Compounds In Buds Research Articles

PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS AGRIMONIA PILOSA DEPENDING ON THE PHASE OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT

The composition and content of phenolic compounds in the organs of the above-ground part of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. depending on the phase of plant development were studied by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fourteen compounds found in water-ethanol extracts from organs of A. pilosa. Flavonols (kaempferol, astragalin, kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside, quercetin, hyperoside and rutin), flavones (apigenin, vitexin, luteolin and luteolin-7-glucoside) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, vanillic and ellagic acids) have been identified. Hyperoside, rutin, and ellagic acid were the major constituents in the extracts from the leaves and the reproductive organs of the species. The highest content of rutin were found in the leaves during vegetative growth and in the inflorescences (2.75 and 2.67 mg/g, respectively). The highest content of hyperoside were observed in leaves in the phase of budding and fruiting (2.02 and 2.25 mg/g). The highest content of ellagic acid were revealed in leaves in the fruiting phase and in buds (3.49 and 2.09 mg/g). The highest total phenolic content was found in the leaves during the fruiting (21.1 mg/g). Unidentified flavonols number 12 and 13 (1.62 and 2.76 mg/g, respectively) were the domi-nant components in the leaves in the growing phase. The total content of phenolic compounds in buds (9.52 mg/g) and in inflorescences (9.80 mg/g) was the same. The total content of phenolic compounds in fruits was two times less (4.24 mg/g) than in buds and inflorescences.

Metabolic Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Buds during and after Dormancy Releasing in early and late (<i>Malus sylvestris, </i>Mill) Apple Varieties as Effected by Chilling Requirements

In order to study the relation between seasonal changes in phenolic compounds and flower opining date according to chilling requirements. The early and late-opining apple varieties, Barkhar, Local and Strakhan (Malussylvestris) were used. This study investigated variations in chilling requirements, bud burst and development in early and late varieties of apple trees. Results showed less bud burst in late varieties than in early ones. In the former, there were increased in phenolic compounds (conjugated and total phenols) at budburst in all varieties. As dormancy begins, free phenols are increased, coinciding with a reduction in the levels of conjugated phenols. Consequently, as dormancy breaks, these free phenols are conjugate with organic constituents, and a decrease in the concentrations of free phenols occurs, in order to reduce inhibitory effect on growth. We conclude that late varieties (Strakhan) are less economical in manufacturing new growth, as indicated by less bud vigor at budburst than early varieties (Barkhar and local) and show a marked differential phenols compound pattern throughout bud development compared to early varieties.

Metabolic Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Buds during and after Dormancy Releasing in early and late (<i>Malus sylvestris, </i>Mill) Apple Varieties as Effected by Chilling Requirements

In order to study the relation between seasonal changes in phenolic compounds and flower opining date according to chilling requirements. The early and late-opining apple varieties, Barkhar, Local and Strakhan (Malussylvestris) were used. This study investigated variations in chilling requirements, bud burst and development in early and late varieties of apple trees. Results showed less bud burst in late varieties than in early ones. In the former, there were increased in phenolic compounds (conjugated and total phenols) at budburst in all varieties. As dormancy begins, free phenols are increased, coinciding with a reduction in the levels of conjugated phenols. Consequently, as dormancy breaks, these free phenols are conjugate with organic constituents, and a decrease in the concentrations of free phenols occurs, in order to reduce inhibitory effect on growth. We conclude that late varieties (Strakhan) are less economical in manufacturing new growth, as indicated by less bud vigor at budburst than early varieties (Barkhar and local) and show a marked differential phenols compound pattern throughout bud development compared to early varieties.

Impact of chilling requirements on metabolic changes in nitrogenous compounds in buds during and after dormancy releasing in early and late (Malus sylvestris, Mill) apple varieties

Impact of chilling requirements on metabolic changes in nitrogenous compounds in buds during and after dormancy releasing in early and late (Malus sylvestris, Mill) apple varieties

ХРОМАТО-МАС-СПЕКТРОМЕТРИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕФІРНОЇ ОЛІЇ БРУНЬОК ТОПОЛІ ІТАЛІЙСЬКОЇ

<p align="center"><strong>GC/MS</strong><strong> </strong><strong>RESERCH OF ESSENTIAL OIL OF </strong><strong>LEAF-BUDS OF<em> </em>POPULUS NIGRA VAR. ITALICA DU ROI</strong></p><p align="center"><strong>A. M. Rudnik</strong></p><p align="center">National University of Pharmacy, Kharkiv</p><p align="center">Department of pharmacognosy</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>by the method of GC/MS 34 volatile compounds from leaf-buds of <em>Populus nigra var. italica</em> Du Roi, cultivated in Ukraine, were identified. Major of them were sesquiterpen alcochols – bulnesol (31.32%), gvajol (26.49%) and evdesmol isomers (26.49%). The essential oil content was 10644 mg/kg.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong><em>Populus nigra var. italica</em> Du Roi, leaf-buds, essential oil, GC/MS.</p><p><strong>Introduction. </strong>Black poplar (<em>Populus nigra</em> L.) from the family of willow (Salicaceae) belongs to the european-asian group of black poplars section. Wide distribution area of this species, different climatic conditions of growth, the ancient history of cultivation has led to the fact that today scientists have described numerous forms, clones, races and varieties of black poplar, which are often mistakenly identified as a separate species [1, 2]. Buds of black poplar in different times were included in the Pharmacopoeia of the USSR and Russia, aa anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and antibacterial agents. There is evidence that the chemical composition of black poplar buds similar with propolis [3]. Poplar buds for the first time, as a herbal drugs, registered in 1974, but they are not included to Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine.<strong></strong></p><p>The goal of this work was the study of the component composition of volatile compounds leaf-buds of cultivated in Ukraine decorative form of black poplar – Italian poplar (<em>Populus nigra var. italica</em> Du Roi), to identify opportunities of using them together with the buds of other species of poplars.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Research methods. </strong>The buds was harvested in april 2013 from the trees growing in the botanical garden of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv national University. For analysis was used only leaf-buds. <strong></strong></p><p>Composition of volatile compounds of buds was examined using the Agilent Technologies 6890N chromatograph with mass spectrometric detector 5973N [4]. At the National Institute of vine and wine "Magarach" of Ukrainian Academy of agrarian Sciences.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion</strong>. In ieaf-buds of Italian poplar found 46 volatile compounds, of which 34 identified. The essential oil content amounted 10644 mg/kg. Among the identified compounds a large portion of oxygen-containing 20 compounds, which are represented mainly by terpinolene, the remaining 14 compounds, not containing oxygen, is represented by terpenes and saturated hydrocarbons (tri-, tetra-, penta-, gepta-, nonacosane). The total content of the latter is 10,43%. Terpene compounds of essential oil of Italian poplar leaf-buds is represented mainly sesquieres, among which by far dominate bicyclic sesquiterpenoids: bulnesol (31.32%), gvajol (26.49%) and evdesmol isomers (26.49%).</p><p> It should be noted that according to the data given in [5] the dominant component of the essential oil of the kidneys black poplar, growing on the territory of Croatia is eudesmol (19,6%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>For the first time by the method of GC/MS to determine the composition and content of volatile compounds leaf-buds of Italian poplar (<em>Populus nigra var. italica</em> Du Roi.), which is widely cultivated in Ukraine. </p><p>2. The essential oil content in the buds amounted 10644 mg/kg. The dominant components are sesquiterpene alcohols bulnesol, gvajol and eudesmol isomers. </p><p>3. It is established that the chemical composition of the essential oil of leaf-buds of <em>Populus nigra var. italica</em> Du Roi. significantly different from the essential oil of leaf-buds of <em>Populus nigra</em> L.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>References </strong></p><p>1. Consensus document on the biology of Populus L. Directorate for environmental protection Organisation for Economic cooperation and Development. – Paris, 2000. – 25 p.</p><p>2. Rudnik A. M. The Balsam poplars is a promising medicinal plants (literature review) // A. M. Rudnik, V. M. Kovalev, N. V. Borodina // Phytotherapy Journal. – 2008. – № 3. – P. 58-61.</p><p>3. Braslavsky V. B. The study of electronic spectra of flavonoids of propolis and poplar / V. B. Braslavsky, V. A. Kurkin // Medical almanac. – 2011. – № 2. – P. 140-144.</p><p>4. Chernohorod L. B. Essential oils of some species of the genus Achillea L., containing fragranol / L. B. Chernogorod, B. A. Vinogradov // Plant resources. – St. Petersburg. – 2006. – Vol. 42. – № 2. – P. 61-68.</p><p>5. Jerkovic I. Volatile compounds from leaf-bubs of Populus nigra L. (Salicaceae) / I. Jerkovic, J. Mastelic // Phytochemistry. – 2003. – № 63. – P. 109-113.</p>

Direct Identification and Characterization of Phenolic Compounds from Crude Extracts of Buds and Internodes of Grapevine (Vitis viniferacv Merlot)

The crude methanol extracts of latent buds and internodes Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot were used for the determination of phenolic compounds by a combination of reverse phase HPLC with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and mass spectrometry (LC-MS). This method allowed the identification of 9 phenolic compounds without purification or fractionation. These 9 compounds were divided into three groups: procyanidins, flavonols and stilbenes. Detection by HPLC-DAD at different wave lengths of 280 nm to 320 nm, allowed the estimation of concentrations of those compounds. This method permitted, for the first time, both characterization and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in buds of grapevine. Comparison with the results obtained in internodes showed that quercetin, resveratrol tetramer and ε-viniferin had similar levels in buds and internodes while six other compounds identified had higher levels in buds.

Flavonol glycosides and other phenolic compounds in buds and leaves of different varieties of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and changes during growing season

Phenolic compounds in buds and leaves of three varieties of black currant in Finland were identified by HPLC-DAD–ESI-MS/MS. Forty-three phenolic compounds of flavonol glycosides, proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids were found in variety “Mikael” whereas only thirty-five in “Mortti” and “Jaloste n:o 15”. Glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol were the major phenolics. Rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoise, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-(6″-malonyl)-glucoside and a kaempferol-malonylhexoside were the most abundant flavonol glycosides. The contents of flavonol glycosides ranged from 1 to 7mg/g fresh weight in leaves showing typically an increasing trend from July to August, reaching the highest values in early October in “Mikael” and the end of August in “Mortti” and “Jaloste n:o 15”. This is the first systematic report of the composition and content of phenolic compounds in buds and leaves of black currant.

Characterisation of Phenolic Compounds by HPLC–TOF/IT/MS in Buds and Open Flowers of ‘Chemlali’ Olive Cultivar

Plant phenolics are secondary metabolites that constitute one of the most widely occurring groups of phytochemicals that play several important functions in plants. In olive (Olea europaea L), there is not enough information about the occurrence of these compounds in buds and flowers. To conduct a comprehensive characterisation of buds and open flowers from the olive cultivar 'Chemlali'. The polar fraction of buds and open flowers was extracted using solid-liquid extraction with hydro-alcoholic solvent. Then extracts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to electrospray ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI/TOF/MS) and electrospray ionisation ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (ESI/IT/MS²) operating in negative ion mode. Phenolic compounds from different classes including secoiridoids, flavonoids, simple phenols, cinnamic acid derivatives and lignans were tentatively identified in both extracts. Qualitatively, no significant difference was observed between flower buds and open flowers extracts. However, quantitatively the secoiridoids presented higher percentage of total phenols in open flowers (41.7%) than in flower buds (30.5%) in contrast to flavonoids, which decreased slightly from 38.1 to 26.7%. Cinnamic acid derivatives and simple phenols did not show any change. Lignans presented the lowest percentage in both extracts with an increase during the development of the flower bud to open flower. The HPLC-TOF/IT/MS allowed the characterisation, for the first time, of the phenolic profile of extracts of 'Chemlali' olive buds and open flowers, proving to be a very useful technique for the characterisation and structure elucidation of phenolic compounds.

An Optimized Method for Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Buds, Leaves, and Fruits of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.)

Although the fruits are the economic driver for the black currant industry, the buds and leaves are excellent sources of beneficial phenolic compounds that may contribute to the future value of the crop. In this study, extraction of phenolic compounds for different parts of the black currant plant was optimized, and an efficient method for their separation by HPLC was developed. This allowed the simultaneous quantification of a range of hydroxycinnamic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and anthocyanins by DAD following their identification by HPLC-ESI-MS(n). A total of 23 compounds were detected in the buds, 22 of which were found in fruit and leaves. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of flavonol glycosides of quercetin, myricetin, isorhamnetin, and kaempferol along with hydroxycinnamic acids such as neo-chlorogenic acid and chlorogenic acid in the buds. Additionally, we provide the first evidence of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in black currant leaves. This approach offers avenues for superior combined compositional identification and cultivar selection targeted at the generation of polyphenol-rich products derived from the whole crop and not just the fruit.

Foliar-applied dormancy-breaking chemicals change the content of nitrogenous compounds in the buds of apple (Malus sylvestris Mill. cv. Anna) trees

SummaryDormancy breaking agents (DBA) are typically applied to deciduous fruit trees to overcome the adverse effect of warm late-Winter temperatures on buds. The ability of hydrogen cyanamide (Dormex™), potassium nitrate (KNO3), or mineral oil (MO) to break dormancy in buds of apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) ‘Anna’ trees, and their impact on metabolic changes in the contents of total proteins, total free amino acids, and organic amino-nitrogen compounds (OA-NC) in buds during bud break were determined. The ability to break dormancy occurred after two foliar applications of Dormex™, KNO3, or MO at concentrations of 4% (v/v), 8% (w/v), or 6% (v/v), respectively. In general, Dormex™ was more effective than KNO3 or MO at breaking dormancy, shortening the duration of flowering, increasing the percentages of bud break and fruit-set, fruit yield, and the contents of total free amino acids, and OA-NC. Our results indicated that Dormex™ provided an effective early treatment for stimulating bud break, reducing the flowering period, increasing fruit yield and regulating the contents of nitrogenous compounds in apple buds.

Variations in the essential oil composition in buds of six blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars at various development phases

The variations in the content and the composition of dormant bud essential oil in six blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars collected at various vegetation phases (from December 15, 2004 until April 19, 2005) were studied. Essential oil yield varied from 0.6% to 1.8%, except for the buds harvested in April, when the yield was considerably lower, 0.19–0.27%. Fifty volatile compounds were identified in the bud oils, hydrocarbon (38–55%) and oxygenated (on average 30%) terpenes being the major chemical constituents. Sabinene, δ-3-carene, terpinolene were dominant components, while cis- and trans-β-ocimene, α-thujene, α- and β-pinene, myrcene, α- and β-phellandrene, α- and γ-terpinene, p-cymene, cis- and trans-sabinene hydrate, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, trans-piperitol, bornyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, citronellyl acetate, germacrenes D, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, α-selinene, δ-cadinene and α-cadinol were found in reasonable amounts. Almiai may be considered as a superior cultivar, as possessing the most even content of oils ant the main constituents at all harvesting periods, except for April; however some other cultivars ( Gagatai, Joniniai) accumulated higher amounts of oil at particular vegetation phases. January may be considered as a preferable harvesting time of buds; the amount of major terpenes at this phase was the highest in the all cultivars except for Joniniai. The concentration of the main oil compounds in buds harvested in April was 2–50 times lower than at other periods in the all six cultivars.

Determination of some polyphenolic compounds in buds of Alnus and Corylus species by HPLC

The presence of 19 polyphenolic compounds was simultaneously assessed through a HPLC method in the buds of three species: Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, and Corylus avellana. The pattern of phenol carboxylic acids indicates that compounds like gentisic acid, sinapic acid, and the esters of tartaric acid (cichoric acid, caftaric acid) do not exist in buds, although they have been detected in mature organs. Buds only contain esters of quinic acid. Ferulic acid is a common compound in buds, being observed in all genus investigated. In the case of the flavonoid profile, young tissues of Alnus sp. and Corylus avellana only contain glycosides of quercetin. The preferred sugar for glycosylation is galactose, as the major flavonoid glycoside is in all cases hyperoside. The buds of A. glutinosa display the highest content in phenol carboxylic acids; this situation justifies their main prescription in the treatment of hepatic disorders.