Unraveling the vertical expansion and hysteresis in SiOx/graphite composite electrodes via in-situ dilatometry and cracking origins via X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy

Three-dimensional network binder achieves strong adhesion and rapid lithium-ion transport for practical Si/C composite electrode

Design and characterization of multiscale cellulosic composites for thick electrodes for electrochemical capacitors

Degradation characteristics of ammonia nitrogen by MnOx modified foam carbon composite particle electrodes

Benzothiazole-conjugated perylene diimide/functionalized reduced graphene oxide composite electrode for flexible supercapacitors

Performance of cobalt oxide-modified graphite felt composite electrodes prepared by pulse electro-flash vaporization in vanadium flow batteries

Developing free-standing electrodes without the need of metal current collectors, binders, and conductive additives are essential for promoting the development of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) to attain higher energy density. In this study, we developed and effectively synthesized a novel three-dimensional free-standing sodium-ion battery anode material with the composition of Bi@MoS2@C carbon nanofibers by cleverly utilizing the energy storage advantages of each material. By growing MoS2 nanospheres on Bi carbon nanofibers and coating them with a carbon layer, this free-standing system achieves both structural optimization and synergistic performance enhancement. Experimental results show that this composite electrode has a remarkably high initial specific capacity of 275.31 mA h g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1, significantly exceeding that of Bi carbon nanofibers (150.6 mA h g-1). Furthermore, it retains a capacity retention of 96.07% after 800 cycles, which significantly exceeds that of pristine MoS2 (72.33 mA h g-1) as a sodium-ion battery anode. The significant performance improvement originates from the free-standing structural design and synergistic effects of Bi carbon nanofibers, MoS2 nanospheres and carbon layer, which not only provide 3D electron transport pathways and improved conductivity but also effectively accommodate volume changes during the charging and discharging processes. This work offers a promising and practical strategy for designing high-performance free-standing energy storage electrodes through hybrid mechanisms and synergistic effects.

Abstract Zn-Mn hydroxide was electrodeposited onto carbon cloth via cathodic electrodeposition and then thermally annealed at 300 °C to convert the hydroxide into mixed Zn-Mn oxides. Different annealing durations were explored to determine the optimal conditions. The Zn-Mn composite electrodes were then assembled into supercapacitors by sandwiching a PVA-KOH gel electrolyte between two electrodes. These supercapacitors demonstrated a maximum areal capacitance of 94.91 mF/cm² and an energy density of 7.85 μWh/cm². The capacitance retention remained at 92.3% after 10,000 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing and 99% after bending tests (with curvature varying from 0.5 to 1.25 cm⁻¹).

Halide solid electrolytes (SEs) with excellent ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability windows are promising for next-generation all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). However, their intrinsic electrochemical inertness and high cost significantly constrain the attainable energy density and large-scale applicability of ASSBs. Here, we integrate Fe2O3 into Li2ZrCl6 (LZC) to construct an electrochemically active and cost-effective oxyhalide SE (Li1.6ZrFe0.8O1.2Cl5.6, denoted LiZrFeOCl-1604), which enables Fe-based redox chemistry while preserving cost-effectiveness. Benefiting from its amorphous framework comprising interconnected Zr─O/Cl, Fe─O/Cl, and Li─Cln (n ≤ 6) polyhedra,LiZrFeOCl-1604 exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 2.55 mS cm-1 and a pronounced reversible capacity of 163 mAh g-1. Coupled with LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode, the composite electrode delivers a high capacity of 321.6 mAh g-1 and an energy density of 982.1Wh kg-1 (based on LFP mass), representing a 101.8% enhancement over electrochemically inactive LZC. Moreover, the ASSBs retain 92.7% of its initial capacity (205.7 mAh g-1) over 800 cycles at 1C rate. Notably, this asynchronous charge-discharge behavior not only boosts the practical energy density but also mitigates safety risks associated with overcharge and overdischarge of ASSBs.

Thermally Regenerative Battery Using Needle-Like Composite Electrodes with Hierarchical Porous Surface: Nanostructure Regulation and Performance Enhancement

Biomass-derived rGO-like carbon from oil palm petioles integrated with NiO/PEDOT:PSS composites for counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

A lightweight self-supporting Sb2S3/Ti3C2Tx composite film positive electrode for long-life aluminum-ion batteries

Design and growth of SrO/CNTs composite electrode for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitor

Influence of composition and preparation method on OER performance of multi-metal (hydro) oxide composite electrodes

Ni3V2O8/CNFs composite electrodes for flexible supercapacitors with excellent cycling stability

Versatile binder-free NiO-CuO/carbon dot composite electrodes on Ni-foam for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors and oxygen evolution reaction applications

This study investigates the effect of various electrode combinations on total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and turbidity reduction during the electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of rice mill effluent (RME). The EC experiments were conducted using stainless steel-aluminum (SS-Al), aluminum-aluminum (Al-Al), and iron-aluminum (Fe-Al) electrode combinations under identical operating conditions and constant current density. The sludge generated during EC of RME was characterized using SEM, EDX, and FTIR analysis. Batch EC experiments revealed that SS-Al exhibited superior treatment performance, achieving 73.3% TOC, 70.1% COD, and 88.2% turbidity removal within 90 min of process, with negligible improvement beyond 60 min. SEM images of sludge showed highly porous and agglomerated floc structures for SS-Al sludge, indicating effective sweep flocculation, while Al-Al sludge displayed smoother surfaces and Fe-Al sludge showed dense morphologies with localized cracking. EDX results confirmed dominance of electrode-derived elements, with Fe (55-70 wt.%) and O (20-30 wt.%) in Fe-based sludge and Al (35-50 wt.%) and O (40-55 wt.%) in Al-based sludge, along with trace elements (Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, P, S < 5 wt.%). FTIR spectra identified O-H stretching (3200-3500 cm-1), H-O-H bending (1630-1650 cm-1), Al-O-Si/Si-O-Si bands (1020-1120 cm-1), and characteristic Fe-O (560-620 cm-1) and Al-O (720-780 cm-1) vibrations, confirming pollutant removal via hydroxide precipitation, adsorption, and charge neutralization. The findings highlight SS-Al as a durable and efficient electrode configuration in EC for sustainable RME treatment.

Electrochemically co-deposited and template directed composite electrode-based supercapacitors were compared in this study. The materials used for composite electrode were multiwalled carbon nanotubes and polyaniline (MWNT/PA). The lyotropic liquid crystalline properties of bentonite clay were used to enhance the performance of the supercapacitors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the structural properties of electrodes. The techniques employed for electrochemical characterization of supercapacitors included cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD) cycling. In the presence of bentonite clay liquid crystal, electrochemically co-deposited composite electrode supercapacitors produced the highest capacitance of 730F/g, while template directed composite electrode supercapacitors produced the highest capacitance of 690F/g. Galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling studies were performed for all the fabricated supercapacitors, and the EDWC electrode exhibited long cycling stability with a capacitance retention of 86% after 5000 cycles at 3mA/cm2. Lyotropic liquid crystal and a multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite electrode, which were electrochemically co-deposited, are found to be the best combination of materials for supercapacitors.

There is an increasing demand for multifunctional devices, that can operate simultaneously as energy storage and electrochromic display devices, widely known as electrochromic supercapacitors. For instance, Prussian blue (PB) exhibits outstanding electrochromic properties; however, it has not been well explored for energy storage applications. Moreover, the electrochemical properties can be enhanced by surface engineering the host material via compositing with conducting polymers. In this work, we studied the electrochromic supercapacitor properties of composites such as Prussian blue-polyaniline (PB-PANI). The PB-PANI 90 composite thin-film electrode exhibited the highest coloration efficiency of 461.39 cm2/C and demonstrated superior electrochemical performance, with an aerial capacitance of 50.80 mF/cm2 and an optical modulation of 19.4%. All samples achieved rapid switching times of less than 3 s. These findings highlight the potential of optimizing conducting polymer coatings on Prussian blue to achieve a well-balanced composite structure with enhanced morphological properties, paving the way for advanced multifunctional electrochromic supercapacitor devices in next-generation smart systems.

Non-precious nickel (Ni)-based catalysts suffer from surface corrosion-induced active site degradation, high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) overpotential at low current density, insufficient conductivity and poor dispersion of active components during catalytic processes. In this study, we prepared an efficient and stable composite electrode (Ni/CNT) consisting of loaded Ni nanoparticles with uniform distribution and consistent size on three-dimensional porous carbon nanotube (CNT) sponge. The Ni/CNT electrode fabricated under optimal conditions demonstrated overpotentials of 180 mV for OER and 79 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH solution. In addition, the Ni/CNT electrode has a potential of 1.55 V at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 when used as both anodic and cathodic catalysts in the overall water splitting system. Meanwhile, it maintained remarkable durability after 40 hours of continuous operation under constant voltage. This study provides a feasible approach for the performance improvement of non-precious metal catalysts, contributing to the development of high-performance Ni-based electrochemical catalysts.