Within the national program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation,” it is relevant to examine job specifics of IT specialists and their impact on performance status. Changes in this area necessitate reviewing approaches to disease prevention. For this purpose, we performed a retrospective analysis of publications on job specifics and working conditions of IT specialists to identify relevant issues and approaches to their prevention in the current context. The search was performed in PubMed (using MeSH terms) and eLIBRARY.RU. The search depth was 1972–2024. The MeSH terms and keywords were related to work with computers and information systems, as well as occupational risk factors and outcomes. In total, 3647 publications on relevant disorders and work system components were reviewed. A more detailed analysis included meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled studies, cohort studies, case–control studies, and the most significant cross-sectional studies (a total of 86 publications). Working with visual display terminals increases the risk of subjective complaints of visual processing disorders, dry eye, and ocular hypertension, as well as musculoskeletal discomfort, dysautonomia, sleep disorders, and psychological disorders. There was no increased risk of reproductive disorders; however, there is evidence of the impact on fertility. Priority areas for prevention programs should include control of cognitive workload and occupational stress, improved workplace ergonomics and lighting conditions, prevention of visual processing disorders, and psychological support. The programs must take into consideration the changes in workflow.

Abstract Background: The reliance on electronic medical records (EMR) through video display terminals in health care has raised concerns regarding the impact of prolonged screen exposure on the ocular health of healthcare professionals. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of digital eye strain symptoms among ophthalmologists and explore their awareness of and practices related to eye care during EMR usage. Methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of 200 ophthalmologists, including medical officers (44%), postgraduate residents (31%), and fellowship trainees (25%). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that assessed the prevalence of eye strain symptoms, awareness of the 20-20-20 rule, and participants’ screen time management practices. Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of eye strain symptoms among participants, with headaches reported by 41.7% of the respondents, dryness by 27.1%, and eye pain by 28.1%. Other symptoms included burning sensation (36.5%), itching (24%), blurred vision (17.7%), foreign-body sensation (12.5%), excessive blink rate (11.5%), and redness (3.1%). Many participants experienced symptoms beyond work hours, particularly blurred vision and headaches, only 11% undergone dry eye workup. A significant number of participants (58%) had dry eye symptoms. Furthermore, most were willing to adopt better screen management practices, such as prescheduled breaks, ergonomic changes, and antireflective coated glasses. Conclusion: Prolonged EMR usage is associated with a high burden of digital eye strain symptoms among Ophthalmologists. Adoption of preventive practices, such as the 20-20-20-rule and regular screen breaks, is essential to mitigate these effects. The study is limited by its cross-sectional design, dependence on self-reported data, and lack of a clinical examination-based assessment of dry eye disease.

In the early 1980s, several groups of female clerical workers across North America lodged complaints against the VDTs—video display terminals—that had recently been introduced into their workplaces. Among now-routine complaints from computer users—repetitive strain, carpal tunnel, eye problems—these women alleged that VDT use caused miscarriages and birth defects. Arguing that obstetric concerns and technologies should be integrated into the history of computing, this article takes a page from the National Women’s Health Network publication Network News as its central point of interest. Treating the formal design of the page, which includes a short article about VDTs, as a methodological provocation, this article proposes the deliberate use of alternative entryways into the history of computing.

Global horticultural supply chains face escalating vulnerabilities from pathogenic outbreaks, climate disruptions, and regulatory demands. This systematic mini-review examines the Edge-Cloud-Blockchain-Terminal (ECBT) framework—an integrated architecture positioning blockchain as the trust backbone connecting distributed computing, edge intelligence, and user terminals—for comprehensive traceability. Following PRISMA guidelines, we analyzed 40 high-quality studies selected from 156 peer-reviewed articles retrieved from Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore databases (2022–2025) using combined technology (“IoT” OR “blockchain” OR “AI” OR “edge computing”) and application (“traceability” OR “supply chain”) search terms. Technology coverage analysis revealed fragmented adoption: IoT dominates (45%, n = 18), followed by blockchain (32%, n = 13) and AI/ML (23%, n = 9), with only 3% achieving full ECBT integration despite demonstrated benefits. Blockchain implementations achieve 94.2% storage optimization through selective anchoring while maintaining cryptographic verification, with latency reduced by 73% through the CRPBFT consensus mechanism. While edge computing achieves a 65% reduction in latency, its integration with blockchain’s global state management presents persistent architectural challenges. Critical barriers persist: technical interoperability (23% metadata loss in cross-chain transitions), economic exclusion (42% of smallholder annual income for deployment), and scalability constraints (processing 47 million daily data points). The review identifies blockchain’s triple role as trust orchestrator, semantic preservator, and incentive aligner as key to overcoming the integration paradox. Future research should focus on agricultural-specific consensus, semantic interoperability, and inclusive deployment models to resolve the integration paradox.

Occupational stress has emerged as a significant factor impacting the physical and mental wellbeing of workers in China. This study investigated occupational stress among the potential high-risk workers in Shenzhen, China, and evaluated the psychological interventions subsequently implemented. A stratified cluster sampling method was employed, randomly selecting one quarter of clusters (clustered by work unit) from each of the four strata (stratified by occupational category) including firefighters, bus drivers, video display terminal (VDT) operators, and port workers, respectively, as the study cohort. Occupational stress was assessed at baseline and after psychological interventions using the "Job Content Questionnaire." The interventions primarily included regular occupational mental health training and group psychological support sessions. Baseline occupational stress detection rates and high social support rates were analyzed, along with their post-intervention changes, to comprehensively evaluate the intervention effectiveness. The cohort comprised 3,237 participants, with a median age of 31 years, 92.18% were male, and 96.14% were Han Chinese. The baseline occupational stress detection rate was 52.73%, and the high social support rate was 21.19%. Comparative analysis revealed statistically significant differences (all P < 0.05) in occupational stress detection rates across different age groups, ethnicities, education levels, smoking habits, weekly working hours, and working years. Similarly, high social support rates varied significantly (all P < 0.05) by age, education level, marital status, exercise habit, occupation category, weekly working hour, and working year. After 2 years of intervention, the occupational stress detection rate decreased significantly to 47.82% (P < 0.001), while the high social support rate (19.68%) showed no significant change. Subgroup analysis indicated significant reductions in occupational stress detection rates (all P < 0.05) among individuals aged ≥ 27 years, males, Han Chinese, those with high school or vocational school or higher, married individuals, never or occasional drinkers, firefighters or bus drivers, those working 40-48 or >56 h per week, and those with >6 years of work. Occupational stress is a prominent issue among firefighters, bus drivers, VDT operators, and port workers in Shenzhen, China. Mental health interventions could effectively reduce occupational stress, demonstrating significant value in improving the psychological wellbeing of high-risk populations.

This cross-sectional online survey investigated the associations between the setup of visual display terminals (VDT) and the new onset of symptoms associated with computer-vision syndrome (CVS) after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. CVS was assessed by the standardized CVS-Q questionnaire. Items of VDT workplace setup at home were assessed individually as well as by a comprehensive VDT risk score. New onset and exacerbation of CVS symptoms were modeled using logistic regression, adjusting for various confounders. The overall CVS prevalence was estimated as 42.7%. Symptoms associated with oculomotor dysfunction were particularly affected. An inadequate home-office equipment, several variables related to VDT exposure, and an overall inadequate VDT score (odds ratio = 1.78; 95% conflict of interest 1.10-2.78) were associated with increased risks for CVS. To define effective preventive measures will be a major challenge for future ophthalmological research.

Impact of video display terminal use on ophthalmic symptoms and mental health in adolescents.

This study aimed to assess whether Relumino mode TV could assist amblyopic patients using video terminals. This mode utilizes real-time image processing techniques to enhance visual effects. We recruited 38 participants with anisometropic amblyopia, all literate and cognitively capable. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the normal and Relumino modes was measured to evaluate the relationship between spatial frequency variations and visual effects. All participants underwent tests for visual acuity, reading performance (reading speed and accuracy), and viewing three 5-min videos in both modes. Afterward, they completed a Visual Function Evaluation Questionnaire. A total of 38 volunteers (mean age, 17.0 ± 13.3 years) completed this study. The results indicated that in Relumino mode, the visual scores for static images and videos with lower MTF were 5.58 ± 1.66 (p = 0.038) and 5.33 ± 1.42 (p = 0.167), respectively, suggesting better visual function with Relumino mode, compared to the normal mode. However, no significant changes were found in the LogMAR mean values for amblyopic eyes (from 0.47 ± 0.26 to 0.49 ± 0.26, p = 0.237), reading speed (from 68.62 ± 59.13 to 74.39 ± 59.78, p = 0.209) or reading accuracy (from 0.96 ± 0.12 to 0.92 ± 0.17, p = 0.019) before and after using Relumino mode. There was no significant improvement in visual functions related to text on the screen. This study suggests that the Relumino mode enhances the visual experience for amblyopic patients when watching videos or images on the TV, especially compared to the normal mode.

There is an increase in the use of visual digital devices among young adults more so during the COVID-19 pandemic. Very little research is available in the literature regarding its effect on the Indian population, especially in students pursuing medical courses. The objective of the study was to study the occurrence of digital eye strain (DES) among medical and nursing students and the contributing risk factors. An observational, cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted on medical and nursing students who were using visual display terminals such as computers, mobiles, and tablets on a daily basis. They were assessed by a semi-structured questionnaire and symptomology by the computer vision syndrome questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was conducted for the assessment of risk factors. The overall prevalence of DES was found to be 70.4% (medical students 74.3% and nursing students 57.6%) with 96.5% of the students having at least one symptom of DES. The most common symptom was headache of moderate intensity (74.8%) followed by eye pain (66.4%), dryness (62.4%), redness of eyes (60%), and burning sensation (58.8%). Multivariate analysis revealed the course of study, use of glasses, years of device usage, interval of breaks between usage, distance from the screen, brightness of the screen, and ignorance of the 20/20/20 rule to be independent risk factors for DES. DES is common among students pursuing medical sciences. Awareness programs regarding proper use of digital devices and ergonomic practices are recommended.

The widespread use of Visual Display Terminals (VDTs) is associated with visual and musculoskeletal complaints, particularly Asthenopia, which may reduce productivity. A 32-year-old female financial worker presented with eye discomfort, including sore eyes, blurred vision, dizziness, and twitching on her left temple, particularly during extended computer use. The symptoms were relieved with rest. Most VDTs now use Light Emitting Diodes, which emit more blue light than LCDs and may cause eye fatigue and disrupt sleep. Currently, blue light filter lenses are available in the market, however, further study of existing scientific publications is necessary to ensure the effectiveness of blue light filter lenses, which are claimed to reduce asthenopia symptoms. This Evidence-based case report (EBCR) questions whether blue-light filter lens glasses alleviate symptoms of Asthenopia in workers A literature search in PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase identified Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analyses, and Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) evaluating blue light filter lenses in VDT users. These studies assessed objective measures (Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency—CFF) and subjective symptoms via questionnaires. The research papers were critically reviewed using the Oxford CEBM criteria for therapy (intervention) studies. Four Randomized Controlled Trial research articles met our criteria. However, the results did not provide conclusive evidence. There was no significant improvement in Critical Fusion Frequency (CFF), nor a reduction in subjective symptoms based on questionnaires. All studies varied in methodology, filter specifications, outcome tools, and subject characteristics. Therefore, blue light filter lenses cannot yet be clinically recommended for reducing asthenopia symptoms in VDT users. Further research is needed with a stronger design, larger sample size, and clearer standards and operational definitions.

Static stretching has an alleviating effect on cognitive fatigue due to cognitive work with visual display terminal

Wearable sweat sensors demonstrate significant potential for monitoring sweat biomarkers that contain rich information pertinent to physiological state in a dynamic and noninvasive manner. However, these wearables typically and heavily rely on external wireless smart display terminals (e.g., smartphones and tablet PCs) to visualize monitoring outcomes, which may tremendously limit their convenience and practicality in certain but almost unavoidable scenarios (e.g., carrying and self-checking while running). Here, we present an entirely self-contained electrochromic epidermal patch (ESEEP) for the visualized, simultaneous, and calibrated analysis of multiple sweat metabolites and electrolyte biomarkers. ESEEP consists of a sweat transport module for skin-on sweat sampling and refreshing, a sweat sensing array module for simultaneous and multiplexed sweat analysis, a central control module for signal processing and full system automatic control, and a visualizing array module with a built-in electrochromic display for measurement data display. In volunteers, ESEEP enables simultaneous and real-time tracking of sweat glucose and Na+ for risk assessment of hypoglycemia and dehydration during physical exercise, which is readily and directly visualized within such wearables. ESEEP with distinctive design and functionality for self-visualized, multiplexed, and skin-on sweat monitoring enables a broad range of tailored physiological and diagnostic monitoring with conspicuously high practicality and convenience.

The current investigation represents to examine the numerous variables that influence tear film interactions alongside the seriousness regarding dry eye through adolescents and young adults, concentrating particularly regarding the implications of broadened Visual Display Terminal (VDT) usage, sleep deprivation, and the surrounding atmosphere. The inspection encompasses essential variables which include Schirmer's Test 1 (ST1), Tear Film Breakup Time (TBUT), ocular surface staining (OSS), tear osmolarity, blink rate, alongside symptom severity measured by the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). Fifty participants (100 eyes; 33 males, 17 females), aged 18-25years, were evaluated during morning and nocturnal phases following 5h of VDT exposure. The purpose inspections comprised ST1, TBUT, OSS, tear osmolarity, alongside blink rate. The previously Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) has been utilised for assessing unreliable warning signs. The statistical evaluations have been performed by employing paired t-tests, Pearson correlation, alongside straight-line regression mathematical modelling. ST1 values decreased significantly at night (right eye: 18.06 ± 2.49mm; left eye: 19.02 ± 2.48mm) compared to morning (right eye: 22.18 ± 1.95mm; left eye: 23.70 ± 1.94mm) (p < 0.0001). TBUT declined from 7.2 ± 1.3 to 4.8 ± 1.6s, accompanied by a 44% reduction in blink rate. OSDI scores rose from 25.4 ± 6.2 to 42.8 ± 7.9, correlating negatively with TBUT (r = -0.69, p < 0.01). Tear osmolarity demonstrated rising levels through ailments associated with lack of moisture alongside elevated the monitor luminescence. Significant correlations have been determined between ST1, TBUT, osmolarity, alongside OSS. Prolonged exposure to visual display terminals (VDT) alongside inadequate sleep considerably disrupt the tear film alongside intensify the signs of dry eye. Gender-related distinctions alongside the surrounding environment, moreover influences tear dynamics. The outcomes indicate an imperative of preventative screening, ergonomic interventions, along with customised techniques for management to reduce digital eye strain while maintaining ocular surface health in communities at high risk for injury.

Ambient lighting strategy of visual display terminals in micro-space luminous environment under low-light conditions

Introduction: In this digital era, extensive screen use leads to digital eye strain, characterized by symptoms such as eye fatigue, dryness, and blurred vision. This study evaluates the effectiveness of Biofinity Energy’s anti-fatigue contact lenses in mitigating these symptoms and improving visual comfort. Methodology: Patients with digital eyes strain were assessed for their visual functions before and after a 3 weeks trial period with the Anti-fatigue lenses. The Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) scores, amplitude of accommodation, and accommodative facility were perfomed on the patient. Schirmer’s test was also performed to evaluate tear production to ensure accurate assessment of dry eye conditions. Results: Sixty nine participants aged between 18 to 35 years were included in the study out of which 33 were male (47.82%) and 36 were female (52.17%). The results indicated a significant reduction in CVS-Q scores from a mean of 9.15 before lens use to 6.98 after use of anti-fatigue lenses, highlighting improved symptom relief (p &lt;0.01). The accommodative facility (OU) increased from 6.14 to 6.65 cycles per minute, suggesting enhanced focusing ease (p&lt;0.01). However, the amplitude of accommodation showed minimal change, with an average increase from 9.69 to 9.95+ Dioptres (p&lt;0.01). These findings suggest that while the Biofinity Energys lenses modestly improve accommodative facility and visual comfort but their effect on amplitude of accommodation is minimal. The observed improvement in CVS-Q scores underscores the lenses efficacy in alleviating discomfort associated with prolonged digital device use. Conclusions: The results support the use of anti-fatigue lenses for reducing digital eye strain and enhancing visual ergonomics, although the impact on accommodative range remains limited.

Introduction: Display screens/visual display terminals are a constant presence in people's daily lives, both in the workplace and at home. Prolonged use of these devices generates symptoms of discomfort, grouped under what is called Computer Vision Syndrome, which affects both work and academic productivity. In addition, they emit blue light, which still plays an enigmatic role in future visual health. For these reasons, it is important to address this issue in order to implement favorable ergonomic conditions that allow for better productivity and reduce the incidence of symptoms. Objectives: the primary objective of this study is analyzing ophthalmological conditions associated with prolonged screen use in working-age adults, and secondary objectives of describing the most common ophthalmological alterations caused by prolonged screen use, describing the mechanisms by which these alterations occur, analyzing the potential for a long-term negative effect, determining how computer vision syndrome impacts work and school productivity, and presenting prevention methods. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional systematic review was conducted based on published studies from the period 2020-2023 on the effects of prolonged use of visual display terminals in working-age adults, and a comparative analysis was also performed among different studies.Results: The search resulted in the selection of 14 studies, where the comparison between them showed an average prevalence of CVS of 65.6% among the working-age adult population, an average exposure of 6.75 hours per day, and partial presence of ergonomic conditions. Conclusion: The prevalence of CVS in working-age adults is considerably high. The associated symptoms are mainly linked to alterations in ocular lubrication and the lack of ergonomic conditions. The blue light emitted by visual display terminals is not enough to cause permanent damage; however, further analysis is necessary due to the unknown potential cumulative toxic effect.

A prospective self-controlled study on the alterations of the ocular surface and conjunctival transcriptomic profile associated with prolonged exposure to video display terminals.

Extraction and mapping of multidimensional data from computer terminals based on transfer probability matrix Markov chain attack graphs

Previous studies have established that both screen luminance and background illuminance influence occupants’ visual experience while using visual display terminals for office work. Yet, scarce attention has been paid to the pervasive large-size self-luminous displays particular in the education scenarios. The current study ( N = 24) employed a within-subject design to investigate effects of horizontal illuminance (200 lx, 500 lx and 800 lx at the table) and screen luminance (50 cd m−2 and 100 cd m−2) on students’ visual comfort, alertness, subjective appraisals and concentration performance. Results revealed that viewing brighter screen (100 cd m−2) induced more profiles in visual and performance outcomes than exposure to higher illuminance (800 lx). Yet, viewing screen of 50 cd m−2 induced better concentration and higher satisfaction under 500 lx than 800 lx condition. Exposure to 800 lx rendered the lowest visual fatigue for viewing screen of 100 cd m−2 but the worst concentration for viewing screen of 50 cd m−2. These findings suggested that not to watch dim screen in bright room and watch bright screen in dim room for gaining visual and non-visual benefits. The optimal combination of screen luminance and ambient illuminance are still worth investigating in future studies on integrative lighting design in educational settings.

Istat is one of the few public institutions that have initiated the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) since 2018 in order to ensure the Prevention and Protection Measures application. In 2018, Istat achieved the British Standard OHSAS 18001 certification and later, in 2021, UNI ISO 45001:2018 was confirmed and updated. Organisational and management measures are the basis for defining the prevention and protection system. The evolution of health and safety organisation required designated figures and specific measures despite challenges such as changes in managers, transfers and organisational complexity. The goals and the policies focus on worker protection, ethical principles, the OHSMS adoption and the Fire Safety Management System development. These processes assign internal responsibilities, encouraging employee participation in the continuous improvement through the Workers' Representatives for Safety and the Employer. OHSMS has led to the improvement in working conditions and to a safety culture growth. Many procedures have been implemented such as hazard identification, legal requirements, goals and improvement programmes, training management, information and communication, non-conformity management, health surveillance, emergency preparedness and response, internal audits and management review. Operational instructions are provided for activities such as video terminals usage, manual loads handling, electrical risk, personal protective equipment management, interference risk management, building and plant maintenance and instrumental resource management. All the procedures are applicable to all the Institute Roman offices. Later, OHSMS has been extended to regional offices. This work describes the adoption of the OHSMS model as per Legislative Decree 81/08, in the complex reality of a public research institution as Istat. This adoption is a best practice to promote the continuous improvement in workers’ health and safety protection.