher plasticity compared to the barley of the Oplot variety.

Integrated Manure and Fertilizer Application: A Pathway to Enhanced Rice Yield and Soil Health

A research study was carried out in the Soil Science field laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the Aman season of 2021 to examine the effect of various manure and fertilizer combinations for optimizing the growth and yield of rice. The experiment employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 3 replications across eight treatments. The treatment combinations were: T­1 (Control), T2 (100% Recommended Fertilizer Dose (RFD)), T3 (75% RFD + Cowdung (CD) @ 5 t ha-1), T4 (75% RFD + Poultry manure (PM) @ 3 t ha-1), T5 (75% RFD + Compost @ 5 t ha-1), T6 (75% RFD + Dhaincha Green Manure (GM) @ 10 t ha-1), T7 (50% RFD +CD @ 2.5 t ha-1 + PM @ 1.5 t ha-1) and T8 (50% RFD + Compost @ 2.5 t ha­-1 + Dhaincha GM 5 t ha-1). Statistical analysis conducted using R programming revealed that T6 markedly improved growth metrics and yield-related traits, leading to a 12.2% rise in grain yield and a 13.24% rise in straw yield compared to T2, where only chemical fertilizers were applied. This treatment also achieved the greatest macronutrient content and uptake, outperforming other treatments (T3, T4, and T5) with equal nutrient amounts. Therefore, application of 75% recommended fertilizer dose along with dhaincha green manure (10 t ha-1) offers a promising strategy for successfully cultivating BRRI dhan71 with a good soil health. This approach offers farmers a cost-effective method to boost productivity and support long-term soil fertility, and policymakers could promote it to enhance agricultural sustainability.

Nitrogen Nutrition-Induced Changes in Macronutrient Content and Their Indirect Effect on N-Metabolism Via an Impact on Key N-Assimilating Enzymes in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Judicious application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in crop production is critical for reducing the nitrate pollution of groundwater and greenhouse gas emissions. It is, thus, important to improve the nitrogen use efficiency under the reduced application of nitrogen. A genotypic variation in N-uptake and N-use efficiency particularly under low N-input conditions exists across crops that can be deciphered and exploited for environmentally sustainable farming without any significant penalty of yield and quality. The present research conducted under the nutrient solution culture aimed to explore the inherent variability in the growth response of ten genetically diverse wheat varieties to low fertilizer N-application (N-, 10 μM N) in comparison to N sufficient control (N+, 8.5 mM N) viz., a viz., the activity of various key N-assimilating enzymes and to delineate the indirect effect of low N on uptake and partitioning of other major macronutrients viz., P, K, S, which may indirectly regulate the N-use efficiency. A notable increase in sulfur, potassium, and phosphorus content was observed under nitrogen-deficient conditions. Varieties such as Carnamah and HD 2824 exhibit a significant increase in shoot phosphorus content, emphasizing their potential to optimize phosphorus acquisition and utilization efficiency under nutrient-limited conditions. The findings highlight the complex interplay between nutrient availability and plant responses, showcasing varietal-specific adaptations to nitrogen limitations.

Sex-Specific Variation in Metabolic Responses to Diet.

Suboptimal nutrition is a leading cause of cardiometabolic disease and mortality. Biological sex is a variable that influences individual responses to dietary components and may modulate the impact of diet on metabolic health and disease risk. This review describes findings of studies reporting how biological sex may associate with or affect metabolic outcomes or disease risk in response to varying dietary macronutrient content, Mediterranean diet, Western diet, and medical very low-calorie diet. Although few dietary interventions have been specifically designed to identify sex-diet interactions, future studies improving understanding how sex influences dietary responses could inform precision nutrition interventions for disease prevention and management.

Assessing the influence of planting time and fertilization on growth, flowering, yield and soil properties of chrysanthemum

ObjectivesTo identify optimal planting time for maximizing growth and flowering, and assess the impacts of various fertilization techniques on plant growth and soil health in chrysanthemum. MethodsThe investigation was conducted at Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry in Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India from 2022 to 2023. The study aimed to investigate the impact of various planting times and fertilization schedules on the yield, quality, and soil health characteristics of chrysanthemum. Different planting times from 15 June to 30 August under organic and inorganic fertilization regimes were evaluated. Data related to vegetative growth, flowering, soil chemical and biological properties were recorded. ResultsPlantingon15 June along with inorganic fertilization resulted in improved vegetative characters like plant height (74.37 cm) and plant spread (30.56 cm), flowering characters like cut flower stem length (64.07 cm), stem strength (10.40°), flower diameter (11.80 cm) and duration of flowering (22.50 days) and soil chemical properties like available N, P, K (326.53, 40.36 and 359.48 kg/ha, respectively). However, planting on June 15 combined with organic fertilization led to enhancement in soil microbiological properties, including bacterial count (138.33 cfu/g soil), fungal count (31.75 cfu/g soil), actinomycetes count (62.46 cfu/g soil), microbial biomass (52.62 µg/g soil) as well as vase life (19.70 days). ConclusionIn the present study, it was found that planting time and fertilization significantly impacted chrysanthemum growth, yield and soil properties. The 15 June planting with inorganic fertilization boosted growth, yield and macronutrient content, while organic fertilization on the same date enhanced soil microflora. Flowering was influenced by planting time and organic fertilization showed promise as an alternative to chemical fertilization. Optimizing planting schedules and using organic fertilizers would lead to sustainability and offer economically viable alternatives to conventional crop management.

Addition of polyester microplastic fibers to soil alters the diversity and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and affects plant growth and nutrition

Microplastics (MPs) represent an emerging factor in global environmental change and are increasingly found in soils. However, the extent to which they affect plants and their interactions with the soil microbiome is poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that increasing levels of polyester MP fibers in soil alter plant growth and nutrient acquisition responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi via changes in AM fungal colonization and community composition. We used Sorghum drummondii as a model species in a fully factorial greenhouse experiment. Plants were exposed to soil treatments with 0, 0.2, 1, and 3 % MP polyester fibers either in the presence or absence of an assembled AM fungal community comprising 13 species across three families with contrasting life-history strategies. We found that the 1 % MP treatment promoted plant biomass irrespective of the presence of AM fungi. While no changes in macronutrient concentrations in plant tissues were seen, there was a significant increase in B and Mn when relatively low amounts of MPs were added, and this effect was modulated by AM fungi. Furthermore, there were shifts in AM fungal community composition in response to MP, favoring taxa such as Gigaspora sp. while negatively affecting ruderal taxa like Glomus sp. Overall, our data indicate that MP polyester fibers present in soil can in some cases be beneficial to plants and AM fungal interactions. However, the implications of these findings over the long-term and in the context of ecological repercussions of MP pollution in the environment remain to be seen.

Life Cycle Assessment of Microalgal Biomass Valorization from a Wastewater Treatment Process

Abstract Purpose The life cycle assessment (LCA) performed in this work evaluates the potential environmental impacts of an activated-sludge-based wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) coupled with microalgal cultivation, including the algal biomass recovery. The system is compared with the WWTP without algal integration to evaluate the potential benefits derived by the coupling. In addition to more conventional valorization strategies for the algal biomass, a special focus is given to the production of biostimulants, that give the chance to replace some chemical fertilizers. Method Four scenarios are compared. They differ in the algal biomass valorization route: direct use in agriculture (S1), incineration with energy recovery (S2), use in cement plant as an auxiliary fuel (S3), and biostimulants production and use on crops (S4). The environmental impacts of the system are assessed including 16 categories, to comprehensively cover its potential impacts. Results S4 allows for significant impact reductions (compared to the WWTP without algal integration) only when the increase of the nutrient-uptake efficiency of crops is taken into account. Assuming a 5% reduction of fertilizers application, S4 shows an improvement in 14 out of the 16 impact categories. Conversely, when the amount of substituted fertilizers is calculated comparing just the macronutrient content of biostimulants with that of algae, S4 is comparable with S1, S2, and S3, where just four to five impact categories show lower impacts than the WWTP without algal integration. Conclusions The LCA confirms the environmental benefits of biostimulants application on crops, although the modeling approach requires further research as it strongly influences the results.

Preparation, Characterization, and Testing of Compost Tea Derived from Seaweed and Fish Residues

Non-aerated compost tea (CT) was prepared from compost derived from rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) and fish (cod, common ling, haddock, saithe) residues that fermented in water. Electrical conductivity, pH, concentrations of dry matter, ash, C, macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), and micronutrients (Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn) of CT prepared under different fermentation conditions were measured. The effects of process factors, i.e., water/compost mass ratio (4.2–9.8 g/g) and fermentation time (4.2–9.8 days = 100–236 h), on the physicochemical properties of CT were quantified using quadratic polynomial models. CT obtained at optimal levels of process factors (4.2 g/g and 5.6 days = 134 h) was tested for lettuce seed germination and seedling growth. Diluted CT (25% CT + 75% ultrapure water) improved seedling growth while achieving a high germination percentage (97%).

Evolution of dietary patterns in Flanders: an ecological trend study on best-selling cookbook recipes (2008–2018) and their correlation with household purchases

BackgroundWith rising obesity rates in Western societies, analyzing changes in dietary patterns is paramount. While nutritional surveys have been informative, traditional cookbooks have historically shed light on national cuisines and its changes. Despite the growing popularity of online platforms for food information, cookbooks might still reflect prevalent dietary trends and the diets people follow. This study examined (1) the changes in nutritional content and food group usage in the best-selling cookbooks from 2008 to 2018, and (2) the correlation between the food groups in these cookbooks and dietary patterns (inferred from household purchases) over the same timeframe.MethodsAn exploratory ecological study was conducted on 20 main course recipes of each of the five best-selling cookbooks in Flanders annually between 2008 and 2018. Trends in macronutrients and food group usage in these recipes were analyzed using generalized linear models. Additionally, these trends were compared to household purchase data in Flanders using correlation matrices.ResultsOur results reveal a rising trend towards the use of plant-based ingredients and meat alternatives in cookbooks over the period 2008–2018. There was an increase in the usage of vegetables, nuts & seeds, and cheese. Conversely, there was a decline in the usage of meat, sugar & sweeteners, alcohol, and dairy (all p-values < 0.05). In terms of macronutrient content, there was an upswing in carbohydrate, fibre, and sugar levels, while the total fat content showed a decrease (all p-values < 0.05). The levels of protein and saturated fat remained consistent over time. Notably, shifts in plant-based and animal-based food group preferences in popular cookbook recipes align with the trends seen in actual household purchases of these food groups (all p-values < 0.05).ConclusionThese findings indicate that cookbook content evolves over time, potentially reflecting shifts in population dietary patterns. Future research is needed to (1) determine any causative link between cookbooks and any causative link between cookbooks and (2) the potential for cookbooks to aid in health promotion.

Farm dairy effluent application

Dairy intensification produces a large amount of farm dairy effluents (FDE). The final disposal of FDE is generally to the soil as fertilizer. While this use of FDE as fertilizer has numerous benefits, such as reducing the application of synthetic fertilizers or improving soil quality, there are concerns about the environmental and health risks associated with microbial pathogens from animal waste, the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, nutrient losses and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Furthermore, how this agricultural practice impacts the composition and functionality of soil microbial communities has not yet been elucidated. This thesis aimed to evaluate the impact of FDE applications on soil GHG emissions, the composition, activity and diversity of its microbial community, and health risks. The FDE were collected raw and from a two-stage stabilization lagoon. The N application rate normalized to 200 kg N ha−1 was divided into four seasonal applications compared to urea fertilization or a no-aggregate control. Soil samples were taken after each application for microbial and physicochemical characterization and GHG fluxes were measured up to twenty days after each application. The pasture was harvested according to typical grazing management. Repeated application of both types of FDE increased the soil nutrient status and enhanced microbial activity. Higher fescue pasture production and macronutrient content with FDE than the control positioned FDE application to soil as an alternative disposal. However, N2O emissions increased after applying both FDE’s, most notably with raw FDE. Soil microbial community composition was not significantly influenced by FDE applications, but functional diversity shifted with raw FDE. Lagoon storage effectively reduced organic C and total N along with pathogenic indicator bacteria and changed the bacterial community composition except in winter. Beta-lactam resistance genes were detected in both FDEs, but not in the soil after repeated applications.

Studi Pembuatan Klepon dengan Subtitusi Tepung Ubi Jalar Ungu dan Penambahan Tepung Kacang Almond sebagai Alternatif Makanan Selingan Penderita Diabetes Melitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that occurs chronically or chronically because the body does not have enough insulin hormone due to disruption in insulin secretion, insulin hormone that does not work properly or both. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the appearance of typical symptoms, namely polyphagia, polydyscipsia, and polyuria and some experience weight loss. One of the risk factors for diabetes mellitus is unbalanced intake, where high consumption of fat and sugar can cause obesity and is associated with increased blood glucose. Therefore, appropriate snacks or distractions are needed for people with DM. Klepon with the addition of purple sweet potato flour and almonds can be a new innovation and can be used as an alternative snack for people with diabetes mellitus. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of macronutrients and the effect of substitution of sweet potato flour andalmond on the acceptability of klepon's organoleptic quality. Method: Aanalysis used in this study consists of statistical analysis k and power analysis Accept or quality organoleptik. Result: The results showed that there was a significant influence on the nutritional value as well as on the color, taste, aroma and texture of almonds substituted sweet potato flour and almonds. The best treatment is found in P1 treatment cookies. Conclusion: The substitution of sweet potato flour and almonds affects the nutritional value and acceptability of color, taste, aroma, and texture of klepon.

Circular fertilisers combining dehydrated human urine and organic wastes can fulfil the macronutrient demand of 15 major crops

This study evaluated the potential for combining dehydrated human urine with one other form of organic waste to create circular fertilisers tailored to meet the macronutrient demand of 15 major crops cultivated globally. Through a reverse blending modelling approach, data on 359 different organic wastes were used to identify 38 fertiliser blends. Materials found to be particularly suitable as blending materials were various biochars and ashes, due to their low nitrogen and high phosphorus and/or potassium content, and byproduct concentrates, due to their high phosphorus content, since the nitrogen content of human urine is disproportionately higher than its phosphorus content. Several organic wastes were suitable for fertilising more than one crop. The macronutrient content of the simulated fertiliser blends was comparable to that of blended inorganic fertilisers, but only a few blends precisely matched the macronutrient demand of crops. Fertilising crops with some simulated fertilisers would potentially result in excess application of one or more macronutrients, and thus overfertilisation. For organic wastes with data available on their content of six or more heavy metals, it was found that the simulated fertilisers generally met European Union regulations on use of fertilisers of organic origin in agriculture. Overall, these findings suggest that fertiliser blends combining dehydrated human urine and organic wastes, both of which are widely available globally, could replace inorganic blended fertilisers in agriculture. Such recycling would help the global food system and water sector transition to circularity and promote better management of plant-essential nutrients in society.

Comparing Nutrient Profiles of Meat and Fish with Plant-Based Alternatives: Analysis of Nutrients, Ingredients, and Fortification Patterns.

Nutrient quality of plant-based meat and fish alternative (MFA) products has been reported as variable. The present objective was to compare the nutrient density of raw meat and fish with MFA products and to examine MFA ingredients and fortification patterns. Nutrient composition data for raw beef, pork, and chicken (n = 450) came from the USDA Standard Reference Legacy Reselase (SR28) nutrient composition database (n = 450). Data for plant-based meat alternatives (n = 118) came from the USDA Branded Food Products Database (BFPDB). Data for fish and seafood (n = 68) and alternatives (n = 12) came from the Danish Frida Database and Mintel (n = 503). Analyses compared macronutrient content and selected micronutrients per 100 g and percentage of US Daily Values. Nutrient density scores were based on the NRF5.3 algorithm. NRF5.3 scores were significantly lower for MFA products as compared to meat or fish. Saturated fat content was lower, but the mean MFA sodium content was 660 mg/100 g compared to 60 mg/100 g for beef. Mean protein content (17 g) was lower than for beef and pork (20 g). A search of ingredient lists found that fortification with most nutrients associated with animal source proteins (such as B vitamins, vitamin D, iodine, zinc, and omega-3 EPA and DHA) was minimal. Plant-based MFA products would benefit from nutrient standards and fortification guidelines to ensure that these products are not nutritionally inferior to the originals.