German Compounds Research Articles

Insight into γ-Irradiation-Induced Structure Evolution of Uranium(IV) Germanates as Crystalline Nuclear Waste Forms.

New kinds of crystalline waste forms with improved structural stability are desirable for actinide immobilization. In this work, using a molten salt method, two uranium(IV) germanate compounds, namely, K2UGe3O9 (1) and K2UGe2O7 (2), were synthesized, whose compositions consisted of trimeric and dimeric units of germanate, as well as tetravalent uranium, as proved by bond valence calculation and X-ray absorption spectra. Radiation stability assessment is further performed by γ-irradiation to assess the potential of as-synthesized uranium germanate compounds as nuclear waste forms. Powder X-ray diffraction and single-crystal diffraction analyses reveal that 1 remains stable within 1 MGy dosage and undergoes a significant structural change with increasing dosage at 2 MGy, leading to a transformation of 1 to 1-ir analogous to 2 in chemical structure. The underlying mechanism was further studied through a combination of different characterization techniques, including Raman, UV-vis, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies. Density functional theory calculations of 1 and 2 were also conducted to probe the coordination interaction of germanium and uranium with oxygen atoms. This work reports new crystalline uranium germanates by flux growth and, most importantly, provides insights into the irradiation stability of these materials, which will be beneficial to developing waste forms for long-term immobilization of radionuclides.

Synthesis, structural, impedance, optical, Mössbauer characterizations and magnetic studies of Pb-containing germanate compounds

The orthorhombic antiferromagnetic germanate minerals Pb2Fe2Ge2O9 and Pb2Mn2Ge2O9 have been prepared via solid state reaction procedure. An extensive study of structural, dielectric, optical and magnetic properties of both the germanates have been investigated by employing different measurements such as X-ray diffraction, FTIR, SEM, impedance, UV–Vis–NIR & Mössbauer spectroscopic and magnetometary. Rietveld refinement of room temperature XRD patterns revealed that both the compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pbcn. FTIR spectrum exhibits the presence of M−O & Ge–O bonds which confirms strong chemical bonding. Morphological analysis through SEM showed good crystallinity of both the samples. The variation of dielectric constant, loss tangent and impedance with frequency have been studied and it has been established that both the germanates are semiconducting at 300K (RT) which may be attributed to the stacking of ions at grain boundaries. The optical band gaps estimated by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopic measurements further confirms the semiconducting nature of the prepared germanates. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopic measurement on synthesized Pb2Fe2Ge2O9 sample was carried out at RT. The obtained values of IS and QS showed that iron is in Fe3+ high spin state (t2g3eg2,s=5/2) and occupy two different sites, Fe1 and Fe2. The field dependent magnetization measurements show that both the compounds display dominant paramagnetic nature at 300K. The temperature dependent magnetization data reveal very sharp first order type AFM to PM transition at TN ∼50K and TN ∼8K for Pb2Fe2Ge2O9 and Pb2Mn2Ge2O9, respectively, and weak FM nature below Neel temperature. The field dependent properties of both the compounds have been analyzed by drawing the M versus H plots at low and room temperatures. The values of calculated effective magnetic moment 6.07μB and 3.95μB for Fe3+ and Mn3+ ions are in the high spin states (t2g3eg2,s=5/2 and )t2g3eg1,s=2.

UPDATING THE PARADIGM OF CORRESPONDENCES TO GERMAN COMPOUND WORDS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

In Russian linguistics, there is a categorisation of equivalents to German compound words in Russian. The article discusses the features of the existing approach and suggests refinements based on the conducted analysis. The relevance of the article lies in the fact that it complements the existing criteria and expands the ideas concerning possible correspondences to German compound 66 words in Russian, which is a contribution both to the study of compound words in German, and to the comparative study of German and Russian languages, in general. Compound words in the German language as a specific phenomenon in the word formation of this language present the object of the study, and its subject is the categorisation of correspondences between compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian. The method of comparison includes correlating German compound nouns with their equivalents in Russian, identifying the frequency of using certain models when translating German compound nouns into Russian on the basis of an excerpt from the original text and its translation. The purpose of the article is to systematise the correspondences of German compound nouns in Russian on the example of a certain literary text. The author’s task is to update the categorisation of correspondences for compound nouns in German and their equivalents in Russian, suggested in previous studies, in the process of identifying the predominant type of correspondences on a specific literary material. The following methods were used: a continuous sampling method, the component analysis, a descriptive method, a comparative analysis of the original and translation, and the method of quantitative analysis. The study combines the comparative (proper linguistic) aspect and the translational one. The main models of correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian found confirmation within the analysed material, while the author suggested some additions, which present the novelty of the research. The following results were noted: in terms of frequency the model of “an adjective plus a noun” takes the first place among correspondences to German compound nouns in Russian; the second place is taken by root and derivative words of the Russian language; the third place occupies a group of translation transformations, supplemented by the author; the fourth place is taken by a model of “a noun plus another noun in the genitive case”; the fifth place goes to prepositional word combinations. Two small groups - compound nouns of the Russian language and set expressions - are added by the author. In the identified group of transformations, the use of various translation techniques is noted, for example: adding and omitting lexical units, replacing parts of speech, generalisation, concretisation, semantic development, holistic transformation, replacement of one syntactic construction with another.

Słownictwo fachowe nauk ścisłych i jego dydaktyzacja w aspekcie kontrastywnym polsko-niemieckim

The article describes selected branches of the terminology of mathematics, physics and chemistry in German and Polish and its didactization at the seminar in the second term of bachelor-studies of German at the University of Wrocław. It is concerned with several strategies of vocabulary learning in this area, like beginning with German-Polish similarities (and internationalisms) and continuing concentrating on German-Polish differences, control works in the class room and a questionnaire for the students as well. The most of the science terms were learned on the basis of the parallelism in the German-Polish word-formation-structures and phrasal structures (anyway the German-Polish differences found during the seminar were also concerned with the word-formation-structures of the science terms vs. their phrasal status). By the end of the semester, the total percentage of the marks in the group was good. The most problems of the participants were connected with the German compounds and derivatives. During the last unit the students were to introduce a presentation prepared by themselves on the favourite parts of the material. All of them have performed in an enthusiastic mode.

Strong increase the photoluminescence of Dy3+ doped germanate compounds by optimizing the synthesis conditions

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of synthesis conditions (temperature and synthesis time) and consequently the change in particle size and shape, their size distribution, degree of agglomeration and the degree of crystallinity on the emission intensity of three different germanates Li 2 CaGeO 4 , Ca 2 GeO 4 and Ca 5 Ge 3 O 11 doped by 1at% Dy 3+ . The analysis showed that the emission intensities of Li 2 CaGeO 4 , Ca 2 GeO 4 and Ca 5 Ge 3 O 11 doped by 1at% Dy 3+ increase 4, 10 and 3 times only as a result of optimizing the synthesis conditions. Studies have shown definitely that the dominant factor for this strong increase of the emission intensity is the increase of the degree of crystallinity. The presence of agglomeration in high temperature synthesis (in the case of Ca 2 GeO 4 ) strongly reduces the emission intensity. The sizes and shape of the particles, as well as their size distribution for the three investigated compounds are of secondary importance for the emission intensity. • Dysprosium doped powder Li 2 CaGeO 4 , Ca 2 GeO 4 and Ca 5 Ge 3 O 11 samples are prepared. • Different thermal treatment conditions are used. • XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution are presented. • Emission and excitation spectra of powder samples are presented. • Several relations between the synthesis regime and spectra intensity are obtained.

Lithuanian equivalents of German nominal compounds in an anonymous German-Lithuanian manuscript from the 17th century Lexicon Lithuanicum

This paper analyses Lithuanian equivalents of German nominal compounds in an anonymous bilingual dictionary of the 17th century Lexicon Lithuanicum. 1208 words translated into Lithuanian were used for the analysis of the German compounds. Firstly, the article focuses on the Lithuanian equivalents, which are simple words (simplicias) and word phrases (syntagms), then the German words translated into Lithuanian as derivatives and compound nouns are described. The presented data are compared with the research results of other manuscripts (bilingual dictionaries C and B) from the 17th–18th centuries.
 According to the research data, the majority of the German nominal compounds recorded in the dictionary were translated into Lithuanian by simple words or syntagms. Almost a half of the German compounds were rendered into Lithuanian as derivatives, very often represented by suffixation. Lithuanian compound nouns, which serve as equivalents of German compounds make up only about 10 percent of the analyzed words, and are usually represented by N+N word-formation type.

Mixed Compounds: Where Morphology Interfaces with Syntax

In this work, we investigate a special type of CS below word level, which is observed in mixed compound words. In particular, we discuss mixed Italian–German compounds; this combination is particularly interesting since, in the two languages, the process of compounding follows different rules for what concerns the position of the head, as well as gender and number inflection. An Acceptability Judgment Task was administered to some bilingual speakers, who assessed the acceptability of mixed compounds inserted in both German and Italian clauses. Our conclusion is that it is possible to have mixed compounds, though this option is severely constrained, especially because of the different word order parameters exhibited by the two languages.

Veggie-Renate und Merci-Jens

Abstract This paper investigates personal name compounds (PN compounds) with a personal name in the second position and a lexeme or a proper name as a modifier (cf. Veggie-Renate). Based on 1194 types from the web corpus of the Digitales Wörterbuch der Deutschen Sprache (DWDS) and Twitter, the paper aims at testing the following hypotheses from the previous studies (Wildgen 1981, Kürschner 2020): PN compounds are infrequent, irregular and bear mainly an evaluative function. By drawing on the semantic relations holding between the components of nominal compounds in German (cf. Ortner et al. 1991), we provide evidence for 15 regular semantic patterns underlying PN compounds. However, these patterns cannot fully account for the properties of PN compounds as the patterns are too abstract and neglect the contextual factors and extra-linguistic knowledge about the name bearer. Therefore, to arrive at the properties of PN compounds, semantic patterns must be pragmatically enriched in the context by taking into account the linguistic knowledge about the modifier, the linguistic context and knowledge about the name bearer that is not included in the semantic pattern. Furthermore, apart from their evaluative function, PN compounds also evoke knowledge about the name bearer’s appearance, function, occupation, origin or participation in a social event. Finally, the analysis indicates a large frequency of PN compounds in DWDS and Twitter compared to the German Reference Corpus (DeReKo).

Möglichkeiten der phraseologischen Betrachtung der Einwortidiome aus der Sicht der phraseologischen Kriterien auf der Basis von slowakischen und deutschen Beispielen

The article is devoted to the extent to which one-word idioms meet the criteria of phraseology. We focus on German and Slovak expressive idiomatic compounds expressing personal characteristics. We see a problem in the fact that the class of words called one-word idioms consists of heterogeneous groups that differ from one another in certain aspects. On the basis of the number of their components, we distinguish between one-word idioms with one and those with at least two components. In the first case, these are auto-semantic words with a figurative meaning, while in the second case it is a matter of compound words. In German and in Slovak, these are mainly nouns; in Hungarian, in addition to nouns, there are also adjectives and two-component verbs, which can also be written separately. In this case, however, the words have a literal meaning. It is a paradox because the same two-component phrase is written together in the figurative sense, therefore does not meet all the criteria of phraseology and is excluded from phraseology because of its monolexicality. The article is devoted to reflecting on the opinions of linguists concerned with comparing convergent and divergent relationships between the features of one-word idioms and the generally accepted phraseological criteria. We are concerned with the discussion of idiomaticity, as it is generally considered to be the most important criterion in relation to phraseologicity. Since we see the anomaly of one-word idioms mainly in their monolexicality, the following analysis will focus on this property.

Вертикальное структурирование словообразовательного поля композитных терминов (на материале русской и немецкой клинической терминологии)

Compound terms correspond to the criteria of compounds to a different degree, which allows the author to consider them as a fuzzy set, structured from the perspective of the field approach. Word formation fields of Russian and German clinical compound terms are structured in accordance with the different compliance degree of terms with compound criteria. The research objective is to structure the word formation fields of Russian and German compound terms vertically. The research material constitutes samples of 1545 Russian and 2882 German clinical compound terms. In the course of study, the qualitative-quantitative analysis of terms has been carried out and the compounds’ compliance degree with the criteria of the compound words has been established within the interval of [0; 1]. Compounds which fully comply with all criteria form the core of the field. Terms with the compliance degree less than 0,3 are identified as word groups. The interval [0,3; 1) contains word complexes, which belong to the fuzzy composite set to a larger or smaller degree, and which belong to different segments of the field depending on the set of criteria. The results are the following: the core of the field of Russian terms consists of 91,5% of all compounds, the core of the field of German terms – 73,4% of terms. In the circumnuclear area in the field of the Russian terms 2,8% of compounds are located, in the field of the German terms – 23,8% of all compounds. The border-line segment between the core and the periphery of the field of the Russian terms consists of 4,1% of all terms, in the field of the German terms – 2,4% of compounds. The periphery is represented by an insignificant number of compounds in both fields. The obtained results allow the author to draw the conclusion that the general structure of the fields of the Russian and German terms is almost identical (large core segment and small periphery), but some differences have been detected; for instance, in the core segment of the field of the Russian terms the core is dominant while in the field of the German terms the circumnuclear area is extensive. Some differences are also noted in the structure of the periphery.

On the ambivalence of discursive compound contraction in Modern German

The present study focuses on the contraction of German compounds with an identical component in different text genres. Two approaches to the process of compound contraction are discussed: the first which tends to treat it as a syntactic phenomenon, and the second which tends to understand it as a morphological phenomenon. Examples from contemporary German fiction, press and legislation are classified in order to illustrate the ambivalence of compound contraction between phrase formation and word formation. Omission or use of the article as well as various types of asymmetry in contracted structures, possibility to insert additional lexical elements and integration of contracted structures into further processes of word formation are specifically addressed in the research.Contracted constructions can demonstrate asymmetry according to the degree of expression-side compression, in terms of speech affiliation of determinating components, with respect to structural complexity, semantic actant type and status of determinating components. In the latter case, it concerns functioning of separated noun components and autonomous adjectives as equivalent attributes for the common main component.The results show that each approach is justified with regard to different aspects of compound contraction, provided due attention is paid to the fact that contraction can be realized to some extent variously in different genres.

Between matter and meaning: the trope of the Kopftuchmädchen

ABSTRACT Recent transdisciplinary formations in the humanities, including new materialisms and ANT, but also in black studies, are recalibrating our understanding of the human and the posthuman as categories of analysis. They have revealed the post-Enlightenment conceptualisation of the universal human to be both epistemologically untenable and violently Eurocentric, and furthermore laid bare how techniques of differentiation along axes of gender, race, sexuality, religion always also serve to institute the human and its nonhuman, posthuman, more-than-human, less-than-human counter parts. Theorising the material-semiotic figuration inhering in the German compound noun ‘Kopftuchmädchen’ (headscarfgirl) – a term that emerged out of and has become synecdotal for anti-Muslim public discourse – this article proposes that the human and the posthuman should be understood as structuring objects and subjects of knowledge in the study of Orientalism. After all, most contemporary Orientalisms mark cultural difference as a grander problem of (intra)human difference, one distinguishing between a (Western) culture of universal humanity and an (Orientalised) culture of problematic posthuman entanglement. The afore-mentioned compound noun points to a self-referential entanglement of matter and meaning that Occidentalises that which it posits as Universal Human and Orientalises its human-nonhuman Other, while thereby also concealing, in Latourian terms, ‘the West’s’ own nonmodern, human-nonhuman constitution(s).

ÜBERSETZUNGSMETHODEN DEUTSCHER KOMPOSITA DER PUBLIZISTIK INS RUSSISCHE

Compound words play an important role in German and are one of the most discussed topics in linguistics. A huge number of linguists have studied the problems of word composition: M.D. Stepanova, W. Fleischer, G. Haken, V.P. Furmanova, L.K. Latyshev, M.I. Nosacheva and others. Compounding is one of the most productive ways of word formation in German. There are many areas in which compound words are often used, and the publicistic texts are not an exception. The formation of compound words is a complex process and the translation of these words into other languages is a difficult task for translators. The aim of this study is to analyze the ways of translation of the German compounds in the publicistic texts into Russian. The analysis was carried out on 200 lexical units selected by continuous sampling from “Economics” and “Politics” sections in the newspaper “Die Zeit” and in the online news site “Deutsche Welle”. Most compound words under analysis are two-part lexical units. Composites consisting of three or more stems are rarely used, as they are difficult to perceive. The study showed that more than 50% of the German compounds are translated into Russian using calque translation. In 27.5% of cases analogous Russian words were used. 12% of the analyzed compounds were rendered into Russian using descriptive translation and in 8% of cases the method of generalization was used.

Synthesis, optical and ionic conductivity studies of a lithium cobalt germanate compound.

A lithium cobalt germanate compound (Li2CoGeO4) was synthesized and studied. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern demonstrated a monoclinic crystal system with the Pn space group. The morphology and composition were done by scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). A vibrational study confirmed the existence of the anion (GeO4)4− and its vibrations. The estimated value of the direct band gap (Eg) was evaluated at 3.45 eV. The measurements of the electrical properties were performed in the frequency interval from 100 Hz to 1 MHz and the temperature range from 553 K to 663 K. The Nyquist plots revealed the existence of a single semicircle in all impedance spectra due to the grain interior effect. The AC electrical conduction in Li2CoGeO4 has been explained through several processes, which can be coupled with two different formalisms. The complex electric modulus studies M*(ω) confirmed that the relaxation process is thermally activated.

The effect of task constraints on idea generation in creative word-formation group work for beginner-level German learners

This study investigated the emergence of ideas at a word-formation level in group tasks with and without a formal constraint condition (alliteration). Japanese beginner-level learners of German were asked to work in triads to invent and explain German compound nouns. Applying the methodological framework of conversation analysis, all interaction between students was transcribed and coded for instances of self- or other-directed idea proposals for completing the task in German or Japanese. The dialogical nature of creativity was further described by number and quality of language-related episodes (LREs) revolving around explanation proposals per idea. The formal constraint in the task design caused a change in the students' approach and shifted the initial focus from meaning to form. Consequently, more ideas occurred in the students’ second language and compound nouns were built ad hoc, resulting in higher opacity. This in turn caused more incidents of collaborative explanation proposals. The study suggests that putting formal constraints on tasks for beginner-level language learners can guide students in using and noticing more unfamiliar vocabulary, which may lead to collaborative language play regarding semantic extensions and meta-linguistic features.

Open-framework germanates derived GeO2/C nanocomposite as a long-life and high-capacity anode for lithium-ion batteries

The Hybrid nanoparticles of GeO2/C have been fabricated by decomposition of open-framework germanate compounds GeO2-ethylenediamine (GeO2-EDA) built up from Ge-O clusters, and delivers a superior Li-storage capacity of 984.2 mA h g−1 at a rate of 0.2 A g−1. In addition, a remarkable cycling performance with a capacity of 891.4 mA h g−1 has been obtained after 600 cycles for GeO2/C nanocomposite at a current density of 1 A g−1. Furthermore, the full cell with a commercial LiFePO4 cathode shows a capacity retention of 86% (339.4 W h kg–1) over 100 cycles. The brilliant electrochemical properties of GeO2/C nanocomposite in terms of the desirable capacity, outstanding cycling stability, and superb rate performance is due to the following factors: (i) the electrical conductivity of GeO2 has been enhanced significantly by carbon layer coating; (ii) GeO2/C nanocomposite with a porous structure can buffer the severe volume changes; and (iii) GeO2 nanoparticles can shorten the diffusion distance of lithium ions. As a result, the GeO2/C nanocomposite exhibited an excellent electrochemical performance as an anode in LIBs.

The distribution of constituent words in nominal compounds and its impact on semantic interpretation: an empirical study1

Abstract: The paper explores factors that influence the distribution of constituent words of compounds over the head and modifier position. The empirical basis for the study is a large database of German compounds, annotated with respect to the morphological structure of the compound and the semantic category of the constituents. The study shows that the polysemy of the constituent word, its constituent family size, and its semantic category account for tendencies of the constituent word to occur in either modifier or head position. Furthermore, the paper explores the degree to which the semantic category combination of head and modifier word, e.g., x=substance and y=artifact, indicates the semantic relation between the constituents, e.g., y_consists_of_x.

Three diachronic sources for the development of -erei-based synthetic compounds in German

This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.

Improving machine translation output of German compound and multiword financial terms: comparison with cross-linguistic data

The present application translates German financial terms to the Greek language aiming to maximize the translation quality. The demand for better translation increases the need for more MT systems; journalists or professionals in the banking sector require accurate translations. A novel statistical method of MT is presented, where we use a probability distribution over sentence pairs from a parallel corpus (German-Greek). Both the MT system and the parallel corpus were built from scratch. The present application combines parameters in a new way and estimates the probabilities that extract the best translation.

The development of synthetic compounds in German: Relating diachrony with L1 acquisition

The development of synthetic compounds with deverbal heads in German, namely nominalizations with ung (such as Kindererziehung ‘child education’) and the nominalized infinitive (such as Eierlegen ‘laying of eggs’) has not been studied for language acquisition, due to their late emergence and the poor documentation in later acquisition stages. The historical emergence of synthetic compounding has had little attention. Our aim is to bring together both ‘emergence-driven’ perspectives for investigating what formal properties of synthetic compounding can be observed from the perspective of the most frequent nominalization patterns of present-day German for abstract nouns. The theoretical comparison shows that both developments (child language development and the historical development) display an increase in morphological complexity: while both kinds of nominalizations start with simple verbs, prefix and particle verbs follow. In a next step, the nominalization patterns are widened in favor of complex bases.