Compression Ignition Engine Research Articles

Experimental and parametric investigation on industrial lubricants transformation to synthetic fuels for stationary compression ignition engines

This paper presents an experimental investigation of chemical transformation of industrial lubricants into oxygenated synthetic fuels and their use in a diesel engine. A catalytic extraction is achieved by transesterification using methanol and potassium hydroxide. Industrial oils are mainly Tiska 32, Tiska 46, Tiska 68, Torba 32, Torba 46, Torba 68, Torada 32, and Tilia B233. In addition, biofuel extracted from waste cooking oil and conventional diesel fuel have been taken for comparison. Physical and chemical properties of both biofuel and synthetic fuels as well as their blends are measured, presented, and discussed. Those properties are liquid density and viscosity, acidity number, and flash point. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy has been done in order to determine synthetic fuels and biofuel composition. A first look indicates that the oxygenated fuels have low acidity number, but their viscosities are quite high. A careful examination, in accordance with the limitations and regulations, leads us to direct use in the engine with a maximum blending ratio of 50%. A set of three blends with 15%, 30%, and 45% of each synthetic fuel and the biofuel are tested on a diesel engine in order to compare performances, fuel consumption, and NOx emissions. The results are compared with those obtained when the engine is powered with conventional diesel fuel.

A progressive review on strategies to reduce exhaust emissions from diesel engine: Current trends and future options

Abstract This study examines modern methods to reduce emissions from diesel engines, with a focus on the role of advanced biofuels and innovative emission control techniques. The primary goal is to assess the potential of these solutions in lowering emissions and improving engine performance. Techniques like hydrogen injection and advanced biofuel blends are compared with conventional measures such as catalytic converters and particulate filters. Despite their widespread use, traditional methods often fall short in addressing the emission challenges of compression ignition (CI) engines. Research shows that hydrogen injection can lower NOx emissions by up to 30% and particulate matter (PM) by nearly 25%, along with an improvement in thermal efficiency of 5–10%. Similarly, advanced biofuel blends, especially those derived from genetically modified microbes, have demonstrated a 15–25% reduction in CO2 emissions and a 10–20% increase in combustion efficiency. Despite these encouraging results, these technologies remain in the experimental stage and are generally expensive. This analysis highlights the importance of further research to optimize engine designs and fuel mixtures to maximize efficiency and minimize emissions. Notably, hydrogen‐enriched biofuels have shown combined reductions in NOx and PM of over 40% in certain experiments, making them a promising solution for future sustainable energy needs. The study concludes by stressing the need for continuous advancements in renewable fuel technologies and emission control strategies to support long‐term reductions in transportation emissions and encourage sustainable energy options for CI engines.

Experimental Study on the Effect of Compression Ratio Variation on Performance, Combustion, and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engines using Jatropha Biodiesel Blends

Limited fossil fuel reserves led to a focus on alternative fuels for combustion engines. Several studies reported optimal (20%) of biodiesel blend for utility in compression ignition engines. Existing research offers limited insights into how varying compression ratios (VCR) affect engine performance when jatropha biodiesel blends. This study investigates the influence of three compression ratios (15:1, 16:1, and 17:1) on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of compression ignition engines fueled with a 20% jatropha biodiesel-diesel blend (JB20) under different loading conditions with a constant speed of 1500 rpm at injection pressure of 210 bar and injection timing of 230 bTDC. Jatropha biodiesel was produced from jatropha seed oil following two step transesterification process using methanol, sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide and thus produced biodiesel was characterized by ASTM and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to conform the desirable properties. The experimental results confirms that the performance, combustion and emissions properties improved to increase in compression ratio (CR) for both test fuels. It is found that increase in CR increases the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) by 9.6%, Mechanical efficiency (ME) by 5.5%, Net Heat Release (NHR) by 17%, Peak Cylinder Pressure (PCP) by 20%, and reduces Specific fuel Consumption (SFC) by 11%, Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT) by 17% with increase in CR from 15 to 17 for JB20 at 3.k kW brake power (BP). Also JB20 shows reduction in emissions of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and smoke opacity to be 9.5%, 14% and 31% compared to diesel. Thus inferred that JB20 fuel performed well at high compression ration without any design modifications.

Cycle-by-cycle performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with a mixture of hydrotreated vegetable oil mixed with waste plastic pyrolysis oils

Changing regulations on emissions from propulsion sources used in transportation and closed-loop resource management are intensifying the search for substitute fuels especially for compression-ignition engines. In the study, three fuels were tested for comparison: conventional diesel fuel (DF), hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and a mixture of HVO with waste pyrolytic oils from polypropylene (PPO) and polypropylene (PSO) in 60/20/20 weight ratios (HVO+WPPO). Tests were conducted on a specialized platform with an AVL 5402 engine, analyzing their combustion and operating stability under two different load and speed conditions. The results showed that HVO and the HVO+WPPO mixture exhibit similar or even better combustion performance compared to DF. Some differences were found in cylinder pressure traces, indicated mean effective pressure and heat release. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and Levene's tests, confirmed significant differences between the fuels, indicating the potential of the HVO+WPPO mixture as an environmentally friendly alternative. The determined coefficients of variation allowed an assessment of the stability of engine operation. In conclusion, the research suggests that both HVO and its mixture with PPO and PSO can be effective and environmentally friendly solutions for diesel engines, with the possibility of wide application in the future.

HVO Adoption in Brazil: Challenges and Environmental Implications

Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) is one of the solutions for replacing fossil diesel with a clean and renewable fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines. This study focuses on the benefits of using HVO-fueled engines in Brazil concerning CO2 emissions, compared with other alternatives in the Brazilian energy matrix. The analysis includes CO2 emissions from the Brazilian diesel fleet over the last 10 years considering conventional diesel fuel, traditional biofuels, and the anticipated introduction of HVO into the Brazilian market. The proposal involves neat HVO as well as blends of fossil diesel, biodiesel, and HVO (up to 50% by vol.), these blends being more realistic for their practical deployment. Considering the Brazilian diesel fleet over the past 10 years (2015–2025), net CO2 emissions would have been reduced by 77.4% if 100% HVO had been used, while a reduction of 54.4% would have occurred with the blend containing 50% of HVO. Moreover, the use of 100% HVO for this fleet from 2015 would lead to 366.5 and 652.4 Mton of CO2 in 2030 and 2035, respectively, compared with 1621.5 and 2885.9 Mton if 100% fossil diesel is used. The economic analysis suggests that fuel cost savings of approximately 12 USD billion could be reached in 2035 under favorable HVO production scenarios. This is a favorable projection, with positive values for all blends and pure HVO, indicating economic feasibility.

Optimizing engine operating parameters for enhanced performance in a combustion-enhanced ternary-fuelled compression ignition engine

This research aims to determine an appropriate injection timing (IT) and exhaust gas recirculation rate (EGR) for optimal output factors on a compression ignition (CI) engine fuelled by diesel-mahua-ethanol blend combined with zinc oxide (ZnO) combustion enhancer using experimentation, response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN). The generated ANN and RSM models demonstrated enhanced prediction accuracy with high correlation coefficient (R2) values. The effects of IT and EGR rate were experimented at varying load conditions. The RSM established operating parameters for optimal output responses are 26.4° bTDC IT and 8.63% EGR rate for B25E15Zn50 blend. Finally, the process optimization by RSM has been validated with experimental results. The established engine operating parameters resulted in improvement of peak cylinder pressure (CP), heat release rate (HRR), brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 12.3%, 9.9%, 3.7% respectively and also reduction in hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), smoke, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 26.4%, 19.6%, 43.6% and 33.7% respectively at 80% load. This research signifies the benefit of RSM and ANN models for establishing engine operating parameters for optimal engine output responses.

Comparison between diesel-only mode and methanol/diesel dual-fuel mode on in-cylinder combustion, performance and emissions of common-rail engine based on speed

ABSTRACT Methanol/diesel dual-fuel (DF) mode paves the way for the utilization of methanol in compression ignition engines. This study conducted a comparative investigation of in-cylinder combustion, conventional emissions and unconventional emissions in a common-rail engine operating under diesel-only (DO) mode and DF mode at various speeds. The results show that, compared to DO mode, the DF mode exhibits a longer ignition delay, shorter combustion duration, and a more concentrated heat release in the cylinder. The brake thermal efficiency of DF mode is consistently lower than that of DO mode, with the maximum reduction reaching 6.2% at 2200 r/min. The DF mode simultaneously reduces NOx and soot emissions, with NOx reduced by 16.3% at 2200 r/min and soot reduced by 64.3% at 1600 r/min. However, the DF mode significantly increases NO2, CH3OH and HCHO emissions compared to DO mode, particularly at higher speeds. At 2200 r/min, NO2/NOx ratio reaches a maximum of 84.5%. At 1900 r/min, CH3OH and HCHO emissions of DF mode are 197.3 and 71.2 times higher than those of DO mode, respectively. The DF mode significantly reduces CO2 emissions, with the reduction increasing with speed and peaking at 3.8% at 2200 r/min.

Effect of hydrogen and diethyl ether addition on 5E attributes of compression ignition engine using papaya seed oil-diesel blend

Effect of hydrogen and diethyl ether addition on 5E attributes of compression ignition engine using papaya seed oil-diesel blend

Development of ammonia-biodiesel fueled agricultural tractor: Aspects of retrofitting a compression ignition engine to direct ammonia injection

Development of ammonia-biodiesel fueled agricultural tractor: Aspects of retrofitting a compression ignition engine to direct ammonia injection

Effect of Al2O3 nano-particle on the performance and emission characteristics of millettia ferruginea (Berbera) biodiesel blend fuel on single cylinder compression ignition engine

Effect of Al2O3 nano-particle on the performance and emission characteristics of millettia ferruginea (Berbera) biodiesel blend fuel on single cylinder compression ignition engine

Investigating the combined effects of hydrogen-enriched second-generation biodiesel blends derived from Colza and Margosa oils in dual-fuel compression ignition engine

Investigating the combined effects of hydrogen-enriched second-generation biodiesel blends derived from Colza and Margosa oils in dual-fuel compression ignition engine

Impact of short-chain alcohols on carbonyl emissions in dual-fuel compression ignition engines

Impact of short-chain alcohols on carbonyl emissions in dual-fuel compression ignition engines

Methylcyclohexane as a hydrogen-rich fuel for compression ignition engines: Enhancing combustion efficiency and reducing environmental impact

Methylcyclohexane as a hydrogen-rich fuel for compression ignition engines: Enhancing combustion efficiency and reducing environmental impact

Experimental investigation on premixed charged compression ignition engine operating on mixture of non-fatty acid camphor oil and Polanga oil

Experimental investigation on premixed charged compression ignition engine operating on mixture of non-fatty acid camphor oil and Polanga oil

A study on the optimal adjustment of a turbocharged marine compression-ignition engine with double pilot fuel injection operating under a diesel─H2 dual fuel

A study on the optimal adjustment of a turbocharged marine compression-ignition engine with double pilot fuel injection operating under a diesel─H2 dual fuel

A comprehensive review of algal biodiesel for compression ignition engines: Challenges, advances, and future prospects

Biodiesel derived from microalgae and macroalgae, as a third-generation biofuel, presents a sustainable and renewable alternative for use in conventional diesel engines with minimal to no modifications. Despite extensive research available on algal biodiesel, there is a significant lack of progressive reviews specifically addressing its utilization in diesel engines, along with the influence of key operating parameters such as load, speed, injection pressure, injection timing, and compression ratio. This review aims to bridge this gap by investigating the physicochemical properties of algal biodiesel, along with its storage, transport, blending potential and compliance with emission norms. The study further analyzes combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics of algal biodiesel blends ranging from B10 to B100, identifying B20 as the most optimal blend due to its diesel-like combustion and performance characteristics and lower exhaust emissions under various engine conditions. For B20 blends, variations in peak in-cylinder pressure, maximum heat release rate, brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature ranged from 0.9% to 6.5%, while oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide emissions differed by 2.5–13% compared to diesel. The findings are backed by experimental validation, including uncertainty analysis to ensure the reliability and accuracy of the mentioned data. However, higher blend ratios tend to negatively impact engine combustion and performance while also increasing NOx emissions. To counteract these challenges, this review examines the role of fuel additives, advanced combustion strategies, and commercialization barriers, highlighting algal biodiesel's technical and environmental promise as a sustainable and efficient alternative fuel.

Simulation-Based Study of NH3/H2-Dual Fueled HCCI Engine Performance: Effects of Blending Ratio, Equivalence Ratio, and Compression Ratio Using Detailed Chemical Kinetic Modeling

Challenges associated with the homogeneous charge combustion ignition (HCCI) concept include combustion phasing control and a narrow operating window. To address the HCCI engine developmental needs, chemical kinetic solvers have been recently included in the commercial engine simulation toolchains like GT-Suite v2024 upward. This study investigates the feasibility of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen (H2) as dual fuels in homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines, leveraging chemical kinetics modeling via GT-Suite software v2024. A validated baseline model was adapted with NH3/H2 injectors and simulated across varying blending ratios (BR), compression ratios (CR), air–fuel equivalence ratios (ER), and engine speeds. Results reveal that adding 10% H2 to NH3 significantly improves ignition. Optimal performance was observed at a CR of 20 and a lean mixture, achieving higher indicated thermal efficiency (about 40%), while keeping the intrinsic advantages of zero-carbon fuel. However, NOx emissions increased with higher ER due to elevated combustion temperatures. The study emphasizes the trade-offs between efficiency and NOx emissions under tested conditions. Finally, despite the single-zone model limitations in neglecting thermal stratification, this study shows that kinetic modeling has great potential for effectively predicting trends in HCCI, thereby demonstrating the promise of NH3/H2 blends in HCCI engines for cleaner and efficient combustion, paving the way for advanced dual-fuel combustion concepts.

Enhancing Specific Fuel Consumption Predictions in Compression Ignition Engine: A Taguchi Optimized Neural Network Approach for Diesel and Polymer Based Fuels

Enhancing Specific Fuel Consumption Predictions in Compression Ignition Engine: A Taguchi Optimized Neural Network Approach for Diesel and Polymer Based Fuels

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF LANNEA MICROCARPA BIODIESEL

Lannea microcarpa (African grapes) is the specific seed selected for this study. The plant belongs to the family Anacardiacea and is found in the savanna and the drier forest zone of West Africa. The plant seed has 22-28% moisture content and a non-edible oil yield of 38 41%. Mechanical oil pressing was employed to extract the oil from Lannea microcarpa seed, and biodiesel was synthesized from the seed oil in two steps reactions of acid-catalyzed esterification and alkali-catalyzed trans-esterification at a reaction temperature of 600C- 650C. The percentage oil and biodiesel yield was found to be 46.15% and 90.63%wt respectively. Results from Similar research had slightly reported the GC-MS analysis of Lannea microcarpa biodiesel but none among these or any other published research from the literature has reported in detail the oil extraction, biodiesel production and GC-MS results and analysis of Lannea microcarpa biodiesel. In this work, biodiesel was characterized by GC-MS, and the methyl esters and other compounds present were identified and interpreted. Analysis of the GC-MS results showed that methyl oleate (37.04%), methyl palmitate (29.72%), methyl linoleate (11.05%) and methyl stearate (6.67%) as the predominant methyl esters. The result also reveals that three out of the four predominant methyl esters have zero double bonds, it is only methyl linoleate that has double bond; therefore, the biodiesel is considered to be saturated methyl ester. The unique combination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in this biodiesel will have a positive impact on both the cold flow properties and stability of the fuel to oxidation, peroxidation, and polymerization reactions; this points out the reliability and viability of Lannea microcarpa biodiesel as an alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. The presence of high percentage of methyl oleate indicates the potential use of this biodiesel as a source of oleo chemicals or corrosion inhibitors in steel industries. All the findings were compared favorably with the results of other researchers.

Enhancement of compression ignition engine performance and emission reduction using pyrolyzed waste plastic oil blended with aluminum oxide nanoparticles

Abstract This research investigates the use of waste plastic fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines, focusing on two main objectives: producing pyrolysis plastic oil from waste plastic and reducing dependence on conventional CI engine fuels. The pyrolysis process involves heating low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) in a reactor at temperatures between 300°C and 500°C to generate plastic oil. Engine performance was evaluated using various blends of this oil, including 10%, 20%, and 30% mixtures with diesel. Additionally, 30 ppm of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles were mixed with 10% and 30% pyrolyzed waste plastic oil (WPO) to enhance fuel properties and engine performance. The study analyzed the impact of nanoparticles on engine efficiency and emissions, revealing that adding 30 ppm Al2O3 to all WPO blends improved overall performance compared to conventional diesel. Notably, the WPO 30 + 30 ppm Al2O3 blend significantly reduced emissions, with a 37.45% decrease in carbon monoxide (CO), a 22.5 ppm reduction in unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and a 33.23% reduction in smoke opacity. However, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions increased by 487 ppm compared to diesel.