German Compounds Research Articles

Theoretical studies on the mechanism of formation of a heteropolycyclic germanic compound between dimethyl-germylidene and ethylene

Mechanism of the cycloadditional reaction between singlet dimethyl-germylidene (R1) and ethylene (R2) has been investigated with MP2/6-31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. The energies of the different conformations are calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/6-31G* method. From the potential energy profile, it can be predicted that the dominant reaction pathway of the cycloadditional reaction of forming a heteropolycyclic germanic compound between singlet dimethyl-germylidene and ethylene consists of three steps: (1) the two reactants (R1, R2) first form a three-membered intermediate (INT1) through a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 39.6 kJ/mol. (2) Three-membered intermediate (INT1) isomerizes to an active four-membered intermediate (INT2) via a transition state (TS2), for which the barrier is 50.1 kJ/mol. (3) Four-membered intermediate (INT2) reacts further with ethylene (R2) to form a heteropolycyclic germanic compound (P3), which is also a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 87.7 kJ/mol. This dominant reaction has an excellent selectivity and differs considerably from its competitive reactions in thermodynamic property and reaction rate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010

Wie wär's mit einem richtigen Mädelsabend?Plural -swithin Compounds in Colloquial Northern German

In standard German, the non-occurrence of -splurals as the first element of a lexical compound (e.g., *Auto-s-berg‘heap of cars') vs. the regular occurrence of the other plural suffixes (e.g.,Kind-er-club‘children's club',Frau-en-fete'women's party') has often been quoted as evidence for a dual mechanism model of morphology, which sees irregular forms as stored in the mental lexicon while regular forms are generated by rule (see Marcus et al. 1995). However, in colloquial northern German, where thes-plural is more widely used than in the standard language, it is possible to form productive compounds containing this suffix (e.g.,Mädel-s-treff‘girls’ meeting'). This paper investigates to what extent -splurals are acceptable within compounds in colloquial northern German, whether they are subject to any linguistic constraints (for example, morphological or phonological), and what implications they might have for current morphological theory.*

Written production of German compounds

In this study, we present an experiment in which we examined the time course of typing German compounds. The compounds varied according to three criteria: (1) whole word frequency (high vs. low), (2) head frequency (high vs. low) and (3) semantic transparency (transparent vs. opaque). In this experiment, we recorded the interkey intervals (IKIs) and concentrated on the IKI measurements found at the boundary of the two immediate constituents in compounds. We refer to this boundary type as an SM-boundary because (S)yllable and (M)orpheme boundaries coincide at this word position. As we found effects of lexical frequency for SM-IKIs in a series of previous studies, we argue that possible differences in SM-IKIs found for compounds of different frequency classes and of different degrees of semantic transparency can give an insight into the processes involved in the written production of German compounds: whole word procedures and/or compositional procedures. Our findings show that SM-IKIs are affected by compound frequency, head frequency and semantic transparency. We therefore argue that both whole word procedures and compositional procedures are involved in the written production of German compounds. These findings are in line with those versions of dual-route models which postulate that the two routes run in parallel and interact.

On the way from morphology to phonology: German linking elements and the role of the phonological word

German linking elements are sometimes classified as inflectional affixes, sometimes as derivational affixes, and in any case as morphological units with at least seven realisations (e.g. -s-, -es-, -(e)n-, -e-). This article seeks to show that linking elements are hybrid elements situated between morphology and phonology. On the one hand, they have a clear morphological status since they occur only within compounds (and before a very small set of suffixes) and support the listener in decoding them. On the other hand, they also have to be analysed on the phonological level, as will be shown in this article. Thus, they are marginal morphological units on the pathway to phonology (including prosodics). Although some alloforms can sometimes be considered former inflectional endings and in some cases even continue to demonstrate some inflectional behaviour (such as relatedness to gender and inflection class), they are on their way to becoming markers of ill-formed phonological words. In fact, linking elements, above all the linking -s-, which is extremely productive, help the listener decode compounds containing a bad phonological word as their first constituent, such as Geburt+s+tag ‘birthday’ or Religion+s+unterricht ‘religious education’. By marking the end of a first constituent that differs from an unmarked monopedal phonological word, the linking element aids the listener in correctly decoding and analysing the compound. German compounds are known for their length and complexity, both of which have increased over time—along with the occurrence of linking elements, especially -s-. Thus, a profound instance of language change can be observed in contemporary German, one indicating its typological shift from syllable language to word language.

On the crystal chemistry of olivine-type germanate compounds, Ca1 + x M 1 − x GeO4 (M 2+ = Ca, Mg, Co, Mn)

Germanate compounds, CaMGeO(4) with M(2+) = Ca, Mg, Co and Mn, were synthesized as single crystals by slow cooling from the melt or by flux growth techniques. All the compositions investigated exhibit Pnma symmetry at 298 K and adopt the olivine structure. The M2 site is exclusively occupied by Ca(2+), while on M1 both Ca(2+) and M(2+) cations are found. The amount of Ca(2+) on M1 increases with the size of the M1 cation, with the smallest amount in the Mg compound (0.1 atoms per formula unit) and the largest in the Mn compound (0.20 atoms per formula unit), while in Ca(2)GeO(4), also with olivine structure, both sites are completely filled with Ca(2+). When compared with those of Ca silicate olivine, the lattice parameters a and c are distinctly larger in the analogous germanate compounds, while b has essentially the same values, regardless of the tetrahedral cation, meaning that b is independent of the tetrahedral cation. Structural variations on the octahedrally coordinated M1 site are largely determined by the size of the M1 cation, the average M1-O bond lengths being identical in Ca silicate and Ca germanate olivine. Increasing the size of the M1 cation induces an increasing polyhedral distortion, expressed by the parameters bond-length distortion, octahedral angle variance and octahedral quadratic elongation. However, the Ca germanate olivine compounds generally have more regular octahedra than the analogous silicates. The octahedrally coordinated M2 site does not exhibit large variations in structural parameters as a consequence of the constant chemical composition; the same is valid for the tetrahedral site.

An Open-Framework Silicogermanate with 26-Ring Channels Built from Seven-Coordinated (Ge,Si)10(O,OH)28 Clusters

We report a new open-framework silicogermanate SU-61 containing 26-ring channels with a low framework density. It can be seen as a crystalline analogue to the mesoporous silica MCM-41. The structure is built from the assembly of (Ge,Si)10(O,OH)28 clusters. It is the first time that silicon has been successfully introduced in the Ge10 cluster in significant amounts ( approximately 21% of the tetrahedral sites). Five- and six-coordinated Ge10 clusters have previously been observed in other germanate compounds leading to either dense or open structures. In SU-61, the seven-coordinated clusters fall onto yet another underlying net, the osf net. SU-61, along with other Ge10 based frameworks, shows the versatility of the germanate system to adopt defined topologies playing on the connectivity of the clusters following the principles of net decoration and scale chemistry.

Synthetic aenigmatite analog Na2(Mn5.26Na0.74)Ge6O20: structure and crystal chemical considerations

Disodium hexamanganese(II,III) germanate is the first aenigmatite-type compound with significant amounts of manganese. Na(2)(Mn(5.26)Na(0.74))Ge(6)O(20) is triclinic and contains two different Na positions, six Ge positions and 20 O positions (all with site symmetry 1 on general position 2i of space group P1). Five out of the seven M positions are also on general position 2i, while the remaining two have site symmetry 1 (Wyckoff positions 1f and 1c). The structure can be described in terms of two different layers, A and B, stacked along the [011] direction. Layer A contains pyroxene-like chains and isolated octahedra, while layer B is built up by slabs of edge-sharing octahedra connected to one another by bands of Na polyhedra. The GeO(4) tetrahedra show slight polyhedral distortion and are among the most regular found so far in germanate compounds. The M sites of layer A are occupied by highly charged (trivalent) cations, while in layer B a central pyroxene-like zigzag chain can be identified, which contains divalent (or low-charged) cations. This applies to the aenigmatite-type compounds in general and to the title compound in particular.

Verb-noun compounds in English and German

This paper provides a comparative analysis of verb-noun compounds and their distribution in English and German. It is shown that two major generalizations are pos- sible along the endocentric/exocentric dimension: While the types of endocentric V-N compounds found in English form a subset of the relevant types found in German, exo- centric V-N compounds constitute a substantial lexical class in English but not in German. The distribution of the two major types of V-N compounds is considered against the background of competing expressions such as V-ing N compounds (in English) and synthetic compounds of the type N-V-er (in both languages under comparison). The differences in the inventories of types are related to aspects of external language history (language contact), but the role of language-internal factors is also considered, in par- ticular the greater disposition of English to allow conversion.

K2[(UO2)As2O7] — The First Uranium Polyarsenate.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.

Model skończenie stanowy niemieckich wyrazów pojedynczo i wielokrotnie złożonych

This paper summarizes the results of my Master's thesis and the main points of a talk I presented at the seminar of the Department of Applied Logic at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.It gives a short overview of the structure of German compounds and newer research concerning the role of the so-called interfixes. After an introduction to the concept of finite-state transducers the construction of a transducer used for naive compound segmentation is described. Tag-based finite-state methods for the further analysis of the found segments are given and discussed. Distributional transducer rules, for the construction of which I assume the existence of local and global morphological contexts, are proposed as means of disambiguation of the analyzed naive segmentation results.

K2[(UO2)As2O7] – the First Uranium Polyarsenate

AbstractYellowish crystals of K2[(UO2)As2O7] (1) have been synthesized by solid‐state reactions method. The structure of 1 [orthorhombic, Pmmn, a = 12.601(2), b = 13.242(2), c = 5.621(1) Å, V = 937.9(3) Å3, Z = 4] has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.049, wR2 = 0.1060 for 1059 observed reflections. The structure of 1 is based upon [(UO2)As2O7]2− sheets formed by corner sharing between [UO6]6− distorted octahedra and [As2O7]4− polyarsenate groups. The K+ cations are either in eightfold or tenfold coordination and are located between the sheets. The topology of the uranyl arsenate sheet is related to silicate minerals of the melilite group and related synthetic silicate, aluminate and germanate compounds.

Elasticity of Olivine (α), Beta(β), and Spinel (γ) Polymorphs of Germanates and Silicates

Summary Ultrasonic data for the velocities of germanate and silicate compounds in the olivine (a), beta (8) and spinel (y) crystal structures have been determined as a function of pressure to 7-5 kbar at room temperature for polycrystalline specimens hot-pressed at pressures up to 65 kbar. The a-y phase transformations are characterized by the following velocity (u)-density (p) relationships: (a) the velocity jumps are twice the percentage magnitude of the density jumps; (b) the ratio (vp/v,) of the compressional to shear velocity is either approximately constant or increases slightly across the transitions; and (c) the slopes (linear or logarithmic) on v-p diagrams for the a-y transition are comparable to those produced by isothermal compression or isobaric expansion of the low-pressure olivine phase. The behaviour of up/u, is a feature common to many phase transformations. However, the observed relationships (a) and (c), while similar to those for the quartz-coesite transition in Si02, are in marked contrast with those for the coesite-rutile, pyroxene-garnet and pyroxeneilmenite transformations. These latter transitions involve increases in cation-anion co-ordination and nearest-neighbour distances whereas the olivine-spinel and olivine-beta phase transformations do not. Such crystallographic details may be diagnostic for interpretations of the composition and mineralogy of the Earth’s transition zone. Systematic trends in the elastic properties for isostructural sequences support the concept of germanates as models for the elasticity of their silicate analogues; this scheme is applied to estimate the bulk modulus of the spinel polymorph of Mg, Si04 (K, = 2-06 0.05 Mbar). Comparison of the new elasticity data with recent Earth models in the vicinity of the 400-km discontinuity reveals that only model 1066B of Gilbert & Dziewonski is compatible with the experimental data for the u-y and a-8 transformations.

Synthesis and immunomodulatory activity of some novel amino acid germinates

Amino acid germanate compounds are synthesized by the chemical reaction of germanium dioxide with a selected amino acid in the presence of an alkali medium at a suitable elevated temperature. Amino acids included in the novel synthesis include histidine, methionine and glutathione. The study evaluated their effects on induction of interleukin-12 and interferon-γl in Swiss albino Webster rats. The new germanium compounds, especially bis-methionino germanate, are considered as good interferon inducer that significantly enhance the immunologic function.

Temperature-dependent crystal structure refinement and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy of Cu2Fe2Ge4O13

The germanate compound Cu2Fe2Ge4O13, dicopper diiron germanate, was synthesized by solid-state reaction at 1403 K and ambient pressure. There is no change of space-group symmetry between 10 and 900 K. Between 40 K and room temperature the a lattice parameter shows a negative thermal expansion which can be connected to a decreasing Cu-Cu interatomic distance. Above room temperature all the lattice parameters are positively correlated with temperature. Among the structural parameters several alterations with temperature occur, which are most prominent for the distorted Fe3+ octahedral site. Besides an increase of the average bond length and of the interatomic Fe-Fe distances, distortional parameters also increase with temperature, while the average Cu-O bond length remains almost constant between 100 and 900 K, as do the average Ge-O distances. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to detect long-range magnetic ordering in Cu2Fe2Ge4O13. While around 100 K, which is the temperature at which a broad maximum is observed in the magnetic susceptibility, no magnetic ordering was detected in the Mössbauer spectrum, below 40 K a narrow split sextet is developed which is indicative of a three-dimensional magnetic ordering of the sample.

Analogical effects on linking elements in German compound words

This paper examines whether the selection of linking elements for novel German compounds can be better explained in terms of a single or a dual-route model. Previous studies had focused on the predictability of linking elements by rules. We investigate a single-route model by focusing on the paradigmatic analogical effect of the compounds sharing the left (right) constituent with the target compound, i.e., the left (right) constituent family. A production experiment reveals an effect of the left, but not of the right constituent family. Simulation studies of the responses, using a computational model of paradigmatic analogy, show that the left constituent and its phonological and morphological properties (rime, gender, and inflectional class) simultaneously codetermine the selection of linking elements. We show how these results can be accounted for by a single-route approach, and we outline a symbolic interactive activation model that merges the factors into one psycholinguistically motivated processing mechanism.

Theoretical studies of mechanism of cycloaddition reaction between germylidene and formaldehyde

Mechanism of the cycloadditional reaction between singlet germylidene (R1) and formaldehyde (R2) has been investigated with MP2/6-31G* method, including geometry optimization, and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. The energies of the different conformations are calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/6-31G* method. From the potential energy profile, it can be predicted that the dominant reaction pathway of the cycloadditional reaction between singlet germylidene and formaldehyde is reaction (4), which consists of three steps: the two reactants (R1, R2) first form an intermediate INT1b through a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 28.1 kJ/mol; this intermediate reacts further with formaldehyde (R2) to give an intermediate INT4, which is also a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 37.2 kJ/mol; subsequently, the intermediate INT4 isomerizes to a heteropolycyclic germanic compound P4 via a transition state TS4, for which the barrier is 18.6 kJ/mol. The dominant reaction has an excellent selectivity and differs considerably from its competitive reactions in thermodynamic property and reaction rate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008

The morphosyntactic decomposition and semantic composition of German compound words investigated by ERPs

In two experiments, we investigated the morphosyntactic decomposition and semantic composition of acoustically presented German compound words. A left-anterior negativity (LAN) was found in the ERP for gender incongruent, initial compound constituents although these constituents are syntactically irrelevant in German. This LAN provides online evidence for morphosyntactic decomposition. Experiment 1 showed also preliminary evidence for semantic composition, which was further investigated in Experiment 2 by comparing semantically transparent and opaque compounds. Transparent compounds elicited an increased negativity with a centroparietal maximum that occurred during the presentation of the head constituent. This negativity is suggested to reflect the semantic integration of compound constituents that is necessary after the constituents have been accessed separately.

The internal structure of four-noun compounds in English and German

This study takes a close look at four-noun compounds in English and German. A comparison of 200 items from each language reveals no structural differences. The preponderant type places the major constituent boundary between the second and the third morpheme, thereby creating a symmetrical hierarchical structure. Left-branching occurs more frequently than right-branching in consistently branching compounds. No such bias emerges in centre-branching types. Flat structures occur both at the upper and lower level of embedding, though at a very low frequency. The main stress marks the major constituent boundary in symmetrical, though not in asymmetrical compounds in English whereas it only marks the major constituent boundary in right-branching compounds in German. The German interfix <s> is indicative of minor rather than major constituent boundaries. A unified account of four-member compounds is proposed whose point of departure is the perceptual strategies that are employed during the comprehension of the much more frequent two-member compounds. These processing strategies are extended to the larger complexes such that the structural patterns which are compatible with these strategies are favoured. By contrast, the structural patterns which induce a garden-path effect are disfavoured.

New motilin agonists: a long and winding road

New motilin agonists: a long and winding road

Ab Initio Study on the Mechanism of Forming a Germanic Hetero-Polycyclic Compound between Alkylidenegermylene and Ethylene

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction of forming a germanic hetero-polycyclic compound between singlet alkylidenegermylene and ethylene has been investigated with MP2/6-31G* method, including geometry optimization and vibrational analysis for the involved stationary points on the potential energy surface. The energies of the different conformations are calculated by CCSD(T)//MP2/6-31G* method. From the surface energy profile, it can be predicted that the dominant reaction pathway for this reaction consists of three steps: the two reactants first form a three-membered ring intermediate INT1 through a barrier-free exothermic reaction of 35.4 kJ/mol; this intermediate then isomerizes to an active four-membered ring product P2.1 via a transition-state TS2.1 with a barrier of 57.6 kJ/mol; finally, P2.1 further reacts with ethylene to form the germanic hetero-polycyclic compound P3, for which the barrier is only 0.8 kJ/mol. The rate of this reaction path considerably differs from other competitive reaction paths, indicating that the cycloaddition reaction has an excellent selectivity.