Compound Words Research Articles

Артефакты из раскопок Кармир блура и новая интерпретация урартского термина šišuhani

In 2021, during the excavations on the territory of Karmir Blur (Red Hill), a huge complex of the Urartian period was discovered by the Armenian and Austrian archaeologists who evidenced it had been the royal stable. In 782 BC the Urartian king Argishti I founded the city of Er(e)buni, the present capital of Armenia Yerevan. And since in his legend he stated that he had built this city in order to subdue the rival countries (i.e., “for horrifying them”), it is ensued that the fortress of the Teisheba (Teshub, the God of war) situated in Karmir Blur, as well as the newly discovered stable had been built by the same belligerent Urartian king Argishti, the son of Menua. My scientific surveys have shown that the discovered construction is not a stable, but in a wider interpretation, it is a “billet (իջևանատուն)for the royal cavalry (այրուձի)” for an overnight lodging and replacing the tired horses with more vigorous ones to continue the incursion, sometimes right before the battle with the enemy. The fact of discovering a stable with the remains of horses fully coincides with my disclosure of the meaning of the Urartian term “šišuhani”, which formerly has been translated by all urartologists with almost a zero meaning, namely – «again». According to the new semantic interpretation, this is a compound word consisting of two roots: “šišu” (= a horse, a mare, a race-horse, a stallion) and “han” (= an inn). My new interpretation is based on an episode from Movses Khorenatsi’s "History of Armenia". The brilliant Armenian historian of the 5th century amazingly preserved for the future descendants not only the word “khan” (inn), but also described the scene of the Armenian king Yervand’s escape (201 BC), during which the latter took advantage of the possibility of replacing horses in a khan. This narrative, proving the existence of the havens for horses in the capital of Armenia, Yervandashat, in the 3rd century BC, fully confirms the meaning and the purpose of the historical constructions discovered in Karmir Blur, moreover, it testifies the unshakable unity of Urartu and Armenia․

Generation and Splitting of the Compound Words in Nepali Text

In Nepali language, compound word formation is mostly associated with inflection, derivation, and postposition attachment. Inflection occurs due to suffixation, whereas derivation is driven by both prefixation and suffixation. The compound word generated by the rules may produce lots of out-of-vocabulary words due to limited lexical resources and numerous exceptions. Hence, the machine learning approach can help to generate valid compounds and split them into valid morphemes that can be further used as a resource for spelling suggestions, information retrieval, and machine translation. In this research, a method to generate valid compounds from the corresponding compound splits (head word and prefix/suffix/ postpositions) is suggested. A BiLSTM based deep learning approach was used to generate and split the valid compound words. Publicly available Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh data from Nepal Academy and scraped news data were used for the experimentation. The obtained results were found to be outstanding compared to the rule-based approach applied to a similar job.

Mixed Compounds: Where Morphology Interfaces with Syntax

In this work, we investigate a special type of CS below word level, which is observed in mixed compound words. In particular, we discuss mixed Italian–German compounds; this combination is particularly interesting since, in the two languages, the process of compounding follows different rules for what concerns the position of the head, as well as gender and number inflection. An Acceptability Judgment Task was administered to some bilingual speakers, who assessed the acceptability of mixed compounds inserted in both German and Italian clauses. Our conclusion is that it is possible to have mixed compounds, though this option is severely constrained, especially because of the different word order parameters exhibited by the two languages.

Semantic: Pragmatic Features of Compound Sentences in Modern English

Abstract: This article discusses the semantic-pragmatic features of compound words English and Uzbek languages. The structural-semantic classification of compound words from the point of view of comparative linguistics. Keywords: Compound words, terms, open, hyphenated, closed, endocentric, exocentric, cumulative, appositional connections, pragmatic features, causality.

Compound Words in The Land of Stories The Wishing Spell Novel By Chris Colfer

This research mainly aims at finding out the types and describing the meaning of compound words found in the novel The Land of Stories The Wishing Spell by Chris Colfer. This novel consists of 438 pages with 24 chapters. Descriptive qualitative method was used in this research to analyze the data. This research used the theory from McCarthy (2002) and Ullman (1972). The result of this research shows there are three types of compound words found, namely; compound noun, compound adjective, and compound verb with 106 total data found. Meanwhile, there are two kinds of meaning found, those are transparent and opaque meaning.

Combining Specialized Word Embeddings and Subword Semantic Features for Lexical Entailment Recognition

The challenge of Lexical Entailment Recognition (LER) aims to identify the is-a relation between words. This problem has recently received attention from researchers in the field of natural language processing because of its application to varied downstream tasks. However, almost all prior studies have only focused on datasets that include single words; thus, how to handle compound words effectively is still a challenge. In this study, we propose a novel method called LERC (Lexical Entailment Recognition Combination) to solve this problem by combining embedding representations and subword semantic features. For this aim, firstly a specialized word embedding model for the LER tasks is trained. Secondly, subword semantic information of word pairs is exploited to compute another feature vector. This feature vector is combined with embedding vectors for supervised classification. We considered three LER tasks, including Lexical Entailment Detection, Lexical Entailment Directionality, and Lexical Entailment Determination. Experimental results conducted on several benchmark datasets in English and Vietnamese languages demonstrated that the subword semantic feature is useful for these tasks. Moreover, LERC outperformed several methods published recently.

Phonetic expression and its role in phonetic changes and in the installation of new materials

This paper consists five sections. The first section provides a general preview of language phonemes and some phonological conditions, it also deals with some phonemic cases in Kurdish language. As far as the second section is concerned, the elision and change of these sounds and their roles in phonemic assimilation and formation of new words are stated. The third section clarifies the influences of changing and elision of some sounds and their roles in the formation of simple words out of compound words. Similarly, section four explains the change and elision of sounds and their roles in forming simple words out of complex words. Finally, the role of assimilation of linguistic items in implying intended meaning in both speaking and writing is discussed. Consequently, a list of conclusions, resources, and abstracts in both English and Arabic are provided.

How the Chinese writing system can reveal the fundamentals of hierarchical lexical structure

Compounding is the most common way in which languages can create new words from existing ones. The investigation of how compound words are represented and processed in the mind can therefore reveal fundamental properties of lexical representation and processing. Because of the properties of its morphology and its writing system, Chinese offers a special opportunity for such investigation. In Chinese, it is common for compound words to contain three or more constituents, which are organized into hierarchical structures. Using a lexical decision task, we examined whether the arrangement of such sublexical hierarchies within triconstituent compound words would affect their ease of visual processing. We found that left-branching structures were processed more accurately and more quickly than right-branching ones (left-branching triconstituent compounds are those in which an embedded two-character compound is the modifier and a single character is as the head, as in the English left-branching structure hot dog bun). This processing advantage of left-branching structures was supported by the results of a metalinguistic segmentation task in which participants showed left-branching preferences when presented with special triconstituent compounds which have no feasible branching structure (loanwords and flat structure compounds). In the Chinese character-based writing system, left-branching and right-branching compounds are written exactly the same way. This is in contrast to English in which it is common for the branching direction of a triconstituent compound to be indicated by the presence or absence of a space within the compound structure (e.g., watchdog group, consumer watchdog). Thus, the results from Chinese support the view that hierarchical constituent structure plays a role in processing in the absence of orthographic support and that the observed left-branching preference reflects central aspects of lexical representation and processing.

Деривационното поле на лексемата WIND

This paper outlines the most productive ways of word formation in the English language, focusing on the derivational field of the lexeme “wind”. Derivaties are also clustered according to different thematic groups, connotative meanings, American English usage, constituents of compound words and similarity in meaning. Special attention is paid to differences in theories and approaches to word-formation processes, to using the terms and inconsistencies in spelling of some of the derivatives according to different dictionaries and grammars.

Detection of deviance in Japanese kanji compound words.

Reading fluency is based on the automatic visual recognition of words. As a manifestation of the automatic processing of words, an automatic deviance detection of visual word stimuli can be observed in the early stages of visual recognition. To clarify whether this phenomenon occurs with Japanese kanji compounds—since their lexicality is related to semantic association—we investigated the brain response by utilizing three types of deviants: differences in font type, lexically correct or incorrect Japanese kanji compound words and pseudo-kanji characters modified from correct and incorrect compounds. We employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to evaluate the spatiotemporal profiles of the related brain regions. The study included 22 adult native Japanese speakers (16 females). The abovementioned three kinds of stimuli containing 20% deviants were presented during the MEG measurement. Activity in the occipital pole region of the brain was observed upon the detection of font-type deviance within 250 ms of stimulus onset. Although no significant activity upon detecting lexically correct/incorrect kanji compounds or pseudo-kanji character deviations was observed, the activity in the posterior transverse region of the collateral sulcus (pCoS)—which is a fusiform neighboring area—was larger when detecting lexically correct kanji compounds than when detecting pseudo-kanji characters. Taken together, these results support the notion that the automatic detection of deviance in kanji compounds may be limited to a low-level feature, such as the stimulus stroke thickness.

From encoding to retrieval: Change in level of unitization resolves debate about Unitization's effect on associative recognition.

Although it is widely accepted that familiarity could support associative recognition when the to-be-learn items are 'unitized' into a new representation, the effects of unitization on associative recognition and recollection remain much debated. The current study aimed to explain these debates by exploring when and how unitization benefits associative recognition using event-related potentials (ERPs). During the encoding phase, participants learned compound words and unrelated word pairs (i.e., High vs. Low level of unitization). At retrieval, the compound words were rearranged into new compound words (i.e., no-change) and unrelated word pairs (i.e., change). Similarly, the unrelated word pairs were rearranged into new unrelated word pairs (i.e., no-change) and compound words (i.e., change). Results showed that under the no-change condition, unitization did not affect associative recognition, nor its underlying processes. In contrast, under the change condition, unitization improved associative recognition by increasing both familiarity-related FN400 effect and recollection-related LPC effect. In addition, a planned comparison between the compound-change and unrelated-no change conditions-a common index for unitization effect in past studies-revealed that unitization could not only elicit significant FN400 effect, but also improve associative recognition by increasing LPC effect. Collectively, these results not only allowed to explain the current discrepancies in the literature concerning the effect of unitization on associative recognition, but also emphasized the importance of matching the level of unitization between the studied and rearranged word pairs.

Building Korean DMZ Metaverse Using a Web-Based Metaverse Platform

Metaverse is a compound word of “Meta” and “Universe”, meaning a world that transcends reality, a new virtual world. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, non-face-to-face further accelerated the activation of the Metaverse. The Metaverse has the attractiveness of arousing user interest, high service scalability, and the potential to combine multiple revenue models. Therefore, many industries are adopting the Metaverse. The Republic of Korea has been on a ceasefire, since 1953, after the Korean War. After the war, the DMZ was decided in an area of 2 km from north to south (total of 4 km), centered on the Military Demarcation Line (MDL). The DMZ area is the largest nature conservation area in Asia and a military area where public access is strictly restricted. The Ministry of Unification is trying to reduce tensions and establish peace in the DMZ area by raising the interest of Korean people, as well as people around the world, through the DMZ Metaverse application. The Korean government has its own e-Government framework and cloud operating environments. In order to adopt the Metaverse to Korean government agencies and operate them sustainably, it is essential to support the e-Government framework and the cloud environments. In this paper, the design features, architecture, models, and functions of OnTwins, a Metaverse platform serviceable in the Korean government IT operating environment, are elaborated in detail. The DMZ Metaverse public service built on the platform will also be introduced. Finally, after comparing it with other Metaverse platforms, future research directions are discussed.

Interaction of lexical strata in hybrid compound words through gradient phonotactics

We analyse hybrid compound words in Japanese, where a hybrid compound is one formed from stems that belong to more than one lexical stratum. In native-foreign compounds, where one stem belongs to one of the three native strata: Yamato, Sino Japanese and mimetic, as identified by Itô and Mester (1995), and the other to the foreign stratum, we observe that violations of phonological wellformedness constraints in the foreign stem are significantly less probable than in pure foreign words. These observations are explainable through gradient phonotactic probability, where the probability of a phoneme is determined by the whole sequence of phonemes that precedes it. We shall argue that this observed phonotactic behaviour of hybrid compounds is best explained by the hypothesis that both lexical strata distinctions and phonotactics are graded rather than categorical.

ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH COMPOUND WORDS IN AN ARTTICLE OF LIFE AND STYLE COLUMN

In a text, the kinds of words are found in many different word-formations. Therefore, every language shows new words such as inflection, derivation, and compounding. However, those methods cannot be used generally when it comes to texts. It can be determined whether a word is a noun or a phrase by a number of factors. As a result, this research will provide precise information about how compounding is used in the text. The research objectives are (1) What kinds of compound words found in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? (2) How the English compound words described in the life and style columns of the Jakarta Globe article? Further, this research employs a qualitative approach as suggested by Creswell (2014). The data were taken from an article in one of English newspapers in Indonesia entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in Jakarta Globe. The finding of the research showed that there were two types of compound words that found in the article entitled "Designers of the Runaway as Jakarta Fashion Weeks Takes off" from the life and style column in the Jakarta Globe. Those are exocentric and endocentric compound words. Besides, noun compound, verb compound, and adjective compound are the lexical categories that were produced by the process of compounding.

KOSAKATA BARU PADA PEMBERITAAN TENTANG PANDEMI COVID-19 DAN PEMANFATAANNYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SMP

This study aims to describe and explain (1) the new linguistic forms used by Kompas daily during the Covid-19 pandemic, (2) the process of forming a new language used by Kompas daily during the Covid-19 pandemic (3) the use of analysis of forms and processes for the formation of new languages used Kompas daily during the Covid-19 pandemic as Indonesian language teaching materials in Junior High Schools. This study was a qualitative research with a morphological process content analysis approach. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling technique. The data collection techniques in this study used two ways, namely document analysis and in-depth interviews. Document content analysis is obtained by observing and taking notes. Test the validity of the data in this study using method triangulation and source triangulation. The data analysis technique used is flow model of analysis. The results show that the new vocabulary found in the Kompas daily newspaper amounted to 144 data which were classified into five forms. The abbreviations consisting of 24.31 percent and single words 23.61 percent with a difference of 0.7 percent. Then followed by acronyms 17.36 percent, compound words 12.50 percent, and phrases 22.22 percent. The collection of new vocabulary during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Kompas daily newspaper can be used as teaching material for news texts for class VIII SMP. This result are consistent with basic competencies 3.2 and 4.2 related to linguistic structure and presentation patterns in the form of news texts.

EXPLORING THE SEMANTIC ASPECTS OF PERSIAN COMPOUNDS MADE BY ᴂfkᴂn (CAST): A CONSTRUCTION MORPHOLOGY APPROACH

Persian compound words, which are classified into two categories as primary and secondary compounds (Shaghaghi, 2008), are typically examined in the Construction Morphology proposed by Booij (2010; 2016; 2018). Within the framework of the theory, this study has attempted to explore the constructional schemas of the Persian compound words made of the present stem æfkæn (cast). To this end, 60 compound words have been collected from numerous sources such as Persian linguistic corpora, Persian grammar books, Persian monolingual dictionaries as well as some Persian reliable websites. Comparing the structure of the compounds made by it, taking the meaning of each compound into account and drawing the constructional schemas, we indicate that these compounds are given eight different semantic categories. Additionally, the constructional schema revealed that the semantic interpretation of these compounds may be allocated a continuum with the most semantically transparent compounds and the metaphorical or idiomatic meaning. Indeed, through the theory of Construction Morphology, the semantic distinctions of the compounds made of æfkæn (cast) could be well specified.

Ecolexicon and Ecotext of Bale Sangkep in Green School Bali

Ecolinguistics examines the whole nature of the relationship between language and the environment which is an expression of the entire reality of human life. GSB is an educational environment that preserves nature with the concept of local wisdom with a natural perspective. Lexicons derived from local, national, and global languages are widely used in naming buildings, academic activities, and daily activities. This study aimed to describe the ecolexicon and ecotext found in the bale sangkep in GSB. There were 2 research focuses, first, to describe the form, meaning, and grammatical categories of the ecolexicon; second, to describe the tridimensional ecotext social praxis found in the bale sangkep in GSB. The research was conducted with a descriptive approach with qualitative methods. Data collection is done through observation, documentation, and interview methods. The data were analyzed by applying the identity method and the distributional method. The results of the study showed that there are 89 lexicons related to the bale sangkep GSB. Lexicons are identified based on grammatical categories, meanings, and the existence of their environment. The total lexicons found were 69 lexicons which categorized as nouns consisted of 19 nouns in the form of basic words, 3 nouns in the form of derivatives, 1 noun which is a compound word, and 46 other noun lexicons in the form of noun phrases. Meanwhile, the other 20 lexicons were lexicons categorized as verbs, where 1 lexicon is a basic verb, and 19 lexicon is a derivative verb. The tridimensional of the ecotext were viewed from: the biological dimension, the speaker’s understanding of the physical entity of the lexicon; sociological dimension, the closeness of speakers through the use and way of implementing the lexicon entity; and ideological dimensions, collective relations, cognitive and psychological systems of speakers in the form of beliefs and beliefs about lexicon references. It can be concluded that this study reveals the richness of the lexicon in GSB as supporting data for ecolinguistics.
 Keywords: ecolinguistics, ecolexicon, ecotext, Bale sangkep, grammatical category, social practice

Сложные прилагательные подчинительного типа в венгерском языке

The aim of the study is to identify the most productive models for the formation of compound adjectives of the subordinating type in the Hungarian language. Much attention is paid to the consideration of compound adjectives formed 1) with the help of suffixes, 2) without the participation of suffix word formation. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the detailed analysis of compound adjectives of the subordinating type in the Hungarian language by the material of the dictionary “Magyar-orosz szótár = Hungarian-Russian Dictionary”. As a result, it has been ascertained that the first component can be an adjective or a noun, and the second one is an adjective, which determines the belonging of compound words to this part of speech. The examples given confirm that the largest group is made up of compound adjectives of the subordinating type, which are at the same time derivatives.

Integrating morphological and contextual cues in lexical inferencing of Chinese fourth graders

AbstractThe study investigated the strategies used by Chinese students in inferring meanings of unfamiliar words and the influential factors of successful use of different lexical inferencing strategies. A total of 104 fourth graders inferred 36 unfamiliar semitransparent compound words in three conditions: word in isolation, contextual information only, and both word and context. Results revealed that students were more likely to obtain the correct meaning of words when both morphological information and contextual information were available. The likelihood of using a morpheme-based or context-based lexical inferencing strategy was strongly influenced by the presentation condition of target words and precursors. Students with higher vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension ability were more sensitive to morphological and contextual information and were able to synthesize multiple sources of information, whereas children with lower vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension ability showed difficulties in integration and tended to overly rely on morphological information. The findings reveal the interactions between available source information and individual differences in vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension in predicting lexical inferencing and have implications for vocabulary and reading instruction.

BLENDED WORDS WITH PROPER-NAME COMPONENTS TO EXPRESS QUALITY IN PRESENT-DAY AMERICAN SPORTS DISCOURSE

The article deals with compounding in present-day English. A specific type of compound words, blended words, used in modern American sports media discourse was studied. Specifically, blended words of adjectival nature were analyzed in the paper. The author analyzes blended words created by means of joining contracted forms of a proper name and an adjective or participle II. This type of blended words in American sports media discourse is suggested to be specific to sports terminology only; however, the trend in this type of word formation penetrates other spheres of human activity. The component represented by a proper name always refers to an athlete’s or team name. The major function of such lexemes is to describe a game or recent period of the athlete or team by means of stylistic effect. Pun is the basic device used in formation of such blended words. It has been established that the researched lexical units can be divided into two major groups: blended words with adjectives and blended words with participle II. A slight semantic difference between the groups has been revealed. It has also been indicated that such blended words are primarily used as headlines to articles posted on Internet pages to describe a recent match or successful/unsuccessful period for a team. Broader sentences are used in contaminated form to create certain stylistic affect and attract reader’s attention to the article. Specific examples slightly deviating from the entire group of lexemes have been analyzed, namely blended words used in a speech of a sports commentator and blended words having slightly different morphological structure. The research contributes greatly to the theory of word formation, namely compounding. Further prospects of the research have been singled out.