Concentration In Pods Research Articles

Magnetic treatment of irrigation water and its effect on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Abstract Magnetic water treatment (magnetic treatment device (MTD)) has long been a contentious procedure for domestic water treatment. This study examines the pros and cons of using different water types with and without a magnetic field treatment for growing French bean crop irrigation. The MTD used in this experiment works by ionizing the dissolved solid using a cathode and anode, electrolysing water using a dynamic pulse current at 50 kHz, and energizing the cations using a 7,000 Gauss magnet. The MTD of normal, waste and saline water enhanced the yield by 12.7, 16.9, and 20.07% over their respective control plots. Contrarily, seed protein (22.52 g/100 g), vitamin A (687.09 IU), potassium (212.44 mg/100 g), vitamin K (14.32 mg/100 g), and calcium (39.93 mg/100 g) reached their peak values when French bean plants were irrigated by magnetically treated wastewater. Na concentration in pods was significantly reduced when 3,000 mg/L of magnetically treated saline water was used to irrigate French bean plants. The MTD of irrigation water has also improved N and K desorption from colloidal soil complexes, which significantly helped make these two elements easily available to the plants and promoting better plant growth and yield. Overall, using the MTD, the overall characteristics of French bean were improved.

A novel perspective to investigate how nanoselenium and melatonin lengthen the cut carnation vase shelf

Nano-selenium (nano-Se) and melatonin (MT) applications confirmed to boost plant growth and resistance. The mechanism of various ratios of nano-Se and MT foliar application postpone the senescence of fresh cut carnation flowers and improve vase life remains unclear. In this study, a combined effect with nano-Se (nano-Se5, 5 mg/L) and MT(MT1, 1 mg/L) was preferable to the control, nano-Se, and MT treatment alone when it came to delaying flower senescence. They enhance the antioxidant ability of carnation flowers by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels, raising SOD and POD concentrations, and lowering procyanidins biosynthesis (catechins and epicatechin). Inducing the biosynthesis of hormonal compounds (salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid), their combination also boosted the growth of carnations. Biofortification with nano-Se and MT substantially increased the amounts of key lignin biosynthesis pathway metabolites (L-phenylalanine, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, perillyl alcohol, p-Coumaryl alcohol, and cinnamic acid), which may increase stem cellular thickness and facilitate water absorption and transmission. The study hypothesizes that nano-Se and MT synergistic applications act as a new efficient non-toxic preservative to extend the vase life and improve the decorative value of carnations.

Characterization of an aerosol generation system to assess inhalation risks of aerosolized nano-enabled consumer products

Objective: The aerosolization of common nano-enabled consumer products such as cosmetics has significantly increased engineered nanoparticle inhalation risks. While several studies have investigated the impact of cosmetic dermal exposures, inhalation hazards of aerosolized cosmetics are much less known but could pose considerable harm to users due to potential co-exposure of nanoparticles and other product components.Materials and Methods: In this study, we developed a fully automated aerosol generation system to examine the aerosol properties of four aerosolized nano-enabled cosmetics using real-time monitoring and sampling instrumentation. Physicochemical characterization of aerosols was conducted using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Characterization and calibration of animal exposure pods coupled to the system were also performed by measuring and comparing particle concentrations between pods.Results and Discussion: Results show peak emissions are shade dependent and varied between 12,000–22,000 particles/cm3 with modal diameters ranging from 36 nm–1.3 µm. SEM-EDX analysis determined that the original products and collected aerosols have similar morphological features consisting of micron-sized particles decorated with nanoparticles and crystalline structures. Mean total particle concentration in pods at 5 and 10 mg/m3 target levels were 2.22E + 05 #/cm3 and 4.33E + 05 #/cm3, respectively, with <10% variability between pods.Conclusions: The fully automated exposure platform described herein provides reproducible aerosol generation, conforms to recommended guidelines on chemical testing, and therefore is suitable for future in vivo toxicological assessments to examine potential respiratory hazards of aerosolized nano-enabled consumer products.

Morphological and bio-chemical factors associated with resistance toMaruca vitrata (testulalis) (Geyer) in cowpea

Legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Geyer) is one of the major constraints in increasing the production and productivity of grain legumes in the tropics. Keeping in view of the importance of this pest, present studies were carried out with the association of different morpho-chemical traits with resistance/susceptibility to M. vitrata at the Pulses Research Station, SDAU, S.K. Nagar. Some of the characters like flower colour, pod angle, protein, flavonoid, tannin and phenols were found to be associated with M. vitrata attack on cowpea genotypes. The pod damage by M. vitrata on different cowpea genotypes in the field ranged from 10.22 to 19.98%. High phenol content in pods (428.63mg/100g) and (326.33mg/100g) found responsible for the resistance of GC 5 and GC 0815, respectively and high flavonoid concentration in pods (484.08mg/100g) and (458.81mg/100g) in GC 5 and GC 0815 respectively were responsible for resistance. Based on these results, GC 5 and GC 0815 were categorized as moderately resistant. This paper discusses the physico-chemical traits associated with resistance to M. vitrata in cowpea variety/genotypes.

English

Snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the major vegetable crops in Ethiopia grown for export and local markets. The crop is mainly produced during the dry season under irrigation. Snap bean has higher price than other vegetables in local markets in Ethiopia; however, the high cost of production under irrigation restricts the majority of local farmers from taking this opportunity. The main objective of this research was to investigate the influence of nitrogen (N) treatment, cultivar and contrasting environments on pod quality of snap bean under rain fed conditions. Three N treatments (0 and 100 kg N ha-1, and Rhizobium etli[HB 429]) and eight snap bean cultivars were evaluated in a factorial experiment arranged as a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment was conducted at three locations (DebreZeit, Hawassa and Ziway) in 2011 and 2012. Applied N and rhizobium inoculant increased marketable pod yield by 43 and 18%, respectively. Cultivar Melkassa 1 had the greatest marketable yield, but had lower pod physical qualities than other cultivars. The highest zinc concentration in pods was obtained at Hawassa location. In conclusion, viable option for the production of high quality snap bean can be realised under rain fed condition using rhizobial inoculant as N source. These results open new opportunity for resource limited farmers in Ethiopia to produce snap bean with acceptable quality using rhizobial inoculation as N source under rain fed condition. Key words: Snap bean, cultivars, quality, rhizobium, nutrient concentrations.

Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Fructose, Glucose, and Sucrose Concentration in Snap Bean Pods

ABSTRACTSugars, including fructose, glucose, and sucrose, contribute significantly to the flavor and consumer acceptance of snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Differences between dry and snap bean cultivars and among snap bean cultivars in the patterns of accumulation of sugars have been observed. In ‘Eagle’, a white‐seeded, large‐sieve snap bean cultivar, fructose and glucose concentrations in developing pods decreased while sucrose concentration increased with increasing pod size. In contrast, fructose and glucose concentrations increased while sucrose remained unchanged with increasing pod size in Puebla 152, a black‐seeded dry bean landrace from Mexico. A population derived from the cross Eagle × Puebla 152 consisting of 75 F9:10 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) was developed by single seed descent. Significant differences in fructose, glucose, and sucrose concentrations of sieve size 4 (8.33–9.52 mm) pods were observed among RILs. No significant genotype × year interactions were observed. Heritability estimates for fructose, glucose, and sucrose were 0.85 ± 0.16, 0.81 ± 0.16, and 0.85 ± 0.16, respectively. A single quantitative trait locus (QTL) on linkage group B1 was identified that is closely linked to random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker W9.1050 and explains 28.8 and 26.6% of the variation in pod fructose and sucrose concentration, respectively. A two‐QTL model, including W9.1050 and RAPD marker F8.500 on linkage group B6, explained 36.4% of the variation in glucose concentration in pods.

Developmental changes of sinigrin and glucoraphanin in three Brassica species ( Brassica nigra, Brassica juncea and Brassica oleracea var. italica)

Hydrolysis products of sinigrin (2-propenylglucosinolate) and glucoraphanin (4-methylsulphinylbutylglucosinolate) have been shown to protect against the development of cancers. However, there was limited information available on the variation of these two glucosinolates throughout the plant cycle. The objective of this study was to evaluate sinigrin and glucoraphanin levels within Brassica plants during development. Sinigrin concentration in B. juncea and B. nigra decreased from seedling to early flowering stage, increased in the late flowering stage and then decreased again during seed maturation. The lowest concentration of sinigrin occurred at the early flowering stage except in one genotype of B. juncea (PI 179858). Sinigrin concentration also increased in maturing seeds while the concentration in pods decreased. The concentration of glucoraphanin in B. oleracea var. italica decreased from the start of seed germination to the flowering stages. The lowest concentration was also found at the flowering stage. A higher concentration of glucoraphanin was detected in the green broccoli heads and flower heads than in other reproductive tissues. However, the highest content of glucoraphanin occurred at the green head stage and then declined as flowering was initiated. These results have shown that green and brown seeds of mustards contained the highest concentration of sinigrin while the highest concentration of glucoraphanin occurred in young broccoli seedlings and seeds. This information should be useful for the development of those compounds as nutraceuticals.

Xylem Flow Rate Differences Are Associated with Genetic Variation in Snap Bean Pod Calcium Concentration

Two commercial snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars (Hystyle and Labrador) that differ in pod Ca concentration were grown aeroponically to assess physiological factors associated with these differences. Xylem flow rate, Ca absorbed, and Ca concentration in sieve sap and pods (all and commercial size no. 4) were measured. Flow rate, Ca absorption and pod Ca concentration, but not sap Ca concentration, differed between cultivars, and this suggests that genetic variability in pod Ca concentration is caused mainly by differences in flow rate, rather than differences in sap Ca concentration. `Hystyle' showed 1.6 times greater flow rate, 1.5 times greater pod Ca concentration, and 1.7 times greater Ca absorbed than `Labrador'. Flow rate correlated positively with Ca absorbed (R = 0.90), Ca concentration in pods of size no. 4 (R = 0.55), and total pods (R = 0.65). Plant maturity influenced sap Ca concentration and Ca translocated increased as plant matured. These results provide evidence that flow rate differences may cause variability for pod Ca concentration in snap beans.

Calcium Fertilizers Fail to Affect Pod Calcium Concentration and Yield of Four Snap Bean Cultivars

To measure the effect of added Ca fertilizer on the Ca concentration of snap bean pods, four snap bean cultivars were grown during Summer 1996 and 1997 at Hancock, Wis. Fertilizer treatments consisted of 80 kg of Ca per hectare applied as Ca sulfate (CaSO4·2H2O) or Ca nitrate [Ca(NO3)2], and the control (no Ca applied. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with a factorial set of treatments (4 × 3). Calcium sulfate was applied at planting, whereas Ca nitrate was split applied four times at weekly intervals starting 1 week before flowering. Yield and Ca concentration in pods were determined. The statistical analysis showed no significant effect of Ca fertilizers on pod Ca concentration or yield. A strong cultivar effect was detected for both parameters measured. `Evergreen' (5.47 mg Ca per gram dry weight) had the highest pod Ca concentration and `Labrador' (4.10 mg Ca per gram dry weight) the lowest. No significant fertilizer × cultivar interactions were observed. Results for pod Ca concentration remained consistent, even when significant year effects were found for both parameters.

Flow Rate as an Important Physiological Factor Associated to Calcium Concentration in Pods of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Plants Grown Aeroponically

To understand physiological factors associated with genetic differences for pod Ca concentration between snap bean genotypes, flow rate and Ca uptake of sieve sap were measured, as well as pod Ca concentration. Measurements for flow rate and Ca uptake were done at three developmental stages (fl owering and 1 and 3 weeks after) in two commercial snap bean cultivars (Hystyle and Labrador) grown aeroponically. Pods were collected 2 weeks after flowering only. Flow rate and Ca uptake sampling began 4 weeks after transplanting and consisted of: 1) decapitation of the plant at the first node; 2) covering the stem with pre-weighed dry cotton; and 3) removing the cotton, reweighing it, and saving it for Ca determination. Flow rate was defined as the difference in cotton weight (expressed as ml) per 17 hr divided by foliage mass. Ca uptake was defined as mg of Ca per total volume of sieve sap after 17 hr divided by foliage mass. Ca determinations were made using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. A positive correlation between flow rate and total Ca uptake of sieve sap (R2 = 0.90), flow rate and pod Ca concentration (R2 = 0.47), and Ca uptake and pod Ca concentration (R2 = 0.42) were found. Hystyle reflected 1.5 times more flow rate and pod Ca concentration than Labrador. Significant differences between genotypes for pod Ca concentration, Ca uptake, and flow rate were observed. Results were consistent across developmental stages.

Distribution of Total Non‐Structural Carbohydrates in Soybean Plants Having Increased Reproductive Load1

The purpose of these experiments was to compare the distribution of total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants with “normal” and with an increased reproductive load. This study included a comparison of methods for extraction and analysis of carbohydrates in soybean plant organs. Extraction with commercially available hydrolytic enzymes (“Clarase”) and analysis of extracts with ferricyanide method were chosen based on superior precision, accuracy, and recovery of standard added to samples.Number of fruits and seed weight/plant were increased 30% or more by placing aluminum foil reflectors in plots for 2 weeks near the end of flowering. Beginning with the 2nd week of the reflector treatment period, plants were sampled twice weekly for analysis of TNC. Height, number of nodes, leaf blade dry weight, and stem + petiole dry weight of control and reflector‐treated plants were similar.The initial effect of reflectors was to increase TNC concentration in all vegetative tissues. After reflectors had been removed for several weeks and throughout the period of rapid seed development, TNC concentration in pods and stems + petioles was almost always lower for reflector‐treated than control plants. There was a four‐fold decline in TNC concentration of pods and stems + petioles during seed development. However, leaf blades showed relatively little decline in TNC concentration during seed development, and senescent Ieaf blades contained 9% or more TNC. Also, increasing reproductive load by 30% appeared to have little effect on leaf blade TNC.Based on this and other recent work, it is concluded that pods, stems, and petioles serve as major sources of stored carbohydrate for developing seeds while stored carbohydrate in leaf blades is relatively unavailable for supporting seed development. From the standpoint of TNC content, the soybean plant appears capable of maintaining higher reproductive loads.

The relationship between grain yield and plant potassium concentration in Lupinus angustifolius cv. Unicrop

Abstract The relationship between potassium concentration in the plant at various growth stages and the grain yield of L. angustifolius cv. Unicrop was derived from a rates and times of application of KCl field trial. Critical levels were defined as those associated with 90% of maximum yield. Critical % K levels in the whole tops were 3.1 at the 4–6 leaves stage, 2.9 at 8–10 leaves, 1.5 at first flowering, 1.2 with flowers on higher order laterals and 0.9 post flowering. The effect of plant part sampled was examined at early flowering. Critical levels at that stage were 1.2% K for petioles 1–5, 0.6% K for petioles 6–10, 1.3% K for leaves 1–5, 0.5% K for leaves 6–10 and 2.1% K in the growing point of the plant. Grain K concentrations were very insensitive to changes in supply, and are of little use as a diagnostic tool. The ratio of K concentration in pods to that in seeds increased from 0.5 under extreme deficiency to 1.3 under conditions of adequate supply, and should be a useful diagnostic tool at maturity.