Comprehensive Viewpoint Research Articles

Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Parkinson's Disease-Is 2-Methoxyestradiol a Missing Piece?

Mitochondria, as “power house of the cell”, are crucial players in cell pathophysiology. Beyond adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, they take part in a generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), regulation of cell signaling and cell death. Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics may lead to cancers and neurodegeneration; however, the fusion/fission cycle allows mitochondria to adapt to metabolic needs of the cell. There are multiple data suggesting that disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis can lead to Parkinson’s disease (PD) development. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), metabolite of 17β-estradiol (E2) and potential anticancer agent, was demonstrated to inhibit cell growth of hippocampal HT22 cells by means of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) production and oxidative stress at both pharmacologically and also physiologically relevant concentrations. Moreover, 2-ME was suggested to inhibit mitochondrial biogenesis and to be a dynamic regulator. This review is a comprehensive discussion, from both scientific and clinical point of view, about the influence of 2-ME on mitochondria and its plausible role as a modulator of neuron survival.

Socio-technical barriers affecting large-scale deployment of AI-enabled wearable medical devices among the ageing population in China

In order to provide better health and caring services to its rapidly growing ageing population, China has turned to new digital innovations empowered by Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, e.g. wearable medical devices (WMDs). This paper reports on an exploratory study that investigated socio-technical barriers and challenges affecting large-scale deployment of AI-enabled WMDs amongst Chinese old people. Nine focus groups were done to collect in-depth insights and comprehensive viewpoints respectively from Chinese families, local device providers, and public healthcare organisations. The qualitative data collected was analysed by using a thematic analysis approach. The results showed a set of 16 crucial barriers related to diverse technological, managerial, clinical, financial, legal and personal aspects. amongst these, lack of collaboration between WMD providers and public health organizations was identified to be the most critical barrier. This challenge was triggered by a range of clinical, financial, legal, managerial, and technical reasons, and would substantially prevent large-scale deployment and usage of AI-enabled wearable medical devices in the Chinese context

Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective

The deployment of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication services requires the installation of 5G next-generation Node-B Base Stations (gNBs) over the territory and the wide adoption of 5G User Equipment (UE). In this context, the population is concerned about the potential health risks associated with the Radio Frequency (RF) emissions from 5G equipment, with several communities actively working toward stopping the 5G deployment. To face these concerns, in this work, we analyze the health risks associated with 5G exposure by adopting a new and comprehensive viewpoint, based on the communications engineering perspective. By exploiting our background, we investigate the alleged health effects of 5G exposure and critically review the latest works that are often referenced to support the health concerns from 5G. We then precisely examine the up-to-date metrics, regulations, and assessment of compliance procedures for 5G exposure, by evaluating the latest guidelines from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as well as the national regulations in more than 220 countries. We also thoroughly analyze the main health risks that are frequently associated with specific 5G features (e.g., multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), beamforming, cell densification, adoption of millimeter waves, and connection of millions of devices). Finally, we examine the risk mitigation techniques based on communications engineering that can be implemented to reduce the exposure from 5G gNB and UE. Overall, we argue that the widely perceived health risks that are attributed to 5G are not supported by scientific evidence from communications engineering. In addition, we explain how the solutions to minimize the health risks from 5G (including currently unknown effects) are already mature and ready to be implemented. Finally, future works, e.g., aimed at evaluating long-term impacts of 5G exposure, as well as innovative solutions to further reduce the RF emissions, are suggested.

Personal Finance Primer for the Future Orthopaedic Surgeon: A Starting Point.

The level of financial literacy varies among orthopaedic trainees. Personal finance ideally should be taught before accepting student loans; however, when this has not happened, it is imperative that trainees start taking their personal finances seriously. Many trainees are faced with large amounts of student debt and struggle with how to manage a large salary increase in their first job. This can lead to poor financial decisions including insufficient savings. The authors provide a comprehensive viewpoint on personal finance for the orthopaedic trainee. In this article, we provide future orthopaedic surgeons with a framework for personal financial management as a starting point to understanding the financial concepts of budgeting, investment, debt management, mortgage, disability insurance, and life insurance.

Big homoclinic orbit bifurcation underlying post-inhibitory rebound spike and a novel threshold curve of a neuron

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Post-inhibitory rebound (PIR) spike induced by the negative stimulation, which plays important roles and presents counterintuitive nonlinear phenomenon in the nervous system, is mainly related to the Hopf bifurcation and hyperpolarization-active caution (<inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">$ I_h $</tex-math></inline-formula>) current. In the present paper, the emerging condition for the PIR spike is extended to the bifurcation of the big homoclinic (BHom) orbit in a model without <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">$ I_h $</tex-math></inline-formula> current. The threshold curve for a spike evoked from a mono-stable or coexisting steady state surrounds the steady state from left, to below, and to right, because the BHom orbit is big enough to surround the steady state. The right part of the threshold curve coincides with the stable manifold of the saddle and acts the threshold for the spike induced by the positive stimulation, resembling that of the saddle-node bifurcation on an invariant cycle, and the left part acts the threshold for the PIR spike, resembling that of the Hopf bifurcation. The bifurcation curve and a codimension-2 bifurcation point related to the BHom orbit are acquired in the two-parameter plane. The results present a comprehensive viewpoint to the dynamics near the BHom orbit bifurcation, which presents a novel threshold curve and extends the conditions for the PIR spike.</p>

Invertebrate health in marine protected areas (MPAs)

Marine protected areas (MPAs) consist of various categories of safeguarded areas in the marine environment, from semi-protected areas to total no take zones. The reported effects of MPAs are overwhelmingly positive, with numerous reports of fish size (biomass), abundance (recovery) and diversity increases, however, literature is lacking on the role and consequences of MPAs on parasite and disease dynamics, and in particular, invertebrate health. The implementation of MPAs has been known to alter trophic cascades and community dynamics, and with invertebrates commonly at the base of these systems, it is vital that their status is investigated. Overcrowding in areas closed to fishing is known to have parasitological consequences in some scenarios, and land/water use change has been known to alter host and vector communities, possibly elevating disease risk. Equally, reserves can be used as tools for alleviating impacts of marine disease. This review aims to consolidate extant literature and provide a comprehensive viewpoint on how invertebrates (and their health status) can be affected by MPAs, which are increasingly being implemented based on the relative urgency now being placed on protecting global biodiversity. In highlighting the paucity of knowledge surrounding MPAs and disease, especially that of the unenigmatic invertebrate groups, this review, published in the Special Issue on ‘Invertebrates as One Health Sentinels’, provides an opportunity for wide dissemination and provocation of further research in this area.

Concept of Mental Health and Disease for Practical Implementation: A Case-Based Teaching for Undergraduate Students Part II: Abnormal Psychology and Psychiatry and the Homoeopathic approach

Abstract Background India faces a significant gap in the prevalence of mental illness and the availability of effective mental health care. A significant factor is inadequate teaching/training of the subject at the undergraduate level rendering physicians incapable to deliver homoeopathic care to the large number of mentally distressed which needs it. This is in spite of our science having an immense potential to benefit these patients. Part I of this series explored the impact of cased-based teaching on acquainting the students in the principles of basic and applied psychology. The current study builds on this experience. Aim The aim of this study was to teach the basic concepts of abnormal psychology and psychiatry and the homoeopathic approach to homoeopathic undergraduate students based on case-based presentations Methodology Plan of teaching abnormal psychology and psychiatry to undergraduate students with a case-based approach integrated with homoeopathic principles was formulated by the Psychiatric Department of Dr. M. L. Dhawale Homoeopathic Institute (MLDMHI), Palghar, Maharashtra, India. PG students prepared topics with the help of a lesson plan template guided by the faculty. Peer evaluation along with student feedback helped to gauge the impact of the lectures and to design improvements. Results Eleven topics, one each week, covered the assigned portion for basic abnormal psychology and psychiatry. Reports of minimum 30 students revealed that 80% were keenly interested in the topics and desired to have more such lectures. Half the students were able to answer all the five multiple-choice questions correctly. Discussion Basic and comprehensive knowledge of psychiatry integrated with homoeopathic principles will allow students/physicians to know how cases are managed homeopathically from a more holistic and comprehensive point of view. Conclusions Case-based presentations through the homoeopathic approach will enhance the confidence of the students in the ability of the science to take care of the psychologically distressed section of the population.

A Soldier’s Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Kevin Power’s The Yellow Birds

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in some individuals who have real-life experience with psychological problems such as shocking, scary, or dangerous events (Davison, 2006). This paper aims at uncovering PTSD in Kevin Powers' The Yellow Birds novel that underlies the behavior of the main characters, Private John Bartle. In the context of war, soldiers often face deadly situations in the middle of warfare. This experience is a kind of horrible death, such as the worst experiences that can be made these people vulnerable and psychologically affected, such as psychosis. This research discusses the causes, symptoms, and the impact of PTSD that occur to the Private John Bartle, the main character. The researcher uses the theory of post-traumatic stress disorder development by Gerald C Davison. The results of the analysis show that: (1) The main cause of post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by Bartle is the tragic death of his best friend on the battlefield, the adverse effects of the war occurred recently; (2) The process of re-experiencing the symptoms experienced by the main character of the novel The Yellow Birds began when Bartle finished his service as a service member who served in the Iraq war; (3) The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder was finally found after the post-traumatic stress disorder suffered by Private John Bartle ended his deployment in the Iraq war. For further studies, it is suggested a comprehensive viewpoint in implementing this approach for the new researcher who has been engaging in related fields of post-traumatic stress disorder. The Yellow Birds novel by Kevin Powers can be used as an illustration of how a post-war soldier struggling with his post-traumatic stress disorder when he comes home.

Sheri S. Tepper’in The Margarets adlı eserinde kolektif hafızanın ekoeleştirel analizi

Recent studies on humanities put forward the idea that if the human population continues to grow, as it does now, without any restraint and environmental awareness, the whole world will be on the verge of an environmental catastrophe. Sheri Stewart Tepper, a science-fiction American writer, wrote her novel The Margarets (2007) from an ecofeminist point of view. In the dystopian future world of the novel, Margaret Bain, the female protagonist, undertakes the mission to save humankind from the danger of extinction. In order to this, she has to find a way to get back the stolen collective memory of humans since memory is the fundamental element in uniting humans, and ultimately making them perfect humans. Humans genetically are capable of learning from their past mistakes. They build a collective memory by learning from their previous mistakes and with this knowledge they continue their existence. Since the human population cannot continue living on Earth, people have to find other planets to live on. Margaret, the only child of her planet, creates six alternate selves, each taking different paths and living their own lives on different planets. When all of the Margarets come together sharing their experience and knowledge, they feel empathy towards the others and by this way they become perfect. Memory together with empathy unites the fragmented selves into a perfect whole. Only when people remember their past/history, then they are more aware of what is waiting for them in the future. By taking a comprehensive point of view and remembering the consequences of past actions, humans can help the healing of the Earth as a natural necessity. Only by this way, humankind and all other species will continue surviving in harmony. The purpose of this study is to analyse the novel from an ecocritical point of view, in terms of posthumanist approaches towards collective memory which may form the destiny of humanity.

The translation of affirmative action into legal discourse in Brazil

Abstract Several studies have recently discussed legal translation beyond the transfer of equivalent linguistic and terminological features from a source language to a target language. Such perspectives can provide linguistics, translators and legislators with a framework for translating outside events of social life, including its demands, knowledge, wishes and cultural developments throughout periods of time into legal discourse. In this paper, we aim to discuss a broader approach of legal translation to depict how public policies on affirmative action have been introduced in Brazil in the light of institutionalization and further instrumentalization by law. In particular, we make an attempt to show how domestic legislation is translated and enacted considering both the context (as the source ‘language’) and legal discourse (as the target language). Our claim is that the process entails a transformation or translation of context (common sense achieved by society) into legal discourse (law) by means of categorization of everyday concepts into legal concepts to meet both the socioeconomic and historical contexts at hand and the framework of written law. The analysis is based on the Rio de Janeiro state law 5346/2008, a landmark law ruling affirmative action in Brazil insofar as it expands the categories of beneficiaries – the so-called quotistas – taking into consideration the social, political and economic context then. In addition, we argue that the criterion of categorization is not arbitrary but is rather cultural, economic and historically driven and objectivates the human production of a role identity of the beneficiaries beyond subjective intentions. To conclude, this analysis was only made possible with the contribution of more comprehensive viewpoints on legal translation and the role played by social perceptions in the translatability of domestic legislation in monolingual jurisdictions.

Study on the flow and heat dissipation of water-based alumina nanofluids in microchannels

In this paper, the flow and heat dissipation performance of 0.1–0.5 vol per cent of Al2O3 -water nanofluid through serpentine micro-channel was experimentally studied in the Reynolds range 124–1000. By analyzing the experimental results of nanofluid flow and heat dissipation: In the experiment, the Nusselt number of nanofluids is 1.12–1.66 times that of deionized water, which indicates that Al2O3 -water nanofluids have significant heat transfer enhancement effect. Nanofluid flow resistance is 1.02–1.80 times that of deionized water, this indicates that Al2O3 -water nanofluid has the disadvantage of increasing energy consumption. From a comprehensive performance point of view: all the nanofluids used in the experiment have enhanced heat transfer factors more significant than one, and the enhanced heat transfer effect is better than that of deionized water, this suggests that Al2O3 -water nanofluid has the drawback of rising energy consumption. All the nanofluids used in the experiment have enhanced heat transfer factors more significant than one, and the enhanced heat transfer effect is better than that of deionized water. Nano-fluids, with a volume fraction of 0.4%, have an average increased heat transfer factor of 1.4, which is the best overall performance.

The aerobic mitochondrial ATP synthesis from a comprehensive point of view.

Most of the ATP to satisfy the energetic demands of the cell is produced by the F1Fo-ATP synthase (ATP synthase) which can also function outside the mitochondria. Active oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) was shown to operate in the photoreceptor outer segment, myelin sheath, exosomes, microvesicles, cell plasma membranes and platelets. The mitochondria would possess the exclusive ability to assemble the OxPhos molecular machinery so to share it with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and eventually export the ability to aerobically synthesize ATP in true extra-mitochondrial districts. The ER lipid rafts expressing OxPhos components is indicative of the close contact of the two organelles, bearing different evolutionary origins, to maximize the OxPhos efficiency, exiting in molecular transfer from the mitochondria to the ER. This implies that its malfunctioning could trigger a generalized oxidative stress. This is consistent with the most recent interpretations of the evolutionary symbiotic process whose necessary prerequisite appears to be the presence of the internal membrane system inside the eukaryote precursor, of probable archaeal origin allowing the engulfing of the α-proteobacterial precursor of mitochondria. The process of OxPhos in myelin is here studied in depth. A model is provided contemplating the biface arrangement of the nanomotor ATP synthase in the myelin sheath.

Using Patent Technology Networks to Observe Neurocomputing Technology Hotspots and Development Trends

In recent years, development in the fields of big data and artificial intelligence has given rise to interest among scholars in neurocomputing-related applications. Neurocomputing has relatively widespread applications because it is a critical technology in numerous fields. However, most studies on neurocomputing have focused on improving related algorithms or application fields; they have failed to highlight the main technology hotspots and development trends from a comprehensive viewpoint. To fill the research gap, this study adopts a new viewpoint and employs technological fields as its main subject. Neurocomputing patents are subjected to network analysis to construct a neurocomputing technology hotspot. The results reveal that the neurocomputing technology hotspots are algorithms, methods or devices for reading or recognizing printed or written characters or patterns, and digital storage characterized by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements. Furthermore, the technology hotspots are discovered to not be clustered around particular fields but, rather, are multidisciplinary. The applications that combine neurocomputing with digital storage are currently undergoing the most extensive development. Finally, patentee analysis reveal that neurocomputing technology is mainly being developed by information technology corporations, thereby indicating the market development potential of neurocomputing technology. This study constructs a technology hotspot network model to elucidate the trend in development of neurocomputing technology, and the findings may serve as a reference for industries planning to promote emerging technologies.

Paradoxical reduction and the bifurcations of neuronal bursting activity modulated by positive self-feedback

Paradoxical enhancement rather than reduction in firing activity induced by inhibitory effect is very important for both nonlinear dynamics and neuroscience. In the present paper, to build a more comprehensive viewpoint related to excitatory effect, a paradoxical phenomenon modulated by the excitatory self-feedback of autapse is extended to bursting activity in a modified Morris–Lecar model. With increasing the strength of excitatory autapse, the bursting patterns exhibit inverse period-adding bifurcations to spiking pattern via chaos, and the burst duration, the spike number per burst, and the firing frequency of bursting decrease, which is different from the traditional view that firing frequency should be enhanced. Furthermore, the paradoxical reduction in bursting activity is well explained with the nonlinear dynamics of the fast subsystem. The burst begins from neighborhood of a fold bifurcation of equilibrium point and terminates at a saddle homoclinic (SH) bifurcation. With increasing conductance of autapse, the fold bifurcation point remains unchanged, which is due to too small autaptic current near the fold point to influence the dynamics, and the SH point shifts left, which follows from the enhanced potassium current at the minimal value of the stable limit cycle. Therefore, the range between the fold and SH point becomes narrower to shorten the burst duration to reduce spike number per burst and firing frequency. The novel example of paradoxical reduction modulated by positive self-feedback and the associated bifurcation mechanism enrich the phenomena of nonlinear science and present the potential functions of excitatory autapse in the brain neurons with bursting behavior.

PENERBITAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH PENGGANTI UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 2020 SEBAGAI STRATEGI KEBIJAKAN PAJAK PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MENGHADAPI DAMPAK PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP KEUANGAN NEGARA

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has greatly affected global and national economic order. The existence of physical distancing policies, as well as large-scale social restrictions, greatly affected the activities of tourism and manufacturing sectors, causing the economic growth to slow down. Therefore, the government issued a tax policy by stimulating Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2020 concerning State Financial Policy and Financial System Stability for Handling the Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic on March 31, 2020 and Regulation of the Minister of Finance which regulates tax incentives known as tax relaxation. This research was conducted using qualitative method A qualitative method was used to produce in-depth descriptions of speech, writing and observable behavior of an individual, community group and organization in a certain context that was studied from a comprehensive and holistic point of view. The results of this study were that the Indonesian Government has established various tax policy strategies during the Covid-19 pandemic which aim to achieve the target of state revenue, by revising tax revenue targets, rearranging state revenue allocations in the 2020 State Revenue and Expenditure Budget and implementing taxes. Trading Through Electronic Systems. The government has also relaxed the imposition of Article 21 Income Tax, Article 22 Income Tax, Article 25 Income Tax, and specific VAT tax returns to the manufacturing sector. So the relaxation of income tax in articles 21, 22 and 25 as well as tax returns was the most effective and appropriate way to overcome the impact of Indonesia's economy in the face of the Covid-19 outbreak.

Estimating sustainable development performance in the electrical wire and cable industry: Applying the integrated fuzzy MADM approach

This study explores the critical factors influencing sustainable development performance in the electrical wire and cable industry because this industry has potential contributions to sustainability in terms of energy efficiency. Although much previous work identified the factors influencing sustainable development performance, few studies discussed the influential weights of the factors and their interrelationships in this industry from a comprehensive viewpoint. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the feedback and interrelationships among the factors influencing sustainable development performance by an integrated fuzzy multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) approach including fuzzy DEMATEL, fuzzy DANP, and fuzzy modified VIKOR methods. The proposed method can provide guidance to prioritize the influential factors in the improvement strategies for achieving the aspired value of sustainable development performance. This paper applies the proposed method in the Taiwanese electrical wire and cable industry as an empirical study. The outcomes indicate that the environmental aspect should be improved firstly, and top management support is the most significant factor influencing sustainable development performance. Additionally, the finding is useful for identifying the priorities of the factors that offer guidance on allocating limited resources to reduce the performance gaps in the Taiwanese electrical wire and cable industry.

Jeffery orbits for an object with discrete rotational symmetry

We theoretically investigate the motions of an object immersed in a background flow at a low Reynolds number, generalizing the Jeffery equation for the angular dynamics to the case of an object with n-fold rotational symmetry (n ≥ 3). We demonstrate that when n ≥ 4, the dynamics are identical to those of a helicoidal object for which two parameters related to the shape of the object, namely, the Bretherton constant and a chirality parameter, determine the dynamics. When n = 3, however, we find that the equations require a new parameter that is related to the shape and represents the strength of triangularity. On the basis of detailed symmetry arguments, we show theoretically that microscopic objects can be categorized into a small number of classes that exhibit different dynamics in a background flow. We perform further analyses of the angular dynamics in a simple shear flow, and we find that the presence of triangularity can lead to chaotic angular dynamics, although the dynamics typically possess stable periodic orbits, as further demonstrated by an example of a triangular object. Our findings provide a comprehensive viewpoint concerning the dynamics of an object in a flow, emphasizing the notable simplification of the dynamics resulting from the symmetry of the object’s shape, and they will be useful in studies of fluid–structure interactions at a low Reynolds number.

Concept of Mental Health and Disease for Practical Implementation: A Case-Based Teaching for Undergraduate Students—Part I of Basic and Applied Psychology

Abstract Background Mental health has been conceptualised by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as not just the absence of illness but as a state of well-being in which the individual can cope with normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and make a contribution to the community. To achieve this or to explain it to the stakeholders, a doctor needs to be well versed with the normal functioning of the human mind. Homoeopathic doctors must have this knowledge to help them understand and treat their patients or advise prevention. Lack of this knowledge in the undergraduate years fails to suitably equip them, thereby hampering their own growth and clinical functions. These papers (in two parts) will deal with the teaching of basic and applied psychology and abnormal psychology and psychiatry to homoeopathic undergraduates. Aim The main aim of this study is to teach homoeopathic undergraduate students the basic psychological concepts required for understanding human behaviour through cased based presentations Methodology Plan of teaching psychology to undergraduate students with a case-based approach was formulated by the Psychiatric Department of Dr. M.L. Dhawale Homoeopathic Institute (MLDMHI), Palghar. Postgraduate students prepared topics with the help of a lesson plan template under the guidance of faculty. Peer evaluation along with student feedback helped to gauge the impact of the lectures and to design improvements. Results Thirteen topics, one each week, covered the assigned portion for basic psychology. Reports of around 30 students and 2 lecturers for each lecture over 3 years were evaluated. These indicated satisfaction with contents and desire to have more such lectures. Multiple choice questions post lectures allowed to identify the changes in knowledge and interest of students in the subject. Discussion Basic and comprehensive knowledge of psychology will allow students/physicians to look at the cases not only from the view point of physical antecedents but also from a more holistic and comprehensive point of view. Conclusion Educational ethos demands the incorporation of case-based teaching in undergraduates especially in the teaching of psychology, to expose the shades of normal and abnormal states of mind through case-based teachings.

Kashmir: Beyond Imbroglios

It is necessary that a more nuanced and comprehensive viewpoint be presented to a global audience vis-a-vis Kashmir, which can foster both wider international engagement as well as a richer understanding of the salient features and undercurrents that permeate Jammu & Kashmir state and the South Asian region at large. Based on the Kashmiri indigenous perspective, this working paper introduces a new lens to examine an old problem of exploitation: the Marxian context of class violence. It systematically refutes elements of recent “scholarship” issued by New Delhi regarding (see Ahlawat and Malik 2019), to offer a richer discussion of the nature of class violence superimposed on the Two Nation Theory, and thus shed light on the plight of Kashmir in finer historical perspective. The findings of the paper echo the United Nation’s resolutions on the Right to Self-Determination of all peoples, as a bridge to an era of harmony and sustainable development in South Asia.

The Effect of Chinese Imports on European Innovation Activities in the Medium-Long Term Period

Studies have been conducted about the role of foreign trade-driven technology transfer in the achievement of the Chinese miracle; however, when focusing on the opposite direction, the literature is not uniform: how are Western businesses affected by trade dealings which China? To what extent does this impact apply to the innovation cycle? In this research we focused on the linear correlation between innovation in European countries (proxied by patent applications) and imports from China, over the 15-year time period following China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. Patent applications are used as a measure of innovation, integrated in an economic model inspired by the "Trapped Factors" model, that makes it possible to account for escape-competition effects. The model analyzes the 2002-2016 period across 22 European countries. Apart from evaluating the impact of Chinese imports on European innovation, our study provides a review of the major contributions that have characterized this research area in the most recent years, trying to categorize and to present them from a proactive and comprehensive point of view. Keywords: innovation, import, China, Europe, patent applications DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-12-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2020