Development Of Comprehensive Framework Research Articles

A sustainable development course for environmental engineers in Kyrgyzstan

Courses on sustainable development (SD) are taught in several institutes of Kyrgyzstan. However, courses for the specialties “eco‐technology”, and “ecological exploitation of natural resources” are only offered by two institutes. There are two alternative courses: for students; and (two months) for decision makers. The theoretical‐cognitive base of the courses includes Rio 92 documents, Club of Rome Reports, Brundlandt Report, Vernadsky biosphere‐nooshere theory, and the Kyrgyzstani Comprehensive Development Framework 2001‐2010. Three problems are also included: administrative apparatus reform; economy restoration (mining, water‐soil‐energy); and poverty alleviation. Philosophy, recent nature concept, regional and global problems are also included in the courses. A focus point in the courses is to restore balances between nature conservation and nature‐using activities, especially in the energy field (oil, gas, coal, and alternative energy from sun and wind). Sun, including collectors for water, building heating and processes for drying crops and vegetables by sunlight, are also included in the course. Small hydroelectric power stations (1‐22KW) might be used in the country's mountain range. The courses also deal with Central Asian ethnic problems (sharp divisions by ethnicity such as Turkish, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Iranian, Tadjik). There is also a course in emotional form, using poetry and (sometimes religious) verses. The courses have been taught since 1998. Thus far 400 students and 92 administrators passed the course. In this paper, the specific approach of the course, investigating SD at a conceptual as well as an emotional level, will be evaluated. Reflects on the question of how successful this approach might be for developing countries in general.

Pragmatism and the Gradual Shift from Dependency to Neoliberalism: The World Bank, African Leaders and Development Policy in Africa

The long-standing disagreement between the international community and African leaders over an appropriate development strategy has been settled by the World Bank’s Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) and African leaders’ New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Both documents support neoliberalism and see increased global integration as the key to Africa’s development. This paper traces Africa’s journey from the dependency/neoliberalism debate in the early 1980s to the current endorsement of neoliberalism. It is argued that the overwhelming global attention and support enjoyed by NEPAD derives from its embrace of Western development ideas as well as changes in the global political economy that have made reformist ideas more acceptable. NEPAD’s success will, however, depend on how African leaders and the international community respond to the initiative.

What's new in the ‘New Partnership for Africa's Development’?

This article provides an overview of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) in the context of Africa’s current economic and governance crises, the attempt to establish an Africa Union, and the interest in Africa displayed by the G8 leadership and in particular by the UK’s prime minister Tony Blair. NEPAD has to be seen simultaneously as a ‘big idea’, a new way of doing business, and a comprehensive development framework. The ‘big idea’ is to put Africa’s concerns on the table of the G8 and seek a much better deal for Africa in terms of international aid, debt relief and access to markets. The new way of doing business is a new form of ‘enhanced’ development partnership that makes both donor and recipient mutually accountable for development outcomes. The development framework is a long—and expanding—list of programmes and projects, akin to those that have been tried before. The heart of NEPAD is a commitment to good governance, operationalized through a radical plan for ‘peer review’ of governance performance. This promises a radical new approach to development partnership, but it also faces political hazards. The governance component is also analysed in the context of the pan–Africa institutions envisaged by the African Union. There is a need for coordinating and rationalizing peace and security initiatives. NEPAD may unlock additional financing for development, but it should not be seen as a cash cow. The challenges for NEPAD include opening up the process to make it more participatory, including greater focus on HIV/AIDS. NEPAD faces the real danger of being over–sold and of raising unrealistic expectations among Africans. It is, nevertheless, an outstanding opportunity for Africa’s development.

From 'Structural Adjustment' to 'Comprehensive Development Framework': Conditionality transformed?

This article reviews the dramatic shift over the course of the 1990s in the World Bank's approach to development policy and conditionality, addressing the impetus to change and the substance of that change. It suggests that the shift can be explained primarily as a response to the negative experience of the failure of its own policy prescription. It argues that the World Bank's response has been to revise its view of what constitutes development. From a conception of development based on the primacy of economic growth, the World Bank has moved to embrace a conception which elevates the poorest as the focus of development policy and which relativises the importance of economic growth. The World Bank's approach to conditionality has been modified accordingly, leveraging a specific emphasis on poverty reduction over society-wide development goals. We conclude that, while claims are made of country ownership, the new conditionality severely constrains the potential for genuine ownership of development policy.

Reforming Business-Related Laws to Promote Private Sector Development: The World Bank Experience in Africa

The importance of an appropriate legal framework reflecting the cultural, sociopolitical, and economic circumstances of a country is now widely considered to be an important element in the development process. The latest recognition of this link may be found in the Comprehensive Development Framework adopted by the World Bank, where the second pillar underscores the fact that no equitable development is possible without, among other things, an effective system of property, contract, labor, bankruptcy, commercial codes, personal rights laws, and other elements of a comprehensive legal system. This study presents a historical perspective of legal reform programs in Africa, especially after the post-independence period. It then reviews the experience to be discerned from World Bank-financed legal reform projects in Africa, which have the primary objective of promoting private sector development. It focuses primarily on legislative reform, that is, reform of substantive laws and subsidiary legislation, and activities designed to ensure the appropriate application of the new texts, such as capacity building and strengthening of legal institutions, including the ministries responsible for justice, the judiciary, and the legal profession.

The FAO definition of sustainable development and the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries: an analysis of the related principles, criteria and indicators

In 1988, FAO adopted its definition of sustainable development. In 1995 it adopted a Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, which offers an integrated comprehensive framework for the sustainable development of fisheries and aquaculture. The paper analyses briefly the correspondence between the principles contained in the definition and the provisions contained in the Code. It shows that both texts represent a sustainability framework (with different degree of detail) and identifies the main criteria and indicators implicitly or explicitly called for in both the FAO definition and Code of Conduct.

A framework for effective commercial Web application development

The World Wide Web (WWW) or the Web has been recognized as a powerful new information exchange channel in recent years. Today, an ever‐increasing number of businesses have set up Web sites to publicize their products and services. However, careful planning and preparation is needed to achieve the intended purpose of this new information exchange channel. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for effective commercial Web application development based on prior research in hypermedia and human‐computer interfaces. The framework regards Web application development as a special type of software development project. At the onset of the project, its social acceptability is investigated. Next, economic, technical, operational, and organizational viability are examined. For Web page design, both the functionality and usability of Web pages are thoroughly considered. The use of the framework should result in more effective commercial Web application development.

Analysis and implications

Country ownership is widely seen as crucial to the success of national development strategies, but a robust operational framework to assess it has been elusive. The Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) initiative underpinned by the Comprehensive Development Framework (CDF) principles, introduced in 1999, take the question of country ownership to a new level by ensuring an opportunity for a country to take the initiative in defining its own strategy, and take charge of its development. This study offers a common operational approach to assessing country ownership of PRSs. It builds on the findings of the Bank's 2003 CDF Progress Report, which reviewed experience in 48 countries, on PRS reviews prepared by other organizations, and other units within the Bank, and on detailed case studies of the PRS process carried out for the purposes of this study in four countries that have made strong progress in developing nationally, owned development strategies: Bolivia, Ghana, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Senegal. Experience in the case study countries shows that to develop country ownership of PRSs, it is essential to integrate PRS formulation, and implementation into a country's broader decision making processes and systems. The indicators point to increasing institutionalization of the PRS process: to the extent that these elements are in place, country ownership of the PRS is stronger. However, all indicators are unlikely to be equally important in all countries. Countries with weaker governance and institutions like Low-Income Countries Under Stress (LICUS) face considerable challenges in fostering country ownership of the PRS, and are likely to make slower progress than those with stronger institutions.

AN ANALYSIS OF COMBAT SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a comprehensive system development framework. In doing so, it critiques the current Navy development framework. This paper shows how combat system architecture, combat system engineering and combat system design relate. The paper discusses personnel assignments and specifically addresses the functions of the systems engineer.

Welfare Services in a Multicultural Society

Recent developments in immigrant welfare in Australia have emphasised the roles of ethnic agencies, and bilingual ethnic workers. The research on which this article is based suggests that ethnic agencies, religious sectarian agencies, migrant agencies and community agencies have distinct, important and complementary roles to play. It suggests further that social workers, welfare officers and indigenous para-professional workers with appropriate training are each highly significant if both accessibility and equality of opportunity are to be assured. Immigrant welfare is more complex than recent reports and programmes have assumed and the future well-being of Australia's highly multicultural society rests still in the balance. The aim of this article is to suggest a more comprehensive and realistic framework for future development.

Integrated rural development: FAO/SIDA expert consultation on policies and institutions

The main aspects of integrated rural development (IRD) covered in this report are (i) the concept of IRD, (ii) its social and institutional framework, (iii) the role of the family in IRD, (iv) manpower requirements, (v) the need for applied research and its evaluation, and (vi) the role of technical co-operation in implementing IRD. The consensus of the Expert Consultation was that the principles and objectives of the IRD concept were sound and relevant in the African context. The various policy implications of wider participation of the rural masses in the production process, with due protection of their rights, were also discussed. The experts agreed, as would be evident from the conclusions and recommendations, that IRD provides a comprehensive framework for balanced and sustained development, with distributive justice, of which increased production, primarily in agriculture, is the economic base at least at the initial stage in the developing countries of Africa.