Composition Rule Research Articles

Composition formulas of silicate glasses

AbstractWe here extend the cluster‐plus‐glue‐atom model, originally developed for metallic glasses, to the interpretation of silicate glass compositions. By referring to β‐SiO2 crystal structure and to the widely recognized random network model, our model identifies a 16‐basic‐unit (or 32‐cation) composition formula {M1+2O}n–{M3+2O3}16−(m+n)–{M4+2O4}m, where monovalent unit {M1+2O} and quadrivalent unit {M4+2O4} cannot coexist and the trivalent units {M3+2O3} are constructed from pure trivalent cations such as {(Al,B)2O3} and from combinations of monovalent and divalent cations with the base quadrivalent Si such as {(Na,K)2/3Si4/3O3} and {(Mg,Ca)SiO3}. After analyzing some glasses of historical importance, it is pointed out that most of soda–lime–silica and aluminosilicate glasses satisfy closely {M3+2O3}16, as exemplified by ancient glasses as well as by modern ones, such as Container glass, 1980, Jena Standard Glass, and Corning Gorilla glasses of the first generation. On the other hand, borosilicate glasses feature extra {Si2O4} units ranging from 4 to 9.5 in their 16‐unit formulas, as exemplified by Corning E‐glass and Schott thermometer glass with {Si2O4}4 and Corning Pyrex with {Si2O4}9.5 containing the highest silica proportion. The number of monovalent cations in 32‐cation formulas follows linear dependences on the average cation valence e/c and on the 16‐unit parameters 2 m − 4n, showing that, except alkali‐free glasses, the compositions of soda–silicate glasses converge to 2N2 + N3 ≈ 8, where N2 and N3 are, respectively, the numbers of divalent and trivalent cations in the 32‐cation formula. The revelation of the composition rule shows the capacity of the cluster‐plus‐glue‐atom model in understanding the compositions of complex glassy systems.

Using a resource theoretic perspective to witness and engineer quantum generalized contextuality for prepare-and-measure scenarios

We employ the resource theory of generalized contextuality as a tool for analyzing the structure of prepare-and-measure scenarios. We argue that this framework simplifies proofs of quantum contextuality in complex scenarios and strengthens existing arguments regarding robustness of experimental implementations. As a case study, we demonstrate quantum contextuality associated with any nontrivial noncontextuality inequality for a class of useful scenarios by noticing a connection between the resource theory and measurement simulability. Additionally, we expose a formal composition rule that allows engineering complex scenarios from simpler ones. This approach provides insights into the noncontextual polytope structure for complex scenarios and facilitates the identification of possible quantum violations of noncontextuality inequalities.

Detection Method and Common Characteristics of Waste Solvent from Semiconductor Industry.

The recycling of organic solvents is a widely discussed topic. The waste organic solvents from thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT-LCD) production is characterized by large quantities, multiple types, and complex compositions. Thus, the unified and compatible component analysis method is important for studying the recovery of waste organic solvents. In our work, based on the study of existing analytical methods, we designed a compatible method for the analysis of moisture using Karl Fischer analysis, for the analysis of organic compounds using gas chromatography, and for the analysis of the photoresist and other solids by evaporation. These were specific methods for analyzing the components of near-total formulation thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display waste organic solvent. The organic matter content was analyzed via gas chromatography with a CP-Sil8CB column and flame ionization detector. The initial temperature of the column was 90 °C and the holding time was 1 min. The heating rate was 30 °C/min. The temperature was raised to 270 °C for 7 min. The internal standard method and the external standard method were used to determine the content of the main components of organic compounds. The relative standard deviation of the analytical results was 1.14~2.93%, 1.21~4.74% and 0.61%, respectively. The analytical results had good accuracy, but the external standard method was better; the recoveries were 99.76~107.60%, 95.86~107.70%, and 95.23~96.88%, respectively. Based on the composition analysis, the composition rule of the waste organic solvent was summarized. Through the exploration of the effect of the waste solvent, the common characteristics of the waste solvent were obtained. This study provides a good strategy and an optimized method for improving the efficiency of organic solvent recovery.

A robust genetic toolbox for fine-tuning gene expression in the CO2-Fixing methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis

Libraries of well-characterized genetic elements for fine-tuning gene expression are essential for biological and biotechnological research and applications. The fast-growing and genetically tractable methanogen, Methanococcus maripaludis, is a promising host organism for biotechnological conversion of carbon dioxide and renewable hydrogen into fuels and value-added products, as well as fundamental biological studies of archaea. However, the lack of molecular tools for gene expression has hindered its application as a workhorse to fine-tune gene and metabolic pathway expressions. In this study, we developed a genetic toolbox, including libraries of promoters, ribosome binding sites (RBS), and neutral sites for chromosomal integration, to facilitate precise gene expression in M. maripaludis. We generated a promoter library consisting of 81 constitutive promoters with expression strengths spanning a ∼104-fold dynamic range. Importantly, we identified a base composition rule for strong archaeal promoters and successfully remodeled weak promoters, enhancing their activities by up to 120-fold. We also established an RBS library containing 42 diverse RBS sequences with translation strengths covering a ∼100-fold dynamic range. Additionally, we identified eight neutral sites and developed a one-step, Cas9-based marker-less knock-in approach for chromosomal integration. We successfully applied the characterized promoter and RBS elements to significantly improve recombinant protein expression by 41-fold and modulate essential gene expression to generate corresponding physiological changes in M. maripaludis. Therefore, this work establishes a solid foundation for utilizing this autotrophic methanogen as an ideal workhorse for archaeal biology and biotechnological studies and applications.

Designing a Ship Autopilot System for Operation in a Disturbed Environment Using the Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System

Efficient ship guidance, fuel savings, and reduced human control have long been a key focus in developing intelligent controllers. The integration of neural networks and fuzzy logic control offers numerous advantages, creating a robust and adaptive system capable of handling complex dynamics and uncertainties. This intelligent control system learns from its environment and adjusts behavior, making it effective in challenging situations. Additionally, it improves system efficiency, reduces energy consumption, and minimizes human intervention, enhancing safety and reducing errors. This study presents an intelligent control approach, titled “Designing a Ship Autopilot System for Operation in a Disturbed Environment using the Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System”, combining a neural network and fuzzy logic control to steer ships. A 6DOF dynamic model is constructed, simulating ship operations with noise signals. The ANFIS controller comprises six layers, with a distinct composition rule expressing conclusions as linear equations of input variables. Layer 1 has two input signals, layer 2 represents fuzzy rules with six nodes, and layers 3, 4, and 5 contain nine nodes each. Layer 6 combines output signals from layer 5, following the first-order Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy logic control model. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink demonstrate the superiority of the ANFIS controller over the PID controller, significantly improving stability and trajectory accuracy.

Parabolic induction for Springer fibres

Let G G be a reductive group satisfying the standard hypotheses, with Lie algebra g \mathfrak {g} . For each nilpotent orbit O 0 \mathcal {O}_0 in a Levi subalgebra g 0 \mathfrak {g}_0 we can consider the induced orbit O \mathcal {O} defined by Lusztig and Spaltenstein. We observe that there is a natural closed morphism of relative dimension zero from the Springer fibre over a point of O 0 \mathcal {O}_0 to the Springer fibre over O \mathcal {O} , which induces an injection on the level of irreducible components. When G = G L N G = GL_N the components of Springer fibres were classified by Spaltenstein using standard tableaux. Our main result explains how the Lusztig–Spaltenstein map of Springer fibres can be described combinatorially, using a new associative composition rule for standard tableaux which we call stacking.

Magic squares: Latin, semiclassical, and quantum

Quantum magic squares have recently been introduced as a “magical” combination of quantum measurements. In contrast to quantum measurements, they cannot be purified (i.e., dilated to a quantum permutation matrix)—only the so-called semiclassical ones can. Purifying establishes a relation to an ideal world of fundamental theoretical and practical importance; the opposite of purifying is described by the matrix convex hull. In this paper, we prove that semiclassical magic squares can be purified to quantum Latin squares, which are “magical” combinations of orthonormal bases. Conversely, we prove that the matrix convex hull of quantum Latin squares is larger compared to the semiclassical ones. This tension is resolved by our third result: we prove that the quantum Latin squares that are semiclassical are precisely those constructed from a classical Latin square. Our work sheds light on the internal structure of quantum magic squares, on how this is affected by the matrix convex hull, and, more generally, on the nature of the “magical” composition rule, both at the semiclassical and at the quantum level.

Nonlinear dynamic snap-through and vibrations of temperature-dependent FGM deep spherical shells under sudden thermal shock

In This article, nonlinear thermally induced vibrations of temperature-dependent functionally graded material (FGM) deep spherical shells are analyzed. One surface of the shell is kept at the reference temperature while the other one is subjected to rapid surface heating. Based on the theory of uncoupled thermoelasticity, the one-dimensional heat conduction equation across the thickness of the shell is developed and solved using the combined Crank–Nicolson method and the central finite difference method. The temperature profile obtained from the numerical solution of the heat conduction equation is used to calculate the thermal forces and the thermally induced bending moment to insert into the equations of motion of the shell. Under the assumptions of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), uncoupled thermoelasticity laws, the von Kármán type of geometrical nonlinearity, and employing the Hamilton principle the axisymmetric equations of motion are obtained. The conventional multi-term polynomial Ritz method is used to discretize the governing nonlinear equations of motion. To convert the differential equations of motion into algebraic equations in each time step, the β-Newmark time marching scheme is used, and the obtained equations are solved with the help of the Newton–Raphson linearization method. In some cases, the dynamic buckling temperature is detected using the Budiansky criterion. Various numerical results are presented to analyze the effects of different parameters such as the opening angle of the shell, the thickness of the shell, and the power law index of the material composition rule.

New kinematics description of the rigid-body fixed-point rotation in a tensor frame

<p indent="0mm">The current theoretical mechanics does not give a complete kinematic description of the fixed-point rotation of a rigid body. For example, the rotation angle comprising multiple fixed-point rotations is underdetermined, only the angular velocity vector about Euler angles is defined, and the angular acceleration vector composed of two rotations is an open problem. This paper demonstrates that the rotation angle, angle velocity, and angular acceleration of the rigid-body fixed-point rotation are essentially not vectors but second-order antisymmetric tensors. The latter can be expressed by the corresponding pseudovectors. The composition of ordered rotations is established to be the ordered inner product of the corresponding orthogonal tensors in the absolute reference system. General composition rules of the angular velocity and angle acceleration tensors and their vectors are formulated. Euler angles describe the attitude of a rigid body through three orderly fixed-axis rotations that are equivalent to a fixed-point rotation. The angle velocity and angular acceleration vectors in terms of Euler angles are presented on the basis of the general composition rule, and their concise form is given in the Resal coordinate system.

Quantum tomography and Schwinger’s picture of quantum mechanics* *Contribution to the Special Collection `Koopman Methods in Classical and Quantum-Classical Mechanics'.

In this paper the problem of tomographic reconstruction of states is investigated within the so-called Schwinger’s picture of quantum mechanics in which a groupoid is associated with every quantum system. The attention is focussed on spin tomography: in this context the groupoid of interest is the groupoid of pairs over a finite set. In a nutshell, this groupoid is made up of transitions between all possible pairs of outcomes belonging to a finite set. In addition, these transitions possess a partial composition rule, generalizing the notion of groups. The main goal of the paper consists in providing a reconstruction formula for states on the groupoid-algebra associated with the observables of the system. Using the group of bisections of this groupoid, which are special subsets in one-to-one correspondence with the outcomes, a frame is defined and it is used to prove the validity of the tomographic reconstruction. The special case of the set of outcomes being the set of integers modulo n, with n odd prime, is considered in detail. In this case the subgroup of discrete affine linear transformations, whose graphs are linear subspaces of the groupoid, provides a quorum in close analogy with the continuous case.

Differences in accumulation patterns of low-rank coalbed methane in China under the control of the first coalification jump

The considerable variations in coalbed methane (CBM) production in different low-rank basins have attracted widespread attention. Moreover, the occurrence of the “first coalification jump” (FCJ) has increased the uncertainty in the accumulation law. Following systematic sample collections of different ranks and lithotypes, the variation of material composition, methane source, reservoir properties, occurrence state, and enrichment rule under FCJ control was studied. Low-rank CBM is mainly obtained from microbial gases abundantly found in lignite and subbituminous coal. The microbial methane of lignite and sub-bituminous coal accounted for about 86.46% and 77.83%, respectively. As its maturity increases, thermogenic gas can provide a supplement to methane in subbituminous coal. Lignite has a low degree of coalification and retains a large amount of primary plant tissue structure. It is characterized by high porosity and a high proportion of macropores. The low adsorption capacity and high porosity result in a substantially higher proportion of free gas in lignite reservoirs than in subbituminous coal reservoirs. The free gases in lignite reservoirs have stronger mobility and are easily enriched in the structural culmination. Owing to coalification, the subbituminous coal’s porosity is considerably reduced. Thus, micropores and transition pores dominate subbituminous coal. The methane adsorbed in subbituminous coal is primarily concentrated in the stagnant area in the syncline and mixed “thermogenic/microbial” genetic areas. It is difficult to use a unified model to explain the gas distribution. Therefore, taking typical types of basins (foreland, craton, and fault subsidence basins) as examples, we summarize the differences in low-rank CBM enrichment patterns under FCJ control and provide a basis for detailed exploration and efficient development of CBM.

Erratum for “Formal Basis of a Language Universal”

In the paper “Formal Basis of a Language Universal” by Miloš Stanojević and Mark Steedman in Computational Linguistics 47:1 (https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00394), there is an error in example (12) on page 17.The two occurrences of the notation ∖W should appear as |W. The paper has been updated so that the paragraph reads:In the full theory, these rules are generalized to “second level” cases, in which the secondary function is of the form (Y|Z)|W such as the following “forward crossing” instance, in which — matches either / or ∖ in both input and output:(12) The Forward Crossing Level Two Composition Rule X/×Y (Y∖Z)|W ⇒B× (X∖Z)|W (B×2)

Composition rules in original and cumulative prospect theory

Original and cumulative prospect theory differ in the composition rule used to combine the probability weighting function and the value function. We test the predictive power of these composition rules by performing a novel out-of-sample prediction test. We apply estimates of prospect theory’s weighting and value function obtained from two-outcome cash equivalents, a domain where original and cumulative prospect theory coincide, to three-outcome cash equivalents, a domain where the composition rules of the two theories differ. Although both forms of prospect theory predict three-outcome cash equivalents very well, at the aggregate level, we find small but systematic under-prediction of cash equivalents for cumulative prospect theory and small but systematic over-prediction of cash equivalents for original prospect theory. We also observe substantial heterogeneity across subjects and types of gambles, some of which is accounted for by differences in the curvature and elevation of the weighting function across individuals. We also find differences in prediction related to whether the worst outcome is zero or non-zero.

Discussion on the Insomnia Therapy from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Chief physician Yang Zhihong is the third famous Chinese medicine practitioner in Shaanxi Province. He believes that in insomnia diseases, "fire" is the main cause of insomnia. The fire pathogens are divided into yin deficiency and fire due to virtual fire, and heart and liver fire due to real fire, and phlegm fire disturbing the heart. The self-made Qingxin Ningshen Decoction has better curative effect in treating insomnia due to heart and liver fire. , Now analyze the composition rule of Qingxin Ningshen Decoction, and give a case.

Preserving Absolute Simultaneity with the Lorentz Transformation

In this work it is shown how absolute simultaneity of spatially distinct events can be established by means of a general criterion based on isotropically propagating signals and how it can be consistently preserved also when operating with Lorentz-like coordinate transformations between moving frames. The specific invariance properties of these transformations of coordinates are discussed, leading to a different interpretation of the physical meaning of the transformed variables with respect to their prevailing interpretation when associated with the Lorentz transformation. On these basis, the emission hypothesis of W. Ritz is then applied to justify the outcomes of the Fizeau experiment, thanks to the introduction of an additional hypothesis regarding the influence of turbulence on the refractive index of the moving fluid. Finally, a test case to investigate the validity of either the Galilean or the Relativistic velocity composition rule is presented. Such test relies on the aberration of the light coming from celestial objects due to the motion of the observer and on the analysis of the results obtained by applying the two different formulas to process the data of the observed positions, as measured in the moving frame, in order to determine the actual un-aberrated location of the source.

Filter-function formalism and software package to compute quantum processes of gate sequences for classical non-Markovian noise

Correlated, non-Markovian noise is present in many solid-state systems employed as hosts for quantum information technologies, significantly complicating the realistic theoretical description of these systems. In this regime, the effects of noise on sequences of quantum gates cannot be described by concatenating isolated quantum operations if the environmental correlation times are on the scale of the typical gate durations. The filter-function formalism has been successful in characterizing the decay of coherence under the influence of such classical, non-Markovian environments, and here we show it can be applied to describe unital evolution within the quantum operations formalism. We find exact results for the quantum process and a simple composition rule for a sequence of operations. This enables the detailed study of effects of noise correlations on algorithms and periodically driven systems. Moreover, we point out the method's suitability for numerical applications and present the open-source Python software package filter_functions. Amongst other things, it facilitates computing the noise-averaged transfer matrix representation of a unital quantum operation in the presence of universal classical noise for arbitrary control sequences. We apply the presented methods to selected examples.

Filter Functions for Quantum Processes under Correlated Noise.

Many qubit implementations are afflicted by correlated noise not captured by standard theoretical tools that are based on Markov approximations. While independent gate operations are a key concept for quantum computing, it is actually not possible to fully describe noisy gates locally in time if noise is correlated on times longer than their duration. To address this issue, we develop a method based on the filter function formalism to perturbatively compute quantum processes in the presence of correlated classical noise. We derive a composition rule for the filter function of a sequence of gates in terms of those of the individual gates. The joint filter function allows us to efficiently compute the quantum process of the whole sequence. Moreover, we show that correlation terms arise which capture the effects of the concatenation and, thus, yield insight into the effect of noise correlations on gate sequences. Our generalization of the filter function formalism enables both qualitative and quantitative studies of algorithms and state-of-the-art tools widely used for the experimental verification of gate fidelities like randomized benchmarking, even in the presence of noise correlations.

Nutrition transition and chronic diseases in China (1990-2019): industrially processed and animal calories rather than nutrients and total calories as potential determinants of the health impact.

To extend analyses of nutrition transition in developed countries to China within the framework of the 3Vs rule considering degree of processing starting with plant/animal calorie ratio (Rule 1), industrially processed foods (IPFs, Rule 2), and food diversity through nutrient intakes (Rule 3). Total and main food group (n 13) calorie intakes, percentages of animal and IPF calories, adequacy of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and prevalence of chronic diseases were retrieved from scientific literature and international databases. China, 1990–2019. Overall population. The total calorie intake decreased by 9 % over 30 years while the prevalence of chronic diseases substantially increased. Percentages of IPFs (Rule 1) and animal (Rule 2) calorie intake shifted from 9 to 30 % and 2 to 30 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the overall DRI adequacy (Rule 3) did not improve, with calcium and retinol deficiencies in 2019, and, although remaining above DRI, iron, copper, magnesium, and vitamins E, C and B1–B9 intakes regularly decreased. Notably, the prevalence of obesity increased five-fold, paralleling the exponential increase in IPF calorie intake. Both sources of calories were highly correlated with prevalence of main chronic diseases. Despite a slight decreased of total calorie consumption and small variations of adequacy with DRI, the farther the Chinese population moved away from the 3Vs rule during the 1990–2019 period, the more the prevalence of chronic diseases increased. Further analyses on foods’ transitions will be better assessed when advocating sources/quality of calories (Rules 1/2), rather than only nutrient composition (Rule 3).

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Composition Rule Perception Algorithm of National Art Plane System Based on Wireless Sensor Network Communication Technology

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Composition Rule Perception Algorithm of National Art Plane System Based on Wireless Sensor Network Communication Technology

Composite states of wetting

The analytical expressions of liquid–vapor equilibrium contact angles are analyzed in the thermodynamic limit for various simple geometries and arrangements of the substrate, in particular when the latter exhibits two or more scales. It concerns the Wenzel state of wetting when the substrate is completely wet, the Cassie–Baxter state when the liquid hangs over the substrate, but also intermediate states of wetting which are shown to be relevant and in competition with the two other ones. Under a separation of scales hypothesis, a composition rule of contact angles is developed whose interest is illustrated in a close packing setup of raspberry-like particles.