Concentration Of Diclofenac Sodium Research Articles

Guava seed activated carbon loaded calcium alginate aerogel for the adsorption of diclofenac sodium: Characterization, isotherm, kinetics, and optimization via Box-Behnken design

This study aimed to develop a novel adsorbent designed for the removal of diclofenac sodium (DS) from water. The synthesized adsorbent, a composite sponge known as guava seeds activated carbon loaded calcium alginate (GSAC@CA aerogel), was created through the combination of powdered activated carbon derived from guava seeds and loaded onto a calcium alginate hydrogel. Characterization through SEM, XRD, FT-IR, BET, and XPS revealed a confirmed surface area of 738.82 m2/g. The investigation delved into assessing the influence of pH, initial DS concentration, and adsorbent dose on the adsorption of DS. Isotherm studies on adsorption suggested that a Langmuir model provided a good fit, indicating a monolayer adsorption process. Kinetic studies revealed a well-fitted pseudo-second-order model, shedding light on the dynamics of the reaction. The chemisorption nature was elucidated by the Dubinin-Radushkevich model, demonstrating an adsorption energy of 22.6 kJ/mol. These results affirm the potential of the GSAC@CA aerogel composite sponge as an efficient adsorbent for removing diclofenac sodium from water. Examination of the impact of temperature on the adsorption process revealed an endothermic behavior, indicating an increase in temperature. The positive change in entropy suggested the spontaneous nature of the reaction. Remarkably, the GSAC@CA aerogel composite sponge exhibited strong adsorption capabilities, achieving a maximum adsorption capacity of 489.97 mg/g. Across five consecutive cycles, the composite consistently demonstrated high-level adsorption, maintaining a removal efficiency of 87.77 %. The adsorption mechanism of diclofenac sodium (DS) on the GSAC@CA aerogel composite sponge was determined to encompass various processes, such as hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, ion exchange, and electrostatic pore filling. Additionally, the adsorbent demonstrated successful regeneration over three cycles when applied to a real-world sample. The incorporation of the Box-Behnken design (BBD) introduced a strategic aspect to enhance adsorption outcomes, offering valuable insights for optimizing the adsorption process in practical applications.

Removal of Diclofenac and Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Media Using Composite Sorbents in Dynamic Conditions.

Pharmaceuticals and heavy metals pose significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems, necessitating their removal from water and wastewater. A promising alternative for this purpose involves their removal by adsorption on composite sorbents prepared using a conventional layer-by-layer (LbL) method or an innovative coacervate direct deposition approach. In this study, four novel composite materials based on a silica core (IS) and a polyelectrolyte coacervate shell were used for the investigation of dynamic adsorption of three heavy metals (lead, nickel and cadmium) and an organic drug model (diclofenac sodium salt, DCF-Na). The four types of composite sorbents were tested for the first time in dynamic conditions (columns with continuous flow), and the column conditions were similar to those used in wastewater treatment plants. The influence of the polyanion nature (poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) vs. poly(sodium methacrylate) (PMAA)), maintaining a constant poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), and the cross-linking degree (r = 0.1 and r = 1.0) of PEI chains on the immobilization of these pollutants (inorganic vs. organic) on the same type of composite was also studied. The experiments involved both single- and multi-component aqueous solutions. The kinetics of the dynamic adsorption process were examined using two non-linear models: the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The tested sorbents demonstrated good adsorption capacities with affinities for the metal ions in the following order: Pb2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+. An increase in the initial diclofenac sodium concentration led to an enhanced adsorption capacity of the IS/(PEI-PAA)c-r1 sorbent. The calculated sorption capacities were in good agreement with the adsorption capacity predicted by the Thomas and Yoon-Nelson models. The substantial affinity observed between DCF-Na and a column containing composite microparticles saturated with heavy metal ions was explained.

Study of acute toxicity parameters of diclofenac sodium by different methods of administration

Annotation. The purpose of the work was to determine and investigate the parameters of the toxic effect of the substance diclofenac sodium in different ways of entering the body of warm-blooded animals. To achieve this goal, diclofenac sodium was administered to animals once and acute toxic effects were studied in white mice, non-linear white rats, and short-haired guinea pig under the conditions of intragastric, transdermal, and intranasal administration. The criteria for the toxicity of the studied compound (sodium diclofenac) were DL50 and CL50, using the probit analysis method. In addition, a number of toxicity indicators were calculated, in particular, allergenicity, local irritant effect were determined, and the effect on the mucous membrane of the eye. According to the obtained results, the DL50 indicator of diclofenac sodium in mice was 550 mg/kg (intragastric administration); in female rats – 54.83 mg/kg (intragastric administration). The toxicological parameter of diclofenac sodium was obtained – DL50 of transdermal administration for female rats, which is 104.4 mg/kg. It was determined that the CL50 of diclofenac sodium for mice is 71.61 mg/m3, the CL50 for male rats is 243.11 mg/m3. Diclofenac sodium has been found to be non-lethal to ants after a single dermal injection, but can irritate their skin in high concentrations. However, this substance, penetrating through the skin, causes deterioration of health and death of rats. When determining the allergenicity and local irritant effect in animals, it is shown that diclofenac sodium does not have a pronounced irritating effect on the mucous membrane of the eyes and does not exhibit allergenic properties. So, the established indicators of acute toxicity of diclofenac sodium testify to the expediency and perspective of further determination of cumulative characteristics during multiple intragastric, intranasal administrations and skin applications in order to establish and justify the maximum permissible concentration of diclofenac sodium in the atmospheric air of populated areas.

Development and evaluation of stable hydrogel formulations with enhanced diclofenac sodium concentration for effective topical drug delivery

Development and evaluation of stable hydrogel formulations with enhanced diclofenac sodium concentration for effective topical drug delivery

Influence of Types of Media and Modes of Therapeutic Ultrasound on drug absorption in phonophoresis: A Comparative Experimental study on rabbits

Although non-invasive transdermal application of various pharmaco-therapeutic drugs via phonophoresis (PH) is widely used in physical therapy, the influence of the type of medium in which the drug is prepared and mode of ultrasound on drug absorption is hardly explored. Hence, the same formed the aim of this study. In this study, serum concentration of diclofenac sodium (DS) was quantified and compared between gel and cream medium, using continuous mode (CTUS) and pulsed (PTUS) mode of Therapeutic Ultrasound (TUS) respectively. Study was conducted on eight healthy adult rabbits with 1% DS in gel and cream as topical application (TA) and PH using TUS of 1 MHz with 1 W/cm2 in CTUS and 20% PTUS respectively for 8 minutes during each session. Blood samples were analysed for drug concentration in serum by High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. Comparison of DS concentration in plasma showed a significant difference with cream than gel medium in both CTUS (p=<.001) and PTUS (p=.005) mode. For the modes of TUS, PTUS showed significance against TA in both gel (p= <.001) and cream (p=.001) and with CTUS better with TA in cream (p = 0.003) medium. The transdermal drug absorption was significantly higher in the cream than gel medium, having similar results between continuous and pulsed TUS. PH also confirmed significantly higher drug absorption than TA in both media and modes of TUS.

ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF CONTAMINATION OF ANALYTICAL SAMPLES DURING QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINES AND WORK WITHIN THE SAME LABORATORY ROOM WITH DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES

The aim of the stady. To determine the concentration of diclofenac sodium in the air of the working area within the same room in order to determine the possible contamination of the sample being analyzed, when simultaneously working with different substances of medicinal products.
 Materials and methods. Air sampling was carried out using a TYPHOON-S4 electric aspirator for 30 minutes at a speed of 20 l/min. The test to determine the concentration of diclofenac sodium in air was carried out by concentrating the analytical sample with regard to the microconcentration of the substance by the method of solid-phase extraction, using Oasis MCX 6cc (150 mg) LP Extraction Cartridges, after which desorption was carried out with a solvent - methanol. The obtained samples were analyzed by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography using a Dionex Ultimate 3000 chromatograph with a diode-matrix detector. The sensitivity of the method reaches ng/ml.
 The results. As part of the work, a specific, highly sensitive method for determining the concentration of sodium diclofenac in the air was developed and testing was carried out by determining the concentration of sodium diclofenac in the air of the working area during certain analytical operations (pouring, weighing the substance, crushing tablets containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient under analysis, homogenization). The linear dependence of the diclofenac sodium peak area on the concentration of the substance in the solution (0.025-10 μg/ml) has been proven. Based on the obtained data, it was established that the volatile microparticles of diclofenac sodium substance are subject to air deposition, and as a result, a certain amount of this API penetrates into the analyzed samples of other drugs nearby. This fact can lead to obtaining unreliable results during the control of the quality and safety of medicinal products, which can have negative consequences for preserving the health of the population when using medicinal products of inadequate quality. At the same time, the research results show a proportional decrease in the concentration of sodium diclofenac in the air of the working area within one laboratory room as the air aspiration distance from the analytical operation being performed increases. However, at a distance of 0.2 m, the content of sodium diclofenac in the air of the working area exceeds the MPC by two times. These results indicate not only the possible background contamination of the analytical sample during the simultaneous work of several or one operator with different APIs or ready-made medicinal products, but also the possible harm to the analyst's health.
 Conclusions. A technique for determining microconcentrations of the active substance in the air of the working area has been developed. It has been found that samples can be easily contaminated with microparticles from other sources if proper precautions are not taken during collection, sample preparation and analysis. Special care should be taken, precautions should be taken, and operating procedures should be developed to minimize the risk of unwanted migration of contaminants in the quality and safety control of medicinal products.

Study of factors affecting the in vitro release of diclofenac sodium from hypromelose-based gels

The aim of our study was to identify factors affecting the in vitro release of diclofenac sodium (DS) from hypromellose-based gels (HPMC).
 Materials and methods. Gels with HPMC and liquids without HPMC were studied by viscosity-rotating viscometer method and spin probe electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Rheograms were used to determine the flow behavior and the apparent viscosity, and the EPR spectra were used to determine the rotational correlation time (τ–1) of the dissolved spin probes. The in vitro release tests were performed using vertical diffusion cells according to a validated procedure. The assay of DS and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in the receptor medium was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) according to validated procedures, and the water content was determined using semi-micro method.
 Results. The apparent viscosity of the gels increased with increasing HPMC content and depended on the HPMC grade. The high apparent viscosity of the gels did not affect the values of τ–1 of the dissolved spin probes. In viscous gels and Newtonian fluids, the composition of which corresponded to the dispersion medium of gels, the values of τ–1 were identical and were in the range of rapid rotation, which is a prerequisite for similar and rapid release of the dissolved substances from gels and liquids. It was shown that the HPMC-based gel and Newtonian liquid without HPMC in terms of in vitro release parameters DS and IPA were equivalent. During in vitro testing the release of dissolved DS increased with increasing its concentration in the gel and depended on the dispersed state of DS. When the content of IPA was changed from 45.0 % to 22.5 %, the water absorption by the gel and the release of IPA decreased, and the release of DS increased, which was due to the decrease in the solubility of DS in the gel.
 Conclusions. HPMC, which provided high apparent viscosity of the gels, did not affect the value of τ–1 of the dissolved spin probes and the in vitro release of DS from the gels. The gel and Newtonian liquid were equivalent in terms of in vitro release of DS and IPA. The release of DS altered proportionally with the concentration of DS and depended on its dispersed state. As the content of IPA decreased, the release of IPA decreased, but the release of DS increased because of the decrease in the solubility of the DS in the gel

Quantification and Classification of Diclofenac Sodium Content in Dispersed Commercially Available Tablets by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis.

A new methodology, based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipped with an attenuated total reflectance accessory (ATR FT-IR), was developed for the determination of diclofenac sodium (DS) in dispersed commercially available tablets using chemometric tools such as partial least squares (PLS) coupled with discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results of PLS-DA depicted a perfect classification of the tablets into three different groups based on their DS concentrations, while the developed model with PLS had a sufficiently low root mean square error (RMSE) for the prediction of the samples’ concentration (~5%) and therefore can be practically used for any tablet with an unknown concentration of DS. Comparison with ultraviolet/visible (UV/Vis) spectrophotometry as the reference method revealed no significant difference between the two methods. The proposed methodology exhibited satisfactory results in terms of both accuracy and precision while being rapid, simple and of low cost.

Adsorptive removal of diclofenac sodium from aqueous solution onto sycamore ball activated carbon – isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamic study

This study reports the analysis data of diclofenac sodium adsorption on sycamore ball activated carbon surface, in which various parameters such as adsorbent dosage, initial diclofenac sodium concentration, temperature, and pH were analyzed. At 25°C, adsorbent dosage was used the range from 2.5 mg/50mL to 30 mg/50mL, and initial diclofenac concentration was taken from 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L. For adsorption temperature effect, adsorption temperature was investigated from 25°C to 45°C by holding adsorbent dosage constant (10 mg/50mL). By holding constant adsorbent dosage of 10 mg/50mL, contact time effect from 0 to 210 min was investigated with initial DS concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L. To examine pH effect, pH parameters were adjusted from 2.84 to 10.20. Besides, adsorption isotherm model, kinetic and thermodynamic studies carried out in this study are given. Langmuir isotherm model was determined to be the best fitting isotherm model for diclofenac sodium adsorption on sycamore ball activated carbon. Also, the maximum sodium diclofenac adsorption on sycamore ball activated carbon was calculated 178.89 mg/g at 25°C, and kinetic data displayed that this adsorption occurred quite fast. Pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models were applied for sodium diclofenac adsorption on sycamore ball activated carbon, and the correlation coefficient values of 1.000-0.998 indicate that this adsorption was well fitting with pseudo-second order model. Moreover, from the thermodynamic study, sodium diclofenac adsorption on sycamore ball activated carbon was found to be exothermic, spontaneous, and feasible. Thus, the results obtained from this study confirmed that sycamore ball activated carbon is an economically suitable and effective adsorbent for sodium diclofenac adsorption.

Synergistic effect of Ceftriaxone and diclofenac against Escherichia Coli

Background: The emergence of resistant strains of bacteria has rendered many useful antibiotics ineffective. The researchers areforced to try combination of two or more antibiotics, or addition of a non- antibacterial to them. Ceftriaxone, a third-generationcephalosporin agent is used to treat many infectious diseases, especially those caused by members of Enterobacteriaceae family.We tested the efficacy of ceftriaxone, alone and in combination with various concentrations of diclofenac sodium, againstEscherichia coli.Objective: To study the synergistic effect of ceftriaxone and its combination with non-antibiotic drug diclofenac sodium againstEscherichia coli ATCC 25922 isolate.Material and Methods: Agar well diffusion technique was applied. 30 µl of solutions of ceftriaxone, and its combination withdifferent concentrations of diclofenac sodium and DMSO were transferred aseptically into the wells. Agar plates were placed in incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. Mean zone of inhibition of each drug was calculated.Results: Ceftriaxone 30µg formed a zone of inhibition of 35 mm. Its combination with 25µg and 50µg of diclofenac sodium formedzone of inhibition of 37.5mm while its combination with 100µg diclofenac sodium formed a zone of inhibition of 38.6mm and formed39.8mm zone of inhibition when combined with 200µg diclofenac sodium.Conclusion: Ceftriaxone activity increased when combined with different concentrations of diclofenac sodium drug showing asynergistic effect of their combination.Key words: ceftriaxone, Diclofenac sodium, E. coli, Synergism

Synergistic effect of Ceftriaxone and diclofenac against Escherichia Coli

Background: The emergence of resistant strains of bacteria has rendered many useful antibiotics ineffective. The researchers areforced to try combination of two or more antibiotics, or addition of a non- antibacterial to them. Ceftriaxone, a third-generationcephalosporin agent is used to treat many infectious diseases, especially those caused by members of Enterobacteriaceae family.We tested the efficacy of ceftriaxone, alone and in combination with various concentrations of diclofenac sodium, againstEscherichia coli.Objective: To study the synergistic effect of ceftriaxone and its combination with non-antibiotic drug diclofenac sodium againstEscherichia coli ATCC 25922 isolate.Material and Methods: Agar well diffusion technique was applied. 30 µl of solutions of ceftriaxone, and its combination withdifferent concentrations of diclofenac sodium and DMSO were transferred aseptically into the wells. Agar plates were placed in incubator at 37°C for 24 hours. Mean zone of inhibition of each drug was calculated.Results: Ceftriaxone 30µg formed a zone of inhibition of 35 mm. Its combination with 25µg and 50µg of diclofenac sodium formedzone of inhibition of 37.5mm while its combination with 100µg diclofenac sodium formed a zone of inhibition of 38.6mm and formed39.8mm zone of inhibition when combined with 200µg diclofenac sodium.Conclusion: Ceftriaxone activity increased when combined with different concentrations of diclofenac sodium drug showing asynergistic effect of their combination.Key words: ceftriaxone, Diclofenac sodium, E. coli, Synergism

Predicting microbial response to anthropogenic environmental disturbances using artificial neural network and multiple linear regression

A mathematical model that quantitively describes the combined effect of different environmental variables can be used to predict the growth dynamics of a microorganism. This study evaluates the potential of an artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the growth of a bacterial strain, Klebsiella sp., during the treatment of diclofenac sodium contaminated wastewaters. Input parameters, temperature, pH, time, agitation and diclofenac sodium concentration were randomly combined to conduct the batch experiments. Experimental data sets obtained were used for the training and optimization of programme learning. The efficiency of the ANN model was demonstrated by comparing it with the multiple linear regression (MLR) model. Root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were used as model performance parameters. The results obtained depict that the ANN model with RMSE 0.0124 and R2 value 0.926 in the test phase exhibited higher prediction performance. In contrast, low prediction performance was exhibited by the MLR model with RMSE 0.0230 and R2 value of 0.710. The results of this study are expected to guide the development of appropriate operational conditions for bioremediation of wastewater and industrial scale-up of the process.

Effects of Mast Cells Induced by NSAIDs Impair Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function In Vivo and In Vitro

To explore the correlation between altered expression of mast cells and PAR-2 and impaired mucosal barrier in NSAIDs enteropathy through animal and cell experiments, and to elucidate the role of mast cells and PAR-2 in the pathogenesis of NSAIDs enteropathy and the regulatory mechanism of the tight junction of intestinal epithelium. Animal experiments: the NSAIDs-related small intestine injury model was established by intragastric administration of diclofenac sodium, and mast cells were detected by toluidine blue staining. Cell experiments: Intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC-6) was applied with diclofenac sodium and its activity was detected by CCK-8.IEC-6 and RBL-2H3 were co-cultured to evaluate the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells by detecting the concentration of potassium ion and LDH. The expressions of tight junction proteins (zo-1, claudin-1, occludin), cytoskeletal components (actin, tubulin, keratin) and par-2 were analyzed by Western Blot. In animal experiments, the number of mast cells was significantly increased after 24 h of action of diclofenac sodium. In cell experiments, the survival rate of IEC-6 cells decreased significantly when the concentration of diclofenac sodium is more than 50 μg/mL; after 24 h of co-culture, the potassium and LDH concentration in the co-culture group were significantly higher, and the expression of ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin, tubulin, and keratin was decreased. Mast cells activate PAR-2 in intestinal epithelial cells, downregulate the related proteins of cell tight junctions and cytoskeletal proteins, and increase the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells.

OPTIMIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY BIOSORPTION USING GENETIC ALGORITHM

Purpose of the study: Optimizing the process of pharmaceutical wastewater treatment by biosorption using a genetic algorithm.
 Methodology: The main steps followed were, determination of the wavelength at maximum absorbance (λmax), drawing the calibration curve between the absorbance and the concentration of diclofenac sodium, designing the experiment using Design-Expert software, finding the percentage removal of diclofenac sodium for each run, obtaining the model equation of the analysis, finding the optimized condition using genetic algorithm in MATLAB software, running the experiment at the optimized conditions and analyzing the results.
 Main Findings: The technique used in the optimizing process was effective, in which the percentage removal was obtained as 8.73% at the optimized conditions. It was equivalent to 3.43 mg removal / g of activated carbon.
 Applications of this study: This technique can be applied in different industries especially the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Using genetic algorithm in order to find the optimized condition of removing diclofenac sodium based on a set of data.

Rheological and Drug Delivery Characteristics of Poloxamer-Based Diclofenac Sodium Formulations for Chronic Wound Site Analgesia.

Chronic wounds are a significant and growing health problem, and clinical treatment is often a painful experience. A topical dosage form would be optimal to treat this pain. Poloxamer 407, a thermosensitive polymer that is a liquid at low temperatures but gels at higher temperatures, is well suited to administer topical analgesics to chronic wound sites. The goal of this study was to evaluate the gelation and drug delivery properties of poloxamer 407 gels containing diclofenac sodium for potential use in chronic wound analgesic delivery. The gelation properties of poloxamer formulations were evaluated rheologically. Drug delivery properties of poloxamers loaded with diclofenac sodium were evaluated using snakeskin dialysis membranes, intact porcine ear skin, and porcine ear skin impaired via tape stripping. A commercial gel product and a solution of diclofenac sodium in water were used as control formulations. Poloxamer concentration and gelation temperature varied inversely, and the addition of higher concentrations of diclofenac sodium correlated to significant increases in poloxamer gelation temperature. Poloxamer solutions were effective in limiting the permeation of diclofenac sodium through membranes with impaired barrier properties, and delivery of diclofenac sodium from poloxamer 407 did not vary significantly from delivery observed from the commercial gel product. The amount of drug delivered in 24 h did not change significantly with changes in poloxamer 407 concentration. The results of this study indicate that poloxamer 407 may be a useful formulation component for administration of an analgesic product to a chronic wound site.

Understanding the remedial strategy of Klebsiella pneumoniae WAH1 against emerging contaminant diclofenac sodium

Diclofenac Sodium (DS) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which has emerged as an environmental contaminant worldwide. The extent of DS biodegradation via isolated bacterial strain WAH1 has been presented in this work. Klebsiella pneumoniae WAH1 presented a strong adaptive ability at high DS concentrations. For 10 mg L−1 DS at optimized conditions, 79% degradation was achieved in 72 h with WAH1 as the sole source of carbon and energy. Biodegradation and biosorption were observed to be the leading processes, confirmed by the results of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier-transform​ infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The equilibrium adsorption in the concentration range 10–70 mg L−1 DS was studied and different isotherm were fitted. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model is successfully fitted with a monolayer adsorption capacity of 75.187 mg g−1 and the Langmuir constant was determined to be 0.0332 mg−1. The kinetics of degradation was well explained by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with the reaction rate constant 0.0149 h−1 for 10 mg L−1 to 0.0095 h−1 for 70 mg L−1 DS. The study suggests enormous potential of strain WAH1 in the treatment of DS contaminated sites.

Aquatic plant-derived biochars produced in different pyrolytic conditions: Spectroscopic studies and adsorption behavior of diclofenac sodium in water media

The ubiquitous prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in water has aroused enormous public concerns. The development of promising materials for eliminating such contaminants in the water environment has attracted extensive attention in the scientific community. In this study, three (350 °C, 450 °C, and 600 °C, respectively) pyrolytic conditions were developed to prepare biochars (BCs), which were mainly prepared from the wastes of the overgrown plants (i.e., vallisneria natans, potamogeton malaianus, phragmites australis, potampgeton crispus, and river sediment additional). BCs were thoroughly characterised by various important properties (i.e., porosity and superficial functional group) and applied to remove diclofenac sodium (DS) drug from water media. Results indicated that the BCs adsorption capacity were remarkably improved when pyrolytic temperature was 450 °C and the adsorption equilibrium could be reached after 4 h (with BCs of 0.12 g/L and DS concentration of 12 mg/L). Batch adsorption experiments demonstrated a fit of Pseudo-second order (R2 = 0.992-0.996) and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2 = 0.981-0.989) was suitable. The thermodynamic parameters derived from the fitting procedure point out the adsorption processes were all spontaneous and endothermic. The overall adsorption mechanism was regarded as pore filling, π-π interaction, van der Waals force, and π-electron attraction. This study stress out the main DS adsorption behavior using the above-mentioned materials was chemisorption predominated, but the adsorption capacity differs with different material properties. The prepared BCs can serve as potential carbonaceous porous adsorbents for removing DS from water media.

Formation of hydrotropic drug/gemini surfactant based catanionic vesicles as efficient nano drug delivery vehicles

Strategic designing catanionic system that leads to vesicle formation is advantageous if one of the components is hydrotropic ‘drug’. Vesicles are size-selective filters that offer passive diffusion of small molecules including drugs and are the best alternatives to liposomes and niosomes. Drug molecules can be carried irrespective to their polarity in vesicles cage/bilayer, which makes them a convenient drug delivery vehicle. Herein we have investigated concentration/composition dependent catanionic vesicles through synergistic interactions between cationic gemini surfactants (GS) and hydrotropic drug, diclofenac sodium (DS). Variables studied to get shape and size-dependent catanionic vesicles includes: alkyl chain length of GS and concentration of DS. We used spectroscopic probes to study the microscopic interactions, dynamic light scattering (DLS) to determine the size and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS) to determine the exact shape and size of the vesicles. This work could be of interest in the field of drug delivery as the possible new age nano-carriers.

Graphene oxide supported Fe2(MoO4)3 nano rods assembled round-ball fabrication via hydrothermal route and photocatalytic degradation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Graphene oxide (GO) supported iron molybdate (Fe2(MoO4)3) was prepared via hydrothermal route, which were characterized by X-rays diffraction technique (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), zeta sizer, UV–visible and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. Photocatalytic activity (PCA) was evaluated by degrading the diclofenac sodium (DS) under solar light irradiation. Central composite design (CCD) was employed under response surface methodology (RSM) for the optimization of process variables such as pH, H2O2, DS concentration and catalyst load for maximum drug degradation. At optimum conditions, up to 96% DS degradation was achieved (2 h irradiation, 6% H2O2 concentration, 10 mg/L DS concentration, 0.45 g/L catalyst dose and 4.5 pH). The statistical analysis revealed the adequacy of developed model for the degradation of DS drug. The actual and predicted degradation values correlated well with each other with very low residual value. The model fitness was based on insignificant “lack of fit test” and higher value R2. Results revealed that the hydrothermal route is an efficient route for the fabrication of GO/Fe2(MoO4)3 round-ball microstructures, which showed promising PCA and it could possibly be used for the degradation of DS drug in wastewater.

Comparative Study of Compartmental Modeling of Sustained Release Oral Dosage Forms and Intramuscular Injection

This study has been performed to compare the compartmental modeling of two types of extravascular routes, sustained-release (SR) oral dosage forms and intramuscular (IM) injection. Twenty healthy volunteers received a single dose of 100 mg Diclofenac Sodium (DS) sustained-release tablet, then 75 mg DS Intramuscular injection after two weeks washout period. The concentrations of DS in plasma were measured using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data analyzed using compartmental modeling, with single time-variant input and output. Primary kinetic parameters for both formulations, ( , , ) and other kinetic parameters were evaluated. The result shows that the IM injection needs a shorter time to reach the maximum concentration with convergent bioavailability to SR oral dosage forms, in another hand the data of IM injection fitted to single-compartment model with a correlation coefficient of 0.93 and the data of SR tablet fitted to two-compartment models with a correlation coefficient of 0.97.