Concentration Of Ammonium Sulfate Solution Research Articles

Aqueous particle generation with a 3D printed nebulizer

Abstract. In this study, we describe the design and testing of a high-output-stability, constant-liquid-feed nebulizer using the Venturi principle to generate liquid particles from solutions. This atomizer, the PRinted drOpleT Generator (PROTeGE), was manufactured using stereolithography (SLA) printing. Different concentrations of ammonium sulfate solutions were used to characterize the size and number concentration of the generated particles. A comparison of a 3D printed 0.5 mm orifice against a commercially available 0.5 mm brass orifice using the same ammonium sulfate solution was also performed. The particle number concentration generated with the printed orifice was higher, by ∼×2, than the particle number concentration generated with the brass orifice. PROTeGE is also capable of dispersing polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres for calibration purposes. The particle number concentrations obtained in this study ranged from ∼ 10 000 cm−3 for 0.75 µm to ∼ 100 cm−3 for 5.0 µm PSL particles with a dependence on the concentration of the dispersed solution. For the different concentrated ammonium sulfate solutions particle number concentrations from ∼ 14 000 cm−3 for 0.1 g L−1 to 7600 cm−3 for 5.0 g L−1 were measured. An additional measurement with a scanning electrical mobility system (SEMS) was performed for the 0.6 g L−1 solution to measure particles in the size range of 10 to 1000 nm. The generated particle number size distributions (PNSDs) showed a maximum at 50 nm with particle number concentrations of ∼ 40 000 cm−3. PROTeGE is easy to manufacture and operate, low in maintenance, and cost-effective for laboratory and field generation of particles from aqueous media in a size range of 10 to 5000 nm.

Retracted: Partial purification and characterization of lipase from locally produced edible oil-seeds and its relevance in industries.

Lipase was extracted from germinating seeds of Helianthus annus (Sunflower), Zea mays (Maize), and Brassica compastris (Mustard). The lipolytic activity was assessed using olive oil as substrate at different germination-time and the maximum-activity was obtained after 120 hr. Partial-purification was executed by precipitating the seed-homogenate with varying concentration of ammonium sulfate solution. 80% ammonium sulfate solution showed maximum lipase activity of 5320IUml-1 , 3500IUml-1 , 3080IUml-1 with 9.6, 6.9, and 4.8-fold purification and total protein content of 162, 84, and 60 mg for partially purified enzyme extracts namely SN5, BN5, and MN5, respectively. The optimum temperature and pH observed for hydrolysis of olive oil were 37°C, and 8.0 respectively. Enzyme was found to be stable upto 6 days at 4°C and its activity was stimulated by Ca+2 ions. Oil-stains removal from cotton fabric was observed to be superior in the presence of lipase and detergent. Moreover, the SN5, BN5, and MN5 lipase increased free fatty acid release upto 4.2, 4.3, and 3.8 mg, respectively than wastewater without treatment of lipase (0.21 mg) and promoted fat hydrolysis to approximately 40, 42, and 48% mass reduction after 6 hr incubation of fat particle at a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Biodiesel produced by catalyzing transesterification of vegetable oil with SN5, BN5, and MN5 lipase provided an acid value of 0.8, 1.08, and 0.5 mg/g, viscosity 5.50, 5.7, and 5.53 mm2 /s and density 0.87, 0.88, and 0.79 g/ml, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, no such study has been conducted prior on lipase from the seeds mentioned above in Azad Kashmir region.

The Novel Strategy for Increasing the Efficiency and Yield of the Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis by the Double Conjugate Salts Stress.

To improve sulfuric acid recovery from sodium sulfate wastewater, a lab-scale bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) process was used for the treatment of simulated sodium sulfate wastewater. In order to increase the concentration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) generated during the process, a certain concentration of ammonium sulfate solution was added into the feed compartment. To study the influencing factors of sulfuric acid yield, we prepared different concentrations of ammonium sulfate solution, different feed solution volumes, and different membrane configurations in this experiment. As it can be seen from the results, when adding 8% (NH4)2SO4 into 15% Na2SO4 under the experimental conditions where the current density was 50 mA/cm2, the concentration of H2SO4 increased from 0.89 to 1.215 mol/L, and the current efficiency and energy consumption could be up to 60.12% and 2.59 kWh/kg, respectively. Furthermore, with the increase of the volume of the feed compartment, the concentration of H2SO4 also increased. At the same time, the configuration also affects the final concentration of the sulfuric acid; in the BP-A-C-BP (“BP” means bipolar membrane, “A” means anion exchange membrane, and “C” means cation exchange membrane; “BP-A-C-BP” means that two bipolar membranes, an anion exchange membrane, and a cation exchange membrane are alternately arranged to form a repeating unit of the membrane stack) configuration, a higher H2SO4 concentration was generated and less energy was consumed. The results show that the addition of the double conjugate salt is an effective method to increase the concentration of acid produced in the BMED process.

Adsorption of caprolactam from aqueous solution by novel polysulfone microcapsules containing [Bmim][PF6

Polysulfone (PSF) microcapsules containing ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF6]) as extractant have been successfully prepared using solvent evaporation method and used in removing caprolactam from water. The results showed that ionic liquid [Bmim][PF6] was successfully encapsulated by PSF and the encapsulation capacity of 32.44% was achieved. Systematic studies on the effect of concentration of ammonium sulfate solution, caprolactam adsorption equilibrium, kinetic and isotherm by PSF@[Bmim][PF6] capsules were carried out. The results showed that increasing the concentration of ammonium sulfate solution, initial concentration of the caprolactam and the adsorption time were good for adsorption. The adsorption kinetics of caprolactam followed pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich equation described the adsorption process better than the Langmuir equation. These PSF@[Bmim][PF6] capsules showed potential ability in the treatment of wastewater.

Preparation and catalytic use of the solid acid SO 42−/Fe 2O 3–M xO y for the reaction of crotonaldehyde with n-butanol

The Mo-promoted the nanosolid acid SO 4 2−/Fe 2O 3 are characterized by the method of IR, TEM, and B.E.T. The result shows that SO 4 2−/Fe 2O 3–MoO 3 is superfine solid (<30 nm) belonging to nanocrystal and has high specific surface area. SO 4 2− is combined with metal ions of catalysis in a bidentate state. The various metal oxide-promoted nanosolid acid SO 4 2−/Fe 2O 3 was investigated in the synthesis of 1,1,3-tributoxy-butane. The reactions were carried out in the liquid phase under atmospheric pressure. The dependencies of conversion, selectivity and the product distribution on the ratio of two metals, the calcining temperature, the immersing concentration of ammonium sulfate solution and the reactant/catalyst ratio were investigated. In this reaction, the selectivity to 1,1,3-tributoxy-butane up to 79.8% at conversions up to 76% have been observed when the SO 4 2−/Fe 2O 3–MoO 3 was uesd.

The corrosion of stainless steels under evaporator conditions during the concentration of ammonium sulfate solution

The corrosion of stainless steels under evaporator conditions during the concentration of ammonium sulfate solution