Composition Of Nitrogen Compounds Research Articles

Ultrahigh-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Ozonation Products of Petroleum Nitrogen Compounds

Changes that occur at the molecular level in the composition of nitrogen compounds of a petroleum sample from the Yuzno-Yagunskoe field during ozonation have been studied by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry in soft ionization modes. It has been found that N1Ox-containing products accumulate to form new classes of compounds, namely, N1O2, N1O3, N1O4, N1O5, N1O6, and N1O7, while N1 classes undergo degradation. Ozonation of 50% of the feedstock leads to a ~30% decrease in the number of identified empirical formulas of pyridine bases (N1 class).

THE CONTRIBUTION OF ACADEMICIAN OF THE AS OF UKSSR V. S. GUTYRYA TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL SCIENCE (1932-1983)

The article highlights the contribution of Academician of the AS of UkSSR V. S. Gutyrya to the creation of synthetic ethyl alcohol, the improvement of technology for oil production and refining, the study of the hydrocarbon composition of nitrogenous compounds, chemical properties and structure of gasoline, natural methane, coal tar deposits and bituminous deposits, the catalytic properties of aluminosilicates, the invention of biologically synthesized feed protein. Creation of a special recipe for the production of anti-tank ignition mixtures, which were successfully used in battle with the enemy in World War II, production is organized TNT and improved the process of aviation gasoline production. Development in the post-war periodic technology of refining of petroleum fractions, detection of natural aluminosilicate and creation of the method of its activation, development of thermal dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon, development of a complex of scientific researches on problems of industrial heterogeneous catalysis, study of the influence of nuclear radiation on the development of ukrainian petrochemistry, synthesis of styrene and methanol on zeolite catalysts, improvement of industrial production of insulating materials for protection against corrosion, creation of stable isolation of pipelines, research chemical properties of cyclic sulfones, urea deparaffinization, the influence of cations on the catalytic features of zeolites in alkylation and disproportionation reactions, complex solvents in the production of household chemicals, the interaction of sulfolane with its derivatives, catalytic reactions to zeolites, aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline fractions of oil, the interaction of urea with octane, catalytic properties of modified aluminosilicates, kinetics of the reaction of benzene hydrogenation on nickel-catalytic catalyst, state and main problems of new methods of oil production enhancement in Ukraine, and other aspects of chemical science. The contribution of the scientist to the development of popularization of scientific achievements in chemistry is highlighted. In particular, his leadership Knowledge Society of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, whose members carried out comprehensive work to promote the scientific achievements of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR among the general population, the main forms of work which were reading thematic lectures and presenting reports in departmental establishments and production enterprises, publishing articles in periodicals, appearing on radio and television, providing scientific consultations, etc. The contribution the popular scientific researches of the scientist are devoted to leading areas of research and development of academic institutions of chemical profile that contributed to the development of “great chemistry”, formation, development and achievement of the Ukrainian chemical science in the system of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR etc. Key words: Gutyrya V. S., Academy of Sciences, petrochemistry, petroleum refining.

Floral nectary, nectar production dynamics and chemical composition in five nocturnal Oenothera species (Onagraceae) in relation to floral visitors

Main conclusionThe floral nectars were sucrose-dominant; however, nectar protein and amino acid contents differed, indicating that composition of nitrogenous compounds may vary considerably even between closely related plant species, irrespectively of nectary structure.Numerous zoophilous plants attract their pollinators by offering floral nectar; an aqueous solution produced by specialized secretory tissues, known as floral nectaries. Although many papers on nectaries and nectar already exist, there has been a little research into the structure of nectaries and/or nectar production and composition in species belonging to the same genus. To redress this imbalance, we sought, in the present paper, to describe the floral nectary, nectar production, and nectar composition in five nocturnal Oenothera species with respect to their floral visitors. The structure of nectaries was similar for all the species investigated, and comprised the epidermis (with nectarostomata), numerous layers of nectary parenchyma, and subsecretory parenchyma. Anthesis for a single flower was short (ca. 10–12 h), and flowers lasted only one night. The release of floral nectar commenced at the bud stage (approx. 4 h before anthesis) and nectar was available to pollinators until petal closure. Nectar concentration was relatively low (ca. 27%) and the nectar was sucrose-dominant, and composed mainly of sucrose, glucose and fructose. The protein content of the nectar was also relatively low (on average, 0.31 µg ml−1). Nevertheless, a great variety of amino acids, including both protein and non-protein types, was detected in the nectar profile of the investigated taxa. We noted both diurnal and nocturnal generalist, opportunistic floral insect visitors.

Influence of Leaf-fruit Ratio and Nitrogen Rate on Fruit Characteristics, Nitrogenous Compounds, and Nonstructural Carbohydrates in Young Persimmon Trees

The effects of fruit load and nitrogen (N) rate (0, 20, and 40 g N per tree) on fruit characteristics and the composition of nitrogenous compounds (e.g., amino acids and protein) and nonstructural carbohydrates in different plant tissues were determined in container-grown 5-year-old ‘Fuyu’ persimmon trees. Leaf-fruit (L/F) ratios were adjusted to either 20 (high) or 10 (low) by fruit thinning on 2 July. N was applied by fertigation as 1% (w/v) urea from 3 July to 20 Sept. The low L/F ratio decreased size and coloration of fruits, whereas increasing N rate resulted in fruits with low skin color and soluble solids but with high firmness. The high L/F ratio increased N concentrations only in 1- to 4-year-old wood and the trunk, whereas increasing N rate increased N concentrations of all tree tissues, especially of roots. The L/F ratio did not significantly affect the composition of nitrogenous compounds and carbohydrates in the tree tissues. As N rate increased, amino acid concentrations increased in all the tree parts, especially in aerial wood and roots where a three- to eightfold increase was observed between the 0- and 40-g N rates. Although not great, protein concentrations also increased with increasing N rate. Increasing N rate significantly reduced soluble sugars in fruit, trunk, and root and starch in leaf and root. The results indicated that an excessive supply of supplemental N could delay fruit maturation and reduce carbohydrate accumulations of ‘Fuyu’ trees regardless of the L/F ratios.

Characterization of Nitrogen Compounds in Coker Heavy Gas Oil and Its Subfractions by Liquid Chromatographic Separation Followed by Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

A coker heavy gas oil (CHGO) was separated into saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes (SARA) fractions. The resin fraction was separated into six subfractions by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The CHGO and its subfractions were characterized by electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). The mass spectra showed that the mass range of basic and neutral nitrogen compounds was 200−450 and 160−400 Da, respectively. Five nitrogen class species, N1, N2, N1O1, N1O2, and N1S1, were assigned in the positive-ion spectrum. Six nitrogen class species, N1, N2, N1O1, N1O2, N2O1, and N1S1, were assigned in the negative-ion spectrum. Among the identified nitrogen compounds, the N1 class species was dominant. The N1 class species were enriched in the resin fraction. The N2 class species are likely amphoteric molecules and were enriched in the asphaltene fraction. The composition of nitrogen compounds in the resin subfractions varied significantly in double-bond equivalence (DBE) and carbon number. As the polarity of the resin subfraction increased, the average molecular weights of the nitrogen compounds decreased, DBE values for each heteroatom class species increased, and the N2 class species became the dominant nitrogen compounds at the expense of the N1 class species.

Isotopic composition of nitrogenous compounds with emphasis on anthropogenic loading in river ecosystems

Nitrogenous compounds with high δ15N values were recently found in human-dominated small rivers in the Lake Biwa area. A detailed survey was performed to determine the distribution and variation of δ15N values in nitrogenous compounds in a representative small river (Hebisuna River) that flows into Lake Nishinoko, an inner bay of Lake Biwa. A high δ15N value was detected in the lower reaches of the river and the inner bay, most likely due to denitrification. These results strongly suggest that denitrification in small river systems such as the Hebisuna watershed has contributed to 15N enrichment in the Lake Biwa ecosystem during the past 40 years. We also observed a clear, stepwise, positive correlation between population density and δ15N values for particulate organic matter or sediments. These results demonstrate that δ15N POM and δ15N sediment are helpful indicators for assessing nitrogen loading from domestic sewage. Moreover, they will aid in the development of new concepts in the environmental capacity of river ecosystems and its relationship to redox conditions. Finally, our data suggest that a population density of 100–200 persons per km 2 is the upper limit for a watershed in which only simple conventional sewage treatment is in effect.

Study of the Evolution of Nitrogen Compounds during Grape Ripening. Application to Differentiate Grape Varieties and Cultivated Systems

The aim of this work was to study the evolution of amino acids and ammonium during grape ripening and to evaluate its application to differentiate grape varieties and cultivated systems (organic and nonorganic). For this purpose, Monastrell, Syrah, Merlot, and Petit Verdot grapes produced using conventional agriculture and Monastrell grape cultivated using organic agriculture, collected during two consecutive harvests at different stages of ripening, were studied. These years of harvest were very different climatic years; even so, the grape varieties presented similar qualitative compositions. Therefore, the percentage of amino acids at harvest moment allowed differentiation of grapes according to variety and cultivated system, regardless of the year. The nitrogen composition could allow estimation of the fermentative aroma potential of grapes. Thus, Syrah was the grape with the greatest aroma potential at harvest. Monastrell nonorganic grape had a concentration of nitrogen compounds superior to that of Monastrell organic grape. In Monastrell, Syrah, and Merlot, traditional varieties in the area, the highest concentration of nitrogen compounds coincided with the highest degrees Baume/total acidity ratio and color index during 2007. Consequently, technological and phenolic maturity of these grape varieties coincided with the maximum composition of nitrogen compounds. However, in 2008, this did not happen because grape ripening was irregular as a consequence of different climatological conditions.

Oxidative ammonolysis of peat by a mechanochemical method (Short communication)

The effects of the duration of a mechanochemical synthesis and the amounts of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia on the concentrations of nitrogen, humic acids, and fulvic acids in the oxidative ammonolysis products of peat were studied. The functional-type composition of nitrogen compounds was studied. Agrochemical tests of the resulting preparations as nitrogen-containing fertilizers were performed.

Growth and stress conditions cause similar changes in xylem amino acids for different legume species

The composition of nitrogenous compounds transported in the xylem to the shoot can reflect important changes in root N metabolism. Stress conditions that impair N assimilation in soybean (N 2 fixation in symbiotic plants and nitrate assimilation in non-symbiotic plants) lead to specific changes in the amino acid composition of the xylem. In this study, it is shown that these changes also occur in other legume species ( Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna unguiculata, Pisum sativum, Lupinus albus and Crotalaria juncea) of both the ureide- and amide-exporting categories, when subjected to the same stress conditions. Waterlogging of nodulated plants led to a large and specific reduction in xylem glutamine levels, attributed to impaired N 2 fixation. Transfer of nodulated plants to aerated hydroponics with N-free nutrient solution, which also impairs N 2 fixation, resulted in elevated aspartate/asparagine ratios, besides the reduction in glutamine. Non-symbiotic plants grown on nitrate and transferred to a N-free hydroponic nutrient solution (impaired nitrate assimilation) likewise showed a marked increase in aspartate/asparagine ratios of the xylem bleeding sap. Three non-legume species studied ( Lycopersicon esculentum, Zea mays and Helianthus annuus) produced a similar response to N deficiency. It is concluded that xylem bleeding sap amino acids can be useful indicators of the response of assimilatory processes in the root system to stress, for both ureide- and amide-exporting legumes, as well as non-legume plants.

Comparison of the biogenic amine content of traditional and bio-wines

There has been a growing tendency in organic farming in recent years, in which organic grape growing and the production of bio­wine are also significant. The literature on bio-wine is rather limited, that is why we consider it really important to contribute to the data. As a result of the special conditions in organic farming we can expect bio-wines to have a different composition of nitrogen compounds from that of traditional wines. Biogenic amines could thus specially characterize bio-wines. In our research we compared the biogenic amine content of wines produced using organic methods and of those where traditional procedures were used. Our measurements have proved that it is not possible to clearly distinguish bio-wines from wines produced with traditional methods on the basis of amine content.

Examination of nitrogenous compounds in Hungarian bio-musts

There has not been any research done on the musts from organic grapes. As a result of the special technologies in organic farming we can expect bio-musts to have a different quantitative and qualitative composition of nitrogen compounds from that of traditional musts. In our present essay we deal with the tests of nitrogenous compounds (assimilable nitrogen content, aminoacid, biogenic amine content) in musts from Hungary's bio-wine cellars. Our results show that the change in procedures has resulted in neither quantitative nor qualitative changes in the nitrogenous compounds of bio-musts.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Composition of Nitrogen Compounds in Plant Tissues and Xylem Sap of Adzuki-Bean Plants

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Composition of Nitrogen Compounds in Plant Tissues and Xylem Sap of Adzuki-Bean Plants

Nutritional treatment of liver cirrhosis by branched-chain amino acid-enriched nutrient mixture.

The effects of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched nutrient mixture (nutrient-mixture) on the nitrogen metabolism and nutritional state were clinically investigated in 10 patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutrient-mixture-supplemented diet was prepared by adding 150 g nutrient-mixture daily to low-protein diet, and comparisons were made with a regular diet (control diet). Each diet supplied 2,100 kcal energy and 80 g protein per day. Patients were given control diet for 2 weeks and thereafter treated successively with nutrient-mixture-supplemented and control diet each for 2 weeks. Nitrogen balance improvement and positive balance were observed during the feeding of nutrient-mixture-supplemented diet. The composition of nitrogen compounds in urine and the fecal nitrogen excretion did not alter during the test period. Plasma aromatic amino acid (AAA) concentrations decreased and BCAA/AAA molar ratios increased significantly during the 1st and 2nd week of nutrient-mixture-supplemented diet administration. Plasma methionine concentration also decreased in the 1st week. Plasma pre-albumin levels rose significantly during the 1st and 2nd week of nutrient-mixture-supplemented diet administration, and the number connection test improved significantly following the supplemented diet. These results suggest that the use of nutrient-mixture in the nutritional treatment of liver cirrhosis had no deleterious effects on nitrogen metabolism and is useful for the improvement of plasma amino acid imbalance and protein-energy malnutrition.

Composition of nitrogen compounds separated from distillates of West Siberian oils using TiCl 4

Methods were proposed for the separation of concentrates of heteroatomic compounds isolated from high-boiling oil fractions by complex-formation with titanium tetrachloride. It was shown that 41.6% of the nitrogen compounds are nitrogen bases and are derivatives of quinoline and possibly acridine with a small proportion of naphthene pyridine. Remaining nitrogen compounds are neutral and slightly basic and are carbazole and indole derivatives. In addition to these compounds the concentrate contains 13% cyclic arylamides of carboxylic acids or compounds which are similar with respect to lithium aluminohydride. It was assumed that part of the carbazole derivatives in the concentrates studied is titrated as weak bases in the presence of oxygen compounds which form with the associates that break down with litium aluminohydride.

Solar-wind interactions with the moon: Nature and composition of nitrogen compounds

The lunar atmosphere and magnetic field are very tenuous. The solar wind, therefore, interacts directly with the lunar surface material and the dominant nature of interaction is essentially complete absorption of solar-wind particles by the surface material resulting in no upstream bowshock, but a cavity downstream. The solar-wind nitrogen ion species induce and undergo a complex set of reactions with the elements of lunar material and the solar-wind-derived trapped elements. The nitrogen concentration indigeneous to the lunar surface material is practically nil. Therefore any nitrogen and nitrogen compounds found in the lunar surface material are due to the solar-wind implantation of nitrogen ions. The flux of the solar-wind nitrogen ion species is about 6×103 cm−2 s−1. Since there is no evidence for accumulation of nitrogen species in the lunar surface material, the outflux of nitrogen species from the lunar material to the atmosphere is the same as the solar-wind nitrogen ion flux. The species of the outflux are primarily NO and NH3, and their respective concentrations in the near surface lunar atmosphere are found by calculation to be 327 and 295 cm−3. The calculated concentration of NH3 seems to be consistent with the sunrise concentration results of the mass spectrometer implanted on the lunar surface. This is not the case for the concentration of NO. According to the presently calculated concentration value of NO, the mass spectrometer should have detected NO at sunrise, but no report was made for its detection. There is also discrepancy about the concentration of N2 which is explained in this paper. The concentrations of nitrogen species in the lunar material at the time of sample collection on the Moon remained about the same when the samples were analyzed on the Earth. However, no specific experiment was planned to detect the nitrogen species in the lunar material samples.

Distribution of Nitrogen and Composition of Nitrogen Compounds in Food, Urine and Faeces in Habitual Consumers of Sweet Potato and Taro

Nitrogen balance studies were performed in normal adults and in children subsisting on typical New Guinea highland tuber diets. Only 3.5-5% of the total calories were derived from protein. Two adult groups, at a food-N intake of, respectively, 3.1 and 4.3 g N/d, and 3 child groups at intakes of 1.4, 1.6 and 2.3 g N/d, mainly from sweet potato, showed a marked negative N balance. One taro-eating child group, at an intake of 2.4 g N/d, was near equilibrium and one child group consuming sweet potato with skim-milk supplement, having 3.9 g N/d, showed retention. Faecal N, expressed as a fraction of food N, was always paradoxically high: 54-63% in the adult groups, 77-115% in the sweet-potato-eating child groups and 40% in the milk-supplemented group. In the adult groups, urine N was, respectively, 83 and 89% of food N. In the child groups, it was less: 53% in one taro-eating group and 40% in the milk-supplemented group. Despite a higher N intake in the taro-eaters, the utilization, as expressed in urine-N quantity, was less. Endogenous urine N (creatinine and uric acid) was about normal for body size. All sweet-potato-eaters excreted much hippuric acid. Urea N in the child groups was only 267-940 mg/d; in the adults, 1.8-3.2 g/d. The composition of faecal N was determined in one taro- and in one sweet-potato-eating group. A 22-24 kg boy, at intakes between 10-15 g protein (N × 6.25), produced daily 11-12 g crude protein in his stools, of which 8-11% was non-protein nitrogen. Most of the amino compounds in faeces emulsions were contained in fibrous, though digested, particles of over 500 <i>µ</i>mdiameter, whereas 4-10% were present in the supernatant fluid. A comparison of the amino acids in taro and sweet potato and in the faeces of the consumers suggests that, on such diets, 60-80% of the amino acids in food are normally present again in the stools. This presupposes a particular autonomy of the intestinal flora in N metabolism, the significance of which for human nutrition is discussed.