Hydrogen Gas Concentration Research Articles

Colorimetric Plasmonic Hydrogen Gas Sensor Based on One-Dimensional Nano-Gratings

Plasmonic hydrogen gas sensors have become widely used in recent years due to their low cost, reliability, safety, and measurement accuracy. In this paper, we designed, optimized, and fabricated a palladium (Pd)-coated nano-grating-based plasmonic hydrogen gas sensor; and investigated using the finite-difference time-domain method and experimental spectral reflectance measurements, the calibrated effects of hydrogen gas exposure on the mechano-optical properties of the Pd sensing layer. The nanostructures were fabricated using DC sputter deposition onto a one-dimensional nano-grating optimized with a thin-film gold buffer to extend the optical response dynamic range and performance stability; the color change sensitivity of the Pd surface layer was demonstrated for hydrogen gas concentrations as low as 0.5 vol.%, up to 4 vol.%, based on the resonance wavelength shift within the visible band corresponding to the reversible phase transformation. Visual color change detection of even the smallest hydrogen concentrations indicated the high sensitivity of the gas sensor. Our technique has potential for application to high-accuracy portable plasmonic sensors compatible with biochemical sensing with smartphones.

Analyzing Hydrogen Gas Production from Seawater Using the Electrolysis Method with the Addition of Acetic Acid and Sulfuric Acid Catalysts

Based on proven reserves, Indonesia's natural gas is roughly 34 years old. Consequently, it is necessary to develop new renewable gas-based energy. This study offers an alternative, sustainable energy option in the form of the creation of hydrogen gas. Electrolysis of saltwater results in the creation of hydrogen gas. In this research, the constant variables are the raw materials, the electrolysis period of 5 minutes, and the voltage of 6 volts. 2000 ml seawater electrolysis, variation of addition of acetic acid catalyst, and variation of addition of sulfuric acid catalyst are not fixed variables in this study. The electrolysis of 0.8 L seawater and 1.2 L sulfuric acid yielded the best mass, volume, and concentration of hydrogen gas: 1.37 x 10-3 g, 1.37 x 10-2 L, and 4500 ppm. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis revealed that the salt's particle size was 25 µm. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) examination revealed that Magnesium Oxide (MgO) comprised 35.76 wt% of the biggest salt composition. Periodically, electrodes must be changed because they get oxidized.

Harvesting of microalgae Chlorella sp using electrocoagulation and quantification of dissolved hydrogen gas

Microalgae harvesting is the stage of any microalgae-based activity that is the most inhibiting, providing it with an interesting issue of investigation that could be used in the field. Electrocoagulation (EC) is an effective alternative harvesting method because EC produces high efficiency, ease of operation, fast harvesting, and adaptability. Furthermore, the harvesting of microalgae results in producing renewable hydrogen gas, an excellent option for generating clean energy and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of harvesting Chlorella sp microalgae by electrocoagulation using stainless still &iron electrodes. We measure optical density and quantification of dissolved hydrogen gas. Chlorella sp was harvested using EC by adjusting the electrolysis period for 30 minutes, voltage 15 V, and stirring at 400 rpm, Interestingly, the dissolved hydrogen gas in the initial Chlorella sp substrate was 0 ppb, then increased to 509 ppb after being electrolyzed for two minutes and 1214 ppb at 30 minutes. Statistically, electrolysis time significantly affected the increase in hydrogen gas concentration (α< 0.05). Electrolysis time of two minutes can harvest up to 90% Chlorella sp. Adding electrolysis time up to 30 minutes did not significantly increase harvesting efficiency.

Improved hydrogenation process for margarine production with no trans fatty acid formation by non-thermal plasma with needle-in-tube configuration

Non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma with needle-in-tube configuration was used to improve hydrogenation reaction for trans -fat free margarine production. Refined palm olein was used as raw material with operating conditions at ambient pressure, room temperature (29 °C) and no catalyst. Effects of hydrogen gas (H 2 ) concentration, input power, gas flow rate, discharge gap size and reaction time on fatty acid compositions and properties of hydrogenated refined palm olein after plasma treatment was evaluated. Lowest iodine value (IV) was achieved with reduction from 60.75 to 23.56 with increase in saturated fatty acid composition from 40.82 ± 0.05 to 68.70 ± 0.07% and decrease in unsaturated fatty acid composition from 59.11 ± 0.12 to 31.39 ± 0.01% under the condition of 0.5 L/min gas flow rate with 100% H 2 , 40 W input power, 0.5 cm gap size and 15 h reaction time. In addition, no trans -fat was detected by GC-MS analysis. Slip melting point (SMP) was increased from 9.33 ± 0.5 to 36.33 ± 0.5 °C. Acid value (AV) was reduced from 0.47 ± 0.02 to 0.32 ± 0.03 mg KOH/g oil. Texture of produced margarine was similar to that of commercial one. Generated hydrogen free radicals were hypothesized to perform hydrogenation by reacting with carbon-carbon double bonds (π-bonds), converting poly- and monounsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones. This highly effective catalyst-free plasma hydrogenation system can be used as alternative, environmentally friendly and economically feasible method to produce trans -fat free margarine. • Production of trans -fat free margarine via non-thermal plasma hydrogenation of palm olein. • Highly environmental-friendly, requiring no catalyst under low temperature and pressure. • Reduced acid value provides increased storage time and longer shelf life.

Nanostructured Diamond Composites for Multifunctional Sensing Applications

We report studies of multifunctional, nanostructured diamond composites that were fabricated using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. Grain sizes from micrometer, to submicron, nano, and ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) were controlled by varying CH4, hydrogen, and argon gas concentrations during the syntheses. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman scattering spectroscopy were used to investigate the morphologies, composites, and crystallinities of the films. Four multifunctional sensor prototypes were designed, fabricated, and tested, based on the four diamond materials of different grain sizes. The responses of the four prototypes to either pollution gas or UV light illumination were systematically investigated at different operating temperatures. Experimental data indicated the obtained UNCD composite from the low-cost simple CVD fabrication technique appeared to have very good sensitivities when exposed to low concentrations of H2 or NH3 gas with a decent response and fast recovery time. Furthermore, highly induced photocurrents from both microdiamond- and UNCD-based prototypes to deep UV illumination were also demonstrated, with responsivities up to 2750 mA/W and 550 mA/W at 250 nm wavelength, respectively. Overall, the fabricated UNCD prototypes displayed a good balance in performance for multifunctional sensor applications in terms of responsivity, stability, and repeatability.

Computational study of hydrogen injection strategy on the combustion performance of a direct injection rotary engine fueled with natural gas/hydrogen blends

Natural gas/hydrogen blended fuel (NHBF) is considered to be one of the ideal alternative fuels for rotary engine, which can effectively reduce the carbon emission of the rotary engine. The purpose of this paper is to numerically study the influence of hydrogen injection timing (HIT) and hydrogen injection angle (HIA) on mixture formation, flame propagation, and NO emission in the cylinder. In addition, considering that the apex seal leakage (ASL) of rotary engine is difficult to avoid, the NHBF in the cylinder will inevitably leak from the apex seal leakage gap to the adjacent cylinders. Therefore, the NHBF leakage under the action of ASL should be considered. In this paper, a 3D dynamic model of the NHBF rotary engine considering the action of ASL was established. Further, the diffusion and combustion processes of NHBF in the cylinder with different HITs and HIAs were calculated. The results showed that the HIT and HIA can significantly change the flame propagation process by changing the fuel stratification pattern in the cylinder. For improving the combustion efficiency of the engine, the HIA of +45° and HIT of 155°CA (BTDC) adopted by Case:155 + 45 should be set as the hydrogen injection strategy. This is mainly because that for Case: 155 + 45, both natural gas and hydrogen are mainly distributed in the FOC, and the concentration of hydrogen and natural gas near the spark plug is also high. However, the defect of Case:155 + 45 is the significant increase of NO emission.

Investigation of a Sparse Autoencoder-Based Feature Transfer Learning Framework for Hydrogen Monitoring Using Microfluidic Olfaction Detectors.

Alternative fuel sources, such as hydrogen-enriched natural gas (HENG), are highly sought after by governments globally for lowering carbon emissions. Consequently, the recognition of hydrogen as a valuable zero-emission energy carrier has increased, resulting in many countries attempting to enrich natural gas with hydrogen; however, there are rising concerns over the safe use, storage, and transport of H2 due to its characteristics such as flammability, combustion, and explosivity at low concentrations (4 vol%), requiring highly sensitive and selective sensors for safety monitoring. Microfluidic-based metal–oxide–semiconducting (MOS) gas sensors are strong tools for detecting lower levels of natural gas elements; however, their working mechanism results in a lack of real-time analysis techniques to identify the exact concentration of the present gases. Current advanced machine learning models, such as deep learning, require large datasets for training. Moreover, such models perform poorly in data distribution shifts such as instrumental variation. To address this problem, we proposed a Sparse Autoencoder-based Transfer Learning (SAE-TL) framework for estimating the hydrogen gas concentration in HENG mixtures using limited datasets from a 3D printed microfluidic detector coupled with two commercial MOS sensors. Our framework detects concentrations of simulated HENG based on time-series data collected from a cost-effective microfluidic-based detector. This modular gas detector houses metal–oxide–semiconducting (MOS) gas sensors in a microchannel with coated walls, which provides selectivity based on the diffusion pace of different gases. We achieve a dominant performance with the SAE-TL framework compared to typical ML models (94% R-squared). The framework is implementable in real-world applications for fast adaptation of the predictive models to new types of MOS sensor responses.

Effect of Voltage Source Differences on Hydrogen Gas Production by Electrolysis-photocatalysis Reactor Systems

We have evaluated the process of watersplitting into hydrogen gas. Electrolysis-photocatalysis reactor is used to harvest hydrogen gas through water splitting, a combination of electrolysis and photocatalysis reactions. The concentration of hydrogen gas (H2) is detected by the MQ-8 sensor and the number of bubbles is calculated. Evaluation of watersplitting is done by varying the DC voltage source (3V, 6V, 9V, 12V). We found the highest concentration of H2 gas was produced at 12 volts 616300 ppm for 600 seconds, The largest increase from the photocatalyst-electrolysis reaction combination was found to be 182017 ppm. Here we observe a linear increase in hydrogen with increasing voltage which results in a faster electrolysis process. But what is most interesting is the increase in H2 during the simultaneous electrolysis-photocatalysis process. the combined reaction has increased the amount of hydrogen greater than the sum of the photocatalytic and electrolysis reactions taking place separately. It is most likely that a mutually reinforcing reaction occurs so that the overall activation energy of the system becomes smaller in the process of dissociating water into hydrogen.

Geochemical distribution of helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane in Sakhalin Island mud volcanoes, hot springs, and cold seeps

The Asian-Pacific - continental margins have been the object of intensive geochemical research in recent years, as areas within this zone have been found to contain large hydrocarbon deposits in a variety of forms including: oil, natural gas, gas condensate, and gas hydrates. One such area is Sakhalin Island, located in Russia's Far Eastern Federal District. Genetically, the territory of Sakhalin Island is a part of the shelf of the Hokkaido-Sakhalin fold area, therefore, the nature of the sub-vertical gas migration is controlled by deep faults, along which the concentrations of natural gases change, and is also influenced by high seismotectonic activity of the Okhotsk region. This paper presents data regarding the distribution of helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane from mud volcanoes, thermal springs, mineral waters and other seep types on Sakhalin island and the surrounding marine margins, along with an interpretation of the geological and tectonic factors that have likely led to the present distribution of these gases. In general, the results of geothermometry equations based on the concentration and stable isotopic composition of carbon dioxide indicate much higher temperatures than equations involving the saturation concentrations of hydrogen gas. We interpret this to indicate that deeply-sourced carbon dioxide does not reequilibrate at near-surface conditions, whereas the equilibration time for hydrogen gas is relatively rapid. Areas on the island which are observed to have active degassing, coupled with high apparent reservoir temperatures also provide indicators of geodynamics along the regional tectonic structures. Mud volcanoes to the south of the island are predominantly situated at the juncture between NW-SE trending faults which extend the entire length of Sakhalin and continue as far south as Hokkaido Island, and more recently developed NE-SW trending faults. Despite the relatively low water temperatures of these mud volcanoes, the high reservoir temperatures indicated by gas chemistry suggest a source of fluids and gas at several km from the surface.

TiO2–CU Thin Film Material for Optical Hydrogen Gas Sensor Applications

Purpose: Several scientific researches are underway to investigate the possibility of using various green energies. Hydrogen gas is a candidate of such research, since its use as a fuel in automobiles releases pure water, a recyclable biproduct. But, the leakages of the gas are detrimental to its application due to its low auto ignition energy of 20 μj, wider air flame limit of 4-75 % and high flame velocity of 3.46 ms-1. This study involved fabrication of an optical gas sensor for sensing the leakage levels of hydrogen gas to a surrounding.
 Methodology: Titanium dioxide thin films of thicknesses 47.7, 56.2, 82.3, 100.4 and 120.5 nm were deposited on both microscope and FTO glass slides using DC magnetron sputtering technique and characterized as primate and annealed at 400 and 500oC. Copper (Cu) catalytic layers of 5.6, 10.2, 17.3 and 21.0 nm were deposited using EDWARDS AUTO 306 Magnetron sputtering system on an optimized 100.4 nm TiO2 sample, annealed at 400oC. Optical properties were deduced from transmittance and absorbance spectra measured using 1800 Shimadzu spectrophotometer in the optimum range of 280-800 nm through simulation. The optical behavior of the films was generated using SCOUT software and analyzed using ORIGIN 9.1 64-bit software.
 Results: The energy band gap decreased with material thickness from 4.2±0.05 eV for 47.7 nm film to 3.9±0.05 eV for 100.4 nm films. 120.5 nm films showed higher energy gap of 4.0±0.05 eV. Transmittance decreased with increase in thickness probably due to agglomeration of film particles. The energy gap of the 100.4 nm, TiO2 thin films annealed at 400oC was 3.9±0.05 eV. This is a material quality of the anatase phase. The copper surface layer increased absorption in the higher wavelength region. The energy band gaps were reduced from 3.9 to 3.8±0.05 eV with increased coverage. Self-limiting at 17.3 nm copper overlayer realized increased energy gap to 4.1±0.05 eV. A lower energy band gap range of 3.9-3.8±0.05 eV was realized when FTO substrates were used. The transmittance decreased with increased H2 gas concentration. The optical energy gap reduced from 4.1±0.05 eV in 0 ccm to 3.9±0.05 eV in 50 ccm of hydrogen gas concentration. The sensitivity increased from 0.3 % in 0ccm to 3.9 % in 50 ccm hydrogen gas concentration. An average sensitivity of 2.0 % was realized for films fabricated on FTO substrate. This is higher than 1.7 % reported earlier. The material gas sensing potential was done at room temperature. The fabricated sensor material showed higher sensitivity and lower temperature operation and is furthermore, expected to be cheaper and safer
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practices: Though, in order to realize a more portable stand-alone gas sensor, an investigation on an ideal photon type source that incorporates the material is recommended. Further, extension of this study on structure and morphology of the film is essential to understand its sensing behavior.

Performance Evaluation of SAW-Based Hydrogen Gas Sensors with Different IDT Geometries

This paper presents the performance of three different micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS)-based surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices for sensing hydrogen gas. All three devices, namely, Device 1, Device 2 and Device 3, were constructed with the same dimensions but with varying geometries. The devices were simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics and various analyses such as deflection, electric potential, frequency shift with respect to the concentration of hydrogen gas, total capacitance of interdigital transducers (IDTs) and sensitivity were performed using finite element modeling. The devices were constructed with a lithium-niobate piezoelectric substrate and a ZnO sensing layer. The performance of MEMS-based SAW devices can be improved by doping with nanomaterials. The devices were tested with hydrogen gas at concentration from 10[Formula: see text]ppm to 100[Formula: see text]ppm. Owing to the mass loading effect, Device 3 exhibited maximum sensitivity and a close approximation of the simulated results with the theoretical results.

In situ synthesis of MoS2-decorated Zn-doped MoO3 for outstanding hydrogen sensing at room temperature

A facile hydrothermal method was applied to efficiently prepare Zn-doped MoO3 nanoribbons decorated with MoS2 nanosheets. The uniform MoS2 nanosheets were synthesised in situ on the surface of the Zn-doped MoO3 nanoribbons. The morphology and the hydrogen sensing performance of the composites were significantly affected by the loading capacity of the MoS2 nanosheets. The prepared composite with optimal heterostructure showed a sensor response of 28.91–500 ppm H2 with a short response/recovery time of 24.6 s/18.5 s at room temperature. Furthermore, the sensor response of the composite presented a linear relationship with hydrogen gas concentration over a wide concentration range (100–1200 ppm). The sensor based on the MoS2-decorated Zn-doped MoO3 nanoribbons also showed outstanding repeatability, selectivity, and long-term stability for hydrogen gas sensing over 60 days. The improved hydrogen sensing performance of this composite is mainly attributable to its high BET specific surface area, heterostructure, and modulation of the height of the potential barrier between Zn-doped MoO3 and MoS2. Hence, the MoS2-decorated Zn-doped MoO3 nanoribbon composite shows promise for application as a hydrogen gas sensor at room temperature and our study provides an effective strategy for enhancing the gas sensing performance of metal oxides.

Electrochemical Hydrogen Sensor Assembly for Monitoring High‐Concentration Hydrogen

The demand for hydrogen energy is rapidly increasing because of its clean, abundant, and efficient nature. To utilize hydrogen gas as a fuel for fuel‐cell vehicles, several types of hydrogen sensors are needed to address cost and safety issues. Precise monitoring of hydrogen gas concentration is critical in optimizing vehicle fuel‐cell efficiency. Herein, a fully packaged hydrogen sensor to continuously measure a hydrogen concentration of 20–100% with environmental variations is fabricated, including temperature (from −40 to 105 °C), humidity (from 10 to 98 RH%), and pressure (from 30 to 350 kPa). A signal‐processing circuit is designed to reduce the error rate, and a sensor chip and printed circuit board are assembled in a module using a packaging process with robust materials for harsh vehicle environments. The result herein suggests direct application of the sensor to monitor hydrogen concentration in the hydrogen recirculation unit in a fuel‐cell vehicle.

Polyaniline/g-C3N4 hybrid nanoparticles: Fabrication, characterization and boosting bisphenol destruction and hydrogen gas evolution through direct S-scheme aspects

The conversion of intermittent sunlight energy into low cost alternative fuel source is a great challenge in the recent years. Herein, a novel polyaniline/g-C3N4 heterojunctions containing (1–5) wt % polyaniline are successfully synthesized in ultrasonic bath of 250 W intensity. The change in the crystalline, textural, nanostructure, elemental compositions and optical properties of the nanocomposites are well elaborated by XRD, XPS, N2-adsorption-desorption isotherm, DRS, HRTEM and PL. Polyaniline synthesized through oxidative polymerization in situ is successfully distributed in homogeneous population on graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets. Noticeably, incorporation of 3 wt% polyaniline on the g-C3N4 surface depresses the crystalline size and surface parameters, harvesting the visible light absorption and limiting the electron-hole recombination rate. 91% of bisphenol was decomposed on 0.1 g of photocatalyst containing 3 wt% polyaniline during 2 h of the photoreaction under sun simulator of intensity 300 W. The concentration of hydrogen gas evolved approach 4.43 mmolg−1h−1 which is eleven fold higher than that of pristine g-C3N4. Superoxide radicals and electrons conduction band are responsible for decomposition of BPA into eco-friendly species. The transfer of photogenerated electrons in S-scheme polyaniline/g-C3N4 heterojunction is more like “Step” which associated by production of internal electric field at the interface boundary However, the postulated scheme reveals that the production of hydroxyl group is restricted on the surface of PAN/g-C3N4 nanocomposite.

Pd gated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor for ppb level hydrogen gas detection

With the development of fuel-cell vehicles and exhale breath diagnosis for heart failure by the detection of hydrogen (H2) gas concentration, it is urgent to lower the low limit of detection (LOD) for accurate detection. Herein, we demonstrated a Pd gated high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) based on the AlGaN/GaN multilayers structure. A critical Pd thickness as small as 2 nm was utilized to shorten the H atoms diffusion distance so that its performances in low concentrations could be improved. Indeed, the results show that our device exhibits a clear response to 50 ppb H2 with a response value of 9.6% at a moderate operating temperature of 120 °C. Ultrahigh response values are observed, for instance a response of 19,137% at 500 ppm. Moreover, the detection is fast, 2.6 s for 200 ppm H2 gas. Particularly, our device has no response to VOCs CH4 and C2H5OH, and small responses to NH3, NO2, and H2S. In addition, we also studied the effect of light illumination on the sensing performance. With blue LED illumination, the response value of the device is doubled, and the response/recovery times are significant shortened.

High Density RF-DC Plasma Nitriding under Optimized Conditions by Plasma-Diagnosis

This paper is concerned with plasma diagnosis on a N2-H2 gas mixture to determine the optimum parameters for the nitriding process. Plasma parameters such as pressure, RF-voltage, and DC-bias were varied for optimization. The active species such as N2+ and NH were identified in plasma diagnosis. In the N2-H2 gas mixture, hydrogen imposed a great influence on plasma generation. The small addition of a hydrogen molecule into the gas mixture resulted in the highest yield of N2+ ions and NH radicals; the optimum hydrogen content was 20% in the mixture. The austenitic stainless-steel type AISI304 was nitrided at 673 K and 623 K to experimentally demonstrate that hydrogen gas content optimization is necessary to improve the surface hardness and to describe low temperature nitriding under high nitrogen flux at the surface.

HYDROGEN DRY CELL GENERATOR FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY SPLITING WATER

The needs energy for fossil fuels continues to increase in people's lives and industry. Fossil energy that cannot be renewed and has an impact on environmental damage needs to be sought alternatives from renewable energy, one of which is hydrogen because it is more environmentally friendly and does not cause air pollution. Hydrogen production through water electrolysis is a processof equicurity of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gases using electric current. In this study aims to determine the optimum condition of hydrogen gas produced, which is influenced by electrolyte concentration, time and number of electrode plates with the method used that is electrolysis. Hydrogen gas concentrations are used by MQ-8 gas sensors and dry cell generators as gas production reactors. In this study, Cu/Al electrode plate was used because it has good electrical conductivity as electrode and NaNO3 is used as electrolyte. The current and voltage used in this electrolysis process remained at 0.6 ampere and 2 volts for 1 hour. The results of the measurement of optimum conditions using the RSM program obtained the optimum concentration of hydrogen gas at the number of plates 3/3 (Cu/Al) namely at the concentration of NaNO3 1 M and time 60 minutes with a hydrogen gas concentration of 75.8907 ppm and the result verification of 76 ppm, while on the number of plates 4/4 (Cu/Al) obtained hydrogen gas concentration of 129,841 ppm and verification of 130 ppm at NaNO3 concentration 1 M and time 60 minutes. Based on the data shows the prediction of optimum solution suggested by RSM program is good enough.

Review of the application of gasification and combustion technology and waste-to-energy technologies in sewage sludge treatment

Gasification and combustion processing is deemed reliable and feasible methods in response to concerns about landfilling – a traditional treatment due to rapid growth in disposal capacity and pollution. In gasification and combustion processing, various processes are integrated with different configurations to carry out energy conversion of the thermal treatment process and improve the energy recovery efficiency. This study aimed to propose an effective solution to waste treatment by considering the sustainability and economic perspectives. This paper provided the observation on the technical perspectives of the gasification and combustion processes: the properties of sludge, reactor, combustion or gasification media and operating conditions applied to sewage sludge treatment. In addition, the application of the thermodynamic cycle with various heat recovery strategies for electricity generation was summarized in this paper. According to the research data, sewage sludge combustion efficiency reached up to 99 % at the combustion temperature of 800–850 °C. The maximum hydrogen gas (H2) content was recorded at 40 mol% under steam/oxygen gasifying agent, and the low heating value of syngas was 6–7 MJ/Nm3 for sewage sludge gasification. The integration between air gasification, external fired gas turbines (EFGT) without carbon capture process showed the highest exergy efficiency at 37.1 %, which was higher than 35.7 % resulted from waste combustion technology.

ELECTROLYTE OPTIMIZATION ON DRY CELL GENERATOR ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN GAS USING RSM METHOD (RESPONSE SURFACE METHOD)

This study aims to determine the maximum concentration of hydrogen gas produced through the electrolysis process of dry cell generators. This research using experimental generator apparatus with Sensor-MQ-8 Arduino and optimizing using Response Surface Method with Design Expert 6. To produce hydrogen gas is done through the method of water electrolysis by decomposing the molecule H2O into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas with the help of direct electric current. Hydrogen gas productivity by electrolysis method applied to DC generators using 4/4 plate electrodes (Cu/Al) as cathodes and NaNO3 solutions as electrolytes. The current and voltage used in this electrolysis process is 0.6 ampere and 2 volts for 1 hour. The optimum condition of hydrogen gas concentration obtained is at NaNO3 1 M concentration and 60 minutes with hydrogen concentration produced as much as 143.393 ppm. The verification result value for hydrogen gas concentration is 144 ppm.

High concentration of hydrogen gas alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury via activating Nrf2 signaling pathway in mice

Background and aimsThe lung is the first organ to fail in sepsis. Our previous studies have proven that 2% molecular hydrogen (H2) inhalation remain a protective effect on a septic animal model via its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. This current research aims to observe the therapeutic effect of high concentration hydrogen (67%, HCH) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute lung injury (ALI), and further investgate the role of Nrf2 signaling pathway. MethodsALI model was induced by LPS areosol inhalation. HCH were treated for 1 h at 1 and 6 h after modelling. Lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected 4 and 24 h after the exposure of LPS. The histological scores, wet/dry weight ratios, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, protein content and cytokine levels in BALF, apoptosis condition of lung cells, expression of Nrf2 and NF-κB were assessed in both wild type and Nrf2-knockout mice. ResultsHCH Inhalation significantly alleviated LPS-induced pathological alterations of lung, and reduced the protein concentration, the wet/dry weight ratio, and the MPO activity of lung tissue. HCH Inhalation improved LPS-induced increasement in caspase-3 activity and the number of TUNEL-positive cells. HCH inhalation attenuated the LPS induced increased total cell content and polymorphonuclear granulocyte content, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, Nrf2 and NF-κB expression. HCH could not produce protective effct in Nrf2-knockout mice. ConclusionHCH can effectively alleviate LPS-induced ALI, which may be related to activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibition of inflammatory response and cell apoptosis mediated by NF-κB.