Composition Of Fraction Research Articles

Fractalization of Fractional Integral and Composition of Fractal Splines

The present study perturbs the fractional integral of a continuous function $f$ defined on a real compact interval, say $(\mathcal{I}^vf)$ using a family of fractal functions $(\mathcal{I}^vf)^\alpha$ based on the scaling parameter $\alpha$. To elicit this phenomenon, a fractal operator is proposed in the space of continuous functions, an analogue to the existing fractal interpolation operator which perturbs $f$ giving rise to $\alpha$-fractal function $f^\alpha$. In addition, the composition of $\alpha$-fractal function with the linear fractal function is discussed and the composition operation on the fractal interpolation functions is extended to the case of differentiable fractal functions.

Investigation of the Formation of Structure and Properties in a Billet Made of Heat-Resistant Nickel Alloy EP741NP, Obtained by Hot Isostatic Pressing Technology

It is known that the technology of hot isostatic pressing (HIP) can reduce the residual porosity and increase the level of physical and mechanical characteristics of products obtained by powder metallurgy methods. In modern aircraft and rocket engineering, heat-resistant heterophase nickel alloys are used, which are obtained with the use of granular metallurgy. This material is indispensable in the creation of disks of gas turbine engines (GTE), which are part of the turbine rotor and serve to install the blades. Obtaining a nonporous product made of EP741NP alloy using the HIP technology will increase the service life of the turbine disks, which is an urgent task at the present time. The aim of the work is to study the structure and physical and mechanical properties of a billet made of heat-resistant nickel alloy EP741NP obtained by the HIP method at a temperature of 1150 °C. The starting material for the preparation of the workpiece is a metal powder EP741NP, obtained by gas atomization and having a fractional composition of 20...50 microns. It is shown that the HIP process at a temperature of 1150 °C makes it possible to obtain an optimal combination of physical and mechanical properties. Based on the obtained images of powder particles and the microstructure of the work piece, the shape of the particles of the powder under study, the main category of powder granularity was determined and digital porosity analysis of the workpiece under study was performed in the Thixomet Pro software package. The changes in density and hardness along the section of the work piece were also evaluated. It has been established that at a temperature of HIP 1150 °, the average porosity is insignificant and is 0.1 %, however, as we move away from the edge of the workpiece to its center, there is an increase in the content of pores, the size of which lies in the range of 1...20 microns. It is shown that during the technological process of HIP, an arched effect is observed, the consequence of which are overestimated characteristics of microhardness and density at the edge of the work piece.

Study of Release of Biologically Active Compounds from Cord Blood Under Different Conditions of Low-Temperature Impact

Here, we have studied the impact of cord blood destruction method on composition of the cord blood-derived low molecular fractions, and compared the cryodestruction with other methods of cell destruction before extracting. Human cord blood was destroyed by rapid or slow freezing / warming, hypotonic lysis and thermal destruction. The obtained substance was used to produce the cord blood fraction (CBF) by multi-stage ultrafiltration and lyophilization. Dry weight, CBF composition and total protein content in them were evaluated by chromatographic profiles (gel permeation and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography). The CBFs, obtained by diff erent techniques for cord blood destruction were established to diff er in the content and molecular weights of the components. These fi ndings suggest the possibility to vary the amount and range of low molecular weight compounds in lyophilized cord blood fractions by using low temperatures and combining diff erent regimens of freezing / warming. Key words: cryodestruction, cord blood, biologically active substances, low-molecular fraction, low temperatures

Use of solid mining waste to improve water retention capacity of loamy soils

Purpose. The research explores the possibility of increasing the fertile properties of agricultural soils of loamy type by adding burnt-out dump mass from coal enterprises. Methods. Laboratory research on parameters of penetration and retention capacity of sorbed and meniscal water for diffe-rent burnt-out rock fractions. The burnt-out rock was sampled from the mine No. 5/6 waste rock dump in the city of Myrnohrad, Donetsk Oblast, and divided into four fractions from 0.63 to 10 mm. The water penetration coefficient of the soil with the added dump mass is measured by the velocity of water seepage into the test samples. The ability of rock additives to retain film-sorbed and capillary water is assessed by comparing the weight of dry and moistened samples of crushed dump mass. Findings. The velocity parameters of water penetration into samples of loamy mixtures with burnt-out dump mass with fractions ranging from 10 to 0.63 mm in size have been determined. It has been found that an increase in the percentage of burnt-out rock in the mixture leads to an increase in the water penetration velocity from 1.2 ml/cm2·min with a rock content of 30% to 30.66 ml/cm2·min with a rock content of 70%. The highest penetration coefficients are achieved when adding rock with a small fractional composition of 0.63-3 mm, since an increase in grain size leads to a reduction in the coefficient by se-veral times. It has been determined that with an increase in the size of the rock fractions in a loamy mixture, the retention capacity of sorbed and pore water suitable for plant nutrition decreases by approximately 40%. Originality. For the first time, the parameters of penetration coefficients, as well as the accumulation of sorbed and meniscal water for mine waste in the Selidovo-Pokrovskyi district of Donbas, have been determined. Practical implications. The results obtained can be used to improve the physical properties of agricultural soils of loamy type by increasing their water retention capacity.

ESTIMATION OF SATURATION OF PRODUCTIVE SEDIMENTARY RESERVOIRS OF THE WEST SIBERIAN FIELD WITH LOW RESISTIVITY VALUES

The main problem that is discussed in this article is related to the interpretation and analysis of low-resistivity productive reservoirs of the Vasyugan formation of one field in Western Siberia. A feature of the reservoirs of the Vasyugan formation is the underestimated values of the oil saturation coefficient. In this case, certain difficulties arise when determining the nature of saturation and justifying the position of fluid contacts in the formation.The work carried out a detailed analysis of the measurements results of physical properties on core samples, refined the petrophysical model and boundary values of parameters for interpreting this type of reservoirs of the Vasyugan formation. As a result of the research, the authors identified the most likely reasons for the underestimation of electrical resistivity values in productive reservoirs, which should be explained by the structure and fractional composition of rocks and the presence of pyrite. The authors propose a refined methodology with justification for new cutoff values of electrical resistivity and the use of a capillary model, which increases the reliability of the well logging data analysis on assessing the nature of saturation in low-resistivity productive formations and the depth of oil-water contacts.Certain recommendations are gave in the article for further research of the unconventional type of the Vasyugan formation, which include the coring and core analysis like granulometric, X-ray diffraction, studies of the mineral composition of clays and use of VIKIZ and multi-probe lateral logging and nuclear magnetic logging.According to the authors, this will increase the reliability of assessing the lithological composition of reservoir rocks and reservoir properties in lowresistivity oil-saturated reservoirs.

Blood plasma proteins and the content of metabolites of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the hepatopancreas of fish during the action 19-nortestosterone

The aim: study the effect of the synthetic anabolic steroid 19-nortestosterone on the fractional composition of blood plasma proteins, as well as the total protein and albumin content, indicators of the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, macro- and microelements in the fish hepatopancreas. Materials and methods. The experiments were conducted on two-year-old carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which were kept for 24 hours in aquariums with a volume of 40 dm3 with different concentrations of 19-nortestosterone in water at optimal temperature, oxygen content, and pH. Spectrophotometric methods and an automatic biochemical analyzer were used to determine metabolic indicators in fish, and disk electrophoresis in PAGE was used to determine the fractional composition of proteins. Results. It was established that the steroid hormone 19-nortestosterone, the concentration of which in the water of the fish of the experimental groups was 50 and 200 μg/dm3, respectively, increased the level of total protein and albumin, the concentration of glucose, triglycerides, creatinine, inorganic phosphorus and iron in the hepatopancreas and did not affect the calcium content . In the blood plasma of carp, kept in water with a concentration of 19-nortestosterone of 50 μg/dm3, the content of proteins with a molecular weight of 240-231 increases; 215-179; 169-146 and 105-95 kDa, decreases - 35-33 kDa, fractions of proteins with a molecular weight of 228-220 appear; 116-105 and 48-44 kDa. An increase in the concentration of 19-nortestosterone in water to 200 μg/dm3 increased the content of proteins with a molecular weight of 240-231 and 215-179 kDa in the blood plasma of fish, and decreased it by 35-33 kDa, causing the redistribution of individual protein fractions due to the appearance of proteins with a molecular weight of 240 -228; 116-105 and 48-44 kDa in the absence of proteins 42-41; 38-36 and 24-20 kDa. Conclusions. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the anabolic synthetic steroid 19-nortestosterone stimulates the biosynthesis of proteins, the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and its effect on the content of minerals in the hepatopancreas and the fractional composition of blood plasma proteins in carp fish was proven

Biochemical composition of fruit must from small-fruit apple varieties grown in the Southern Baikal Region

Most climatic zones of the Russian Federation include vast apple plantations that serve as the primary source of raw materials for the production of cider and fruit alcoholic beverages. The technological potential of new apple varieties in the production of fruit alcoholic beverages is understudied. The present study aims to examine the chemical composition (including the fractional composition of sugars and organic acids) of fruit must from small-fruit apple varieties grown in the Southern Baikal region and to identify the most suitable varieties for cider production.The biochemical composition of must was determined via conventional methods as per state standards. Smallfruit semi-cultivars grown in the Southern Baikal Region are characterized by variability in the content of extractive substances. In different years, the fruit of the same variety accumulates different amounts of dissolved solids (12.5–14.5%), primarily sugars (109.3–135.3 g/dm3). Among sugars, fructose is the most abundant (over 50%), followed by glucose. The proportion of disaccharides in the composition of sugars in the fruits of different varieties ranges from 9.1 to 21.5%. The concentration of organic acids in the studied varieties ranges from 7.2 to 13.0 g/dm3. The detected organic acids include malic acid (up to 83.4%), citric acid (up to 6.7%), lactic acid (up to 6.4%), succinic acid (up to 2.5%), as well as trace amounts of tartaric and acetic acids. The amount of phenolic compounds in the specimens varies from 522.5 to 1704.6 mg/dm3. The studied semi-cultivars were classified as sharp and bittersharp cider apple varieties.

Identification of Volatile Molecules and Bioactivity of Gruyt Craft Beer Enriched with Citrus aurantium var. dulcis L. Essential Oil.

In this work, for the first time, a gruyt beer and the same one after the addition of Citrus aurantium essential oil (AEO), were investigated to determine the composition of the volatile fraction. The applied analytical techniques, such as Head Space/Solid Phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS/SPME-GC-MS) and Proton Transfer Reaction-Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), allowed us to identify the content of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). From the comparison between the two beer samples, it showed that the one after the addition of AEO was particularly richened in limonene and a series of minor terpene compounds. AEO was also characterized by GC/MS analysis and the results showed that limonene reached 95%. Confocal microscopy was used to look at riboflavin autofluorescence in yeast cells. It was found that beer with AEO had twice as much fluorescence intensity as the control. A spectrophotometric analysis of total polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids, and a bioactivity screening, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-Ethylbenzthiazolin-6-Sulfonic Acid) (ABTS) radical scavenger, chelating, reducing, antiglycative ones, were also carried out. Moreover, the tolerability of the tested samples in human H69 cholangiocytes and the cytoprotection towards the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH)-induced oxidative damage were evaluated. Under our experimental conditions, the beers were found to be able to scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals and chelate iron ions, despite weak antiglycative and reducing properties. The tested samples did not affect the viability of H69 cholangiocytes up to the highest concentrations; moreover, no signs of cytoprotection against the damage induced by tBOOH were highlighted. Adding AEO to beer resulted in a moderate enhancement of its DPPH scavenging and chelating abilities, without improvements in the other assays. Conversely, AEO and its major compound limonene were ineffective when assessed at the concentrations added to beer. This evidence suggests that the addition of AEO may enhance the organoleptic features of the beer and slightly potentiate some of its bioactivities.

Study on Regularities of Polyethylene Waste Low-Temperature Pyrolysis

A low-temperature pyrolysis with pyrocondensate as a target product is one of the options for processing polyethylene waste. The fractional composition and properties of the pyrocondensate obtained at different temperatures and times were studied. Pyrocondensate was separated into gasoline, diesel fractions, and the residue. The composition and properties of mentioned fractions were established and related to the conditions of the pyrolysis process. X-ray fluorescence analysis of pyrocondensate and narrow fractions isolated from it was carried out.

Общее содержание и фракционный состав белка в семенах сортов сои селекции ФГБНУ ФНЦ ВНИИМК

The use of high-protein soybean cultivars is one of the most important reserves for solving the problem of protein deficiency in the production of feed and food products. In recent years, soybean cultivars with high productivity potential and improved biochemical composition of seeds have been developed in the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. The cultivars approved for usage in various regions of the Russian Federation were assessed by the total protein content in seeds and its fractional composition as the main biochemical characteristics of raw materials. The cultivars with a high content of water-soluble (albumin) and stable indicators of salt- and alkali-soluble (globulins and glutelins) fractions, respectively, were noted. It was established that the studied indicators depended not only on the genetic properties of the cultivars, but also on the characteristics of the conditions of the reproduction year. Thus, in soybean seeds of the 2021 harvest, the cultivars Iney (39.0%), Triada (39.9%) and Graya (42.0%) stood out with the highest protein content; in terms of albumin content in protein – Graya and Bars (91.8 and 92.0%, respectively). And in the seeds of the 2022 harvest, the maximum protein content was observed in the cultivars Puma (38.9%), Graya (39.4%) and Gnom (40.2%), albumin content – Barguzin (92.7%), Bars (94.5%) and Puma (95.1%). A weakly positive correlation was noted between the total protein content and the proportion of the water-soluble fraction in it (r = +0.33).

A determination of the composition and structure of the polysaccharides fractions isolated from apple cell wall based on FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra supported by PCA analysis

Generally in plants, cell wall polysaccharides are the main determinants of tissue properties and contents of an essential part of dietary fiber, prebiotics, or cosmetic ingredients. Therefore, evaluation of the content and structure of polysaccharides is crucial to understanding and controlling their functionality. Vibrational spectroscopy has already proven to be very useful in studying wall-based compounds. Here, it was proposed to use the FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra combined with PCA analysis to discriminate and distinguish pectic and hemicellulosic fractions isolated from apple parenchyma as an example. Reference measurements have been done on commercially available polysaccharides in order to identify relevant fingerprint bands. The similarities of different polysaccharide fractions from apple: water, imidazole, dilute alkali-soluble polysaccharides (WSP, ISP, DASP, respectively), and polysaccharides soluble in three potassium hydroxide concentration (KOHs) to the reference polysaccharides were found. In the case of both types of spectroscopy, the region below 1800 cm−1 was used to differentiate the samples. The results showed that the WSP, ISP, and DASP fractions have band patterns similar to the pectic polysaccharides, but also contain bands characteristic of polysaccharides containing arabinan and galactan. While the KOH fractions showed the greatest similarities to the hemicellulose polysaccharides, especially the glucomannan and xyloglucan. The results showed that FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra supported by PCA can be useful for studying the structure of polysaccharide fractions directly isolated from plant cell wall material.

Разработка здоровьесберегающих технологий специализированных молочных консервов

This article introduces new technologies for milk powder and sour-cream powder stabilized with antioxidants. The powders contained animal and vegetable fats, whole milk proteins, and fat and amino acids, while being low in cholesterol and energy value. The authors conducted industrial production tests and comparative quality analyses. The study involved such indicators as the fractional composition of lipids and the mass fraction of proteins and fats, as well as the composition of essential amino acids and vitamins. The experimental products demonstrated excellent organic properties and could be recommended as functional additives.

An innovatory approach for determining grinding media system to optimize fraction compositions of grinding products based on grinding dynamics principle

An innovatory approach for determining grinding media ratio and sizes to optimize fraction compositions of grinding products was created based on the principle of grinding dynamics by the single fraction tests, which were conducted with the ore from Yongping Copper mine (China) in a discontinuous conical ball mill (D × L 360 × 160 mm, China), and the results show that the optimal ball size for +8 mm fraction, −8 + 5 mm fraction, −5 + 0.45 mm fraction and −0.3 + 0.2 mm fraction are Φ70 mm, Φ60 mm, Φ50 mm and Φ30 mm, respectively. Furthermore this approach was supported from the point of view of collision energy between ore and media by discrete element method (DEM), wtih results illustrating that the materials are more active with the highest tangential collision energy with 2.23 J. In addition, the comparable tests of the full fraction feed were conducted with media system determined by this method, with the grinding technical efficiency 71.71%, being 7.61 and 1.63 percentage points higher than that under the scheme on site and the other scheme. Furthermore, applicability and feasibility were proved to be tremendously positive through the industrial tests, and results of industrial tests show that unit media consumption and unit energy consumption are reduced by 0.56 kW·h and 0.072 kg/t, respectively, what's more, not only the production capacity is promoted by 1.04 t/h, but also concentrate indexes are also improved with grade and recovery being increased by 1.01 and 2.61 percentage points compared with that before the test. This method is extremely promising and novel and could be used in most beneficiation plants to optimize the media system of ball mill to elevate indexes and promote production in all probability.

Impact of Crushed Natural and Recycled Fine Aggregates on Fresh and Hardened Mortar Properties

Increasing the amount of crushed natural and recycled fine aggregates in mortar and concrete can help to reduce depletion of resources and increase the recycling rate of construction and demolition waste. Differences in particle morphology influence fresh and hardened mortar and concrete properties. The quantitative assignment of this impact to specific characteristics, such as shape or angularity in differentiation to other mix design parameters, is currently scarcely known. Therefore, a multiple linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the impact of crushed natural and recycled fine particles on rheological and strength properties of mortar. The emphasis lies on the impact of differences in shape and angularity, which were quantified by the three-dimensional particle representation obtained from micro-computed tomography. A total of 160 mortar mixtures containing 5 sands of different origins and varying water-to-cement ratios, binder-to-aggregate ratios, and shapes of grading curves were produced. The results indicate that the particle shape and angularity of the crushed natural and recycled fine aggregates had a complex impact on fresh and hardened mortar properties and interacted with other mix design parameters. Careful composition of the aggregate fraction with respect to shape and angularity and their interaction with mix design parameters is necessary to maintain sufficient mortar properties.

Restricted colloidal-bound phosphorus release controlled by alternating flooding and drying cycles in an alkaline calcareous soil

Colloid-facilitated phosphorus (P) migration plays an important role in P loss from farmland to adjacent water bodies. However, the dynamics of colloidal P (Pcoll) release as influenced by irrigation in alkaline calcareous soil remains a knowledge gap. The present study, monitored the dynamic change of Pcoll under different water management strategies: 1) control, 2) flooding, and 3) alternating flooding and drying cycles. Soil water-dispersible colloids (0.6 nm-1 μm) were extracted by combining filtration and ultrafiltration methods. The contents of P, cation and organic carbon in the water-dispersible colloids were determined and the stability and mineral composition of colloidal fractions were characterized. The results showed that Pcoll ranged from 16.5 to 25.5 mg kg−1 and represented 42.8%–64.9% of the water-extracted P in the control. Flooding significantly decreased the Pcoll content by 16.0%–62.1% (mean 32.7%) and it may be attributed to the dissolution of colloidal iron (Fe) bound P. The alternating flooding and drying treatment significantly reduced the Pcoll content by 11.6%–88.0% (mean 67.6%). The Pcoll content of the flooding event was always greater than the Pcoll content of the drying event during flooding and drying cycles. Redundancy analysis and random forest modeling showed that the colloidal calcium (Ca) and ionic strength in soil solutions had negative correlations with the Pcoll content, and pH, ionic strength and truly dissolved P were the critical factors affecting Pcoll. Drying of the flooded soil led to the decrease of pH and the increase of ionic strength, colloidal Ca content and positive charges of colloid surfaces, which promoted colloid aggregation and enhanced soil P sorption capacity. This restricted the loss potential of Pcoll. In summary, controlled flooding and drainage when managed correctly have a role to play in mitigating Pcoll loss from P-enriched calcareous soils.

A viscoelastic-plastic model for the temperature-dependent creep and recovery behavior during dry fiber fabric compaction

The preforming process of dry fiber fabric usually involves compaction under constant pressure and specific temperature during fiber-reinforced composite manufacturing. The fabric exhibits time- and temperature-dependent considerable permanent deformation and creep/recovery behavior in compaction. A better understanding of these phenomena, combined with the ability to predict the behavior, will contribute to better control of fiber volume fraction and material composition. This study presented a universal viscoelastic-plastic model to represent the fabric’s visco-effect in compression and recovery stages. The proposed model consisted of a modified Burges element for time-dependent deformation and a plastic element for permanent deformation that occurs in all cases. It used only one set of equations and one set of parameters to characterize the cyclic loading/unloading and the compaction and relaxation phases. It could consider the material densification effect observed experimentally. The model was validated against experimental data for unidirectional (UD), plain woven, and twill woven fabrics. A reasonable match between experiments and prediction was achieved under different compression scenarios.

Tree species-specific wood traits control diazotrophic community composition in deadwood

Deadwood is a nitrogen (N) poor environment and its decomposition rate is limited by low N bioavailability. Diazotrophs reduce such N limitations as they are capable of fixing N2 which employs the functional gene nifH. The present study investigates the diazotrophic community composition in deadwood logs of 13 different tree species in temperate forests. Directly after sampling, deadwood was incubated with water (total fraction) or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and latter labeled the metabolically active fraction. Nucleic acid extracts from both fractions were used to assess the nifH gene-based diversity by amplicon sequencing. The active fraction was a subset of the total fraction, which differed in abundance and with a lower richness. Wood traits such as phosphorous, molybdenum, magnesium, glucose concentration, and C:N ratio were positive factors of richness and community composition of the active fraction. Bradyrhizobium and Methylocapsa dominated the total fraction, while the active fraction was mainly governed by Frankia and Treponema regardless of tree species studied, suggesting that they are well adapted to C sources and nutrient-poor conditions in deadwood. The great diazotrophic diversity (50 genera) in the active fraction indicates an enormous potential for biological N fixation during deadwood decay.

Amaranth Meal Powder Use in the Technology of Sweets with Fondant Cases

One of the main confectionery industry objectives is the development of waste-free technologies based on domestic raw materials. The objective is most relevant for the sweet production based on fondant cases – energetically unstable systems with a high sucrose concentration (more than 80 %) and a simple chemical composition causing the rapid consumer properties loss during storage. The study aims at the scientific use justification of the new raw material – amaranth meal powder in the technology of sweets with fondant case. The study objects are the following: amaranth meal of the native species Amaranthus L. (variety “Krepysh” of the FSVC selection); amaranth meal powder; sugar, fruit and milk fondant candy masses; candies. A man determined the chemical composition of pilot order of amaranth seed meal: 19.6 % proteins including water-soluble; 17.9 % dietary fiber; 46.9 % starch; 1.01 % macro- and microelements including selenium. The research concerns the IR treatment impact of amaranth meal particles on the power consumption of the disintegrator; the attack of amaranth meal proteins by digestive enzymes, the dependence of the organoleptic meal parameters on the processing temperature. The rational temperature range of IR processing is 115–120 °C. A man introduced the amaranth meal powder into the formulation of sweets with fondant cases by replacing white sugar. The amaranth meal powder presence in fondant syrup accelerates the crystallization process due to the sucrose adsorption on the amaranth meal particle surface followed by nucleation and crystal growth. The authors analyzed fractional composition by a microscopy. They determined that with an increase in the fine-crystalline fraction proportion, the sweet quality improves.

Coprocessing of low concentration waste plastics and scrapped tires pyrolysis oil in the FCC Advanced Cracking Evaluation laboratory unit

The research focused on the coprocessing of RFCC standard feedstock (SF) with waste plastics (WPPO) and scrapped tires (STPO) pyrolysis oil at concentration of 5 and 10 wt% and the possibility to use a Kayser ACE laboratory unit for this purpose. WPPO represented a high value FCC feedstock in terms of fractional and group composition and impurities content, with the exception of high nitrogen content (10200 mg kg−1). On the other hand, STPO contained high concentrations of aromatics (87.7 wt%), sulfur (9900 mg kg−1), iron (73.6 mg kg−1), and microcarbon residue (3.8 wt%). The sample conversion for a given catalyst-to-sample ratio, gasoline yield, and coke formation were the parameters most sensitive to the presence of pyrolysis oil in the FCC feedstock. The WPPO coprocessing was trouble-free, with only slightly worse results than for SF because of the high nitrogen content. In contrast, STPO coprocessing worsened the parameters of the FCC unit. Therefore, increased attention should be paid to coprocessing of such a feed. The addition of 5 and 10 wt% of pyrolysis oil can be clearly identified using an ACE unit. Due to the catalyst-to-sample ratio of 3–9, the research included cracking severity common to FCC operating units. Therefore, the result can be well scaled up to WPPO and STPO coprocessing in FCC operational units.

El Niño-Southern Oscillation and East Asian Monsoon controlled Kuroshio Current evolution over the last 42 kyr

Kuroshio Current (KC) plays a significant role in global climate change by transporting high-temperature and high-salinity water from low-latitude to mid-high-latitude waters. However, the KC evolution and its main controlling factors remained unclear on the orbital timescales. Here, we research the comprehensive record of high-resolution terrigenous mass accumulation rate (MAR), grain size, SrNd isotopic compositions of clay-size fractions and clay mineral assemblages in core SCS0003 sediments from the northern slope of the South China Sea (SCS) since 42 kyr. The SrNd isotope compositions (<2 μm) and clay minerals illustrate that the smectite mainly came from Luzon Island, with a small content of smectite during the last glacial period, but an increase by about 3–4 times during the Holocene. Furthermore, the smectite MAR flux indicates that the intensity of KC intrusion of the SCS was consistent with the intensity of the open Pacific over the last 42 kyr, which was different from the opposite trend proposed by predecessors. Then it further reveals that the KC was relatively weak and stable in the last glacial period as a whole, but overall became stronger with a larger amplitude in the Holocene, with an increase in the early Holocene and a decline in the middle and late Holocene. Moreover, since 42 kyr El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and East Asian monsoon (EAM) controlled by the insolation change in the Earth's precession were the major driving mechanisms of KC evolution, instead of ENSO as the only main controlling factor. On the orbital timescales, our results emphasize that low-latitude processes by the variation of insolation on the precession are very important in driving global climate change, not just high-latitude processes.