Component Of Reproductive Health Research Articles

Порушення менструального циклу в жінок репродуктивного віку: сучасний погляд на проблему (огляд літератури)

Menstrual health, as a component of reproductive health - a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of diseases, is an integral part of improving the health of women around the world, achieving the goals of sustainable development of society and realizing gender equality and human rights. Aim of the study is to analyze data on the problem of menstrual cycle disorders in women of reproductive age, modern classifications of menstrual cycle disorders, and also to propose an option for correcting these disorders. Preserving menstrual health is inextricably linked to the possibility of access to appropriate medical services and resources, including timely diagnosis of menstrual cycle disorders, their treatment and prevention. The article presents modern data on the nomenclature, definition of the norm and pathology of the menstrual cycle, classification systems of its violations. The expediency and application of the complex herbal preparation Normomens® is a highly effective alternative therapy for menstrual cycle disorders, PMS symptoms, dysmenorrhea, fibrocystic disease of the mammary glands, infertility and hyperproliferative processes of the pelvic organs in women of reproductive age. No conflict of interests was declared by the authors.

Challenges and Opportunities of Telemedicine for Women's Sexual Satisfaction: A Systematic Review

Context: Women’s sexual health is a vital component of reproductive health, and sexual satisfaction is considered a fundamental human right. Cell phone programs have emerged as tools to augment sexual knowledge, hygiene, health, and even sexually transmitted infection prevention. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the challenges and opportunities of telemedicine in improving women’s sexual satisfaction. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the newest version of the PRISMA (2020) guideline. The search was comprehensive and included Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and PubMed databases, with no time limit until January 1, 2023. Manual reference list searches were also performed. The search strategy followed the PICO framework and included all English RCTs and quasi-experimental studies published electronically in peer-reviewed journals, which focused on using telemedicine techniques to enhance sexual satisfaction. Results: Among the selected studies, seven focused on women with various types of cancers experiencing sexual issues post-treatment. Two studies centered on women with sexual dysfunction, while one study included women without specific health concerns. Cognitive-behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy were predominant as intervention methods. These studies identified 38 opportunities and advantages of non-attendance methods, categorized into 14 themes. Additionally, nine challenges were classified, encompassing factors such as lack of spouse participation, inadequate patient behavior follow-up, technical skill requirements, internet access, device dependency, lengthy exercises, work interference, and exercise-related embarrassment. Conclusions: This systematic review found that telemedicine’s opportunity to increase access, affordability, and convenience, along with reducing stigma, has encouraged more couples to participate. However, there are challenges, including the need for digital skills and access to technology, along with potential user discomfort with recommended exercises. Eliminating barriers is effective in optimizing telemedicine methods to increase sexual health and satisfaction.

Expert Perspectives on Reproductive Health Awareness, Comprehensive Analysis of Reproductive Health Components Among Women in Diverse Employment Settings in Georgia

Expert Perspectives on Reproductive Health Awareness, Comprehensive Analysis of Reproductive Health Components Among Women in Diverse Employment Settings in Georgia

Reproductive health awareness among female university students at Saudi Arabia

Background: Reproductive health is a major part of a woman’s life to ensure a healthy life for both mothers and their babies. However, most women do not have the proper knowledge and awareness of that subject. Objectives were to assess the awareness of reproductive health among Saudi female university students and to determine the factors associated with the level of awareness. Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted among 347 participants, using multi-stage stratified sampling. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge level of the five-major component of reproductive health. Results: The results revealed an average level of knowledge about reproductive health (49.4%) among the college students. There was a significant association between having children, mother’s working status, and father educational level, family income and participant reproductive health knowledge (p=0.02, 0.005 and 0.02) respectively. Although 77.1% of the participants had good knowledge of menstrual health and hygiene, they showed misconceptions. The knowledge about family planning, prenatal and antenatal were high 66.6% and 53.9%. The level of knowledge on sexually transmitted diseases was 58% high among students and only 40% have heard of HIV/AIDS but other diseases were less recognized. Conclusions: The knowledge of reproductive health is considered poor. Father’s education level and family income were associated with the level of a student’s knowledge. Educational session about RH is needed among students with focus on menstrual health and hygiene, antenatal care, family planning, breastfeeding, and sexually transmitted diseases.

To use or not to use: Exploring factors influencing the uptake of modern contraceptives in urban informal settlements of Mumbai.

Rapid urbanization and a high unmet need for family planning in urban informal settlements point to the significance of identifying gaps that exist in the path of voluntary uptake of contraceptives. We undertook this study to better understand the perspectives related to family planning among women living in informal settlements of Mumbai. We used a mixed-methods approach, including a cross-sectional survey with 1407 married women of reproductive age and face-to-face in-depth interviews with 22 women, both users and non-users of modern contraceptives. 1070 (76%) of the participants were using modern contraceptives and women's age, education, parity, socioeconomic status and exposure to family planning interventions were the main determinants of contraceptive use. Poor contraceptive awareness before marriage coupled with social norms of early childbearing and completing family resulted in unplanned and less spaced pregnancies even among current users. In such cases, women either continued with the pregnancy or opted for abortion which sometimes could be unsafe. The decision to use contraceptives was taken in most cases after achieving the desired family size and was also influenced by belief in traditional methods, fear of side effects, spousal/family awareness and counselling by frontline workers. We recommend strengthening of sexual and reproductive health component of adolescent health programs. It is pertinent to inform women about their reproductive rights and most importantly empower them to practice these rights. This can be achieved by increasing women's age at marriage and continued promotion of formal education. Widespread misconceptions related to the side effects of modern methods need to be mitigated via counselling. Referral, follow-up, and suggestions on available choices of contraceptives should be given in case women face any side effects from the use of contraceptives. At the same time, improving spousal awareness and communication regarding family planning will allow couples to make informed decisions. Finally, roping in role models in the community will create an environment conducive to operationalizing rights-based family planning.

Prevalence of married women’s decision-making autonomy on contraceptive use and its associated factors in high fertility regions of Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis using EDHS 2016 data

BackgroundWomen's independence in reproductive health is crucial to the health of mothers and children. Couples are, however, restricted from discussing their relationship openly. Regarding this, information about women’s decision-making autonomy is low in developing countries including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess married women’s decision-making autonomy on contraceptive use in high fertility regions of Ethiopia.MethodsThe study was based on secondary data analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 data. A total weighted sample of 1157 reproductive age women was included. A multilevel mixed-effect binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify the significant associated factors of decision making autonomy on contraceptive use. Statistical significance was determined using Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval.ResultsOverall prevalence of decision making autonomy on contraceptive use was observed to be 17.2% (15.1, 19.5). Women's age 25–34 (AOR = 3.19; 95% CI:1.55, 6.54), and 35–49 (AOR = 3.59; 95% CI: 1.5, 8.36), secondary and above educational level (AOR = 3.38; 95% CI: 1.07, 10.67), being married before 18 years (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI:0.26, 0.68), being Muslim in religion (AOR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.98), women being in urban area (AOR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.97, 6.35), and community media exposure (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.15, 2.48) were associated with decision making autonomy on contraceptive use.ConclusionWomen’s decision-making autonomy on contraceptive use in this study was low. Age of mothers, educational status of mothers, age at first marriage, residence, religion, and community media exposure were significant factors. Therefore, the government should promote women’s autonomy on contraceptive use as an essential component of reproductive health rights through mass media, educating, with particular attention for, youth women, and women living in rural settings.

Reproductive health knowledge, attitude and health services utilization among adolescent in Kaski District

Introduction: Adolescent reproductive health has become a great concern today due to increasing rate of unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion and sexually transmitted disease. Hence, the objective of the study was to assess the reproductive health knowledge, attitude and health services utilization among adolescents in rural and urban areas of Kaski district.
 Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 419 adolescents (10-19 years of age) in rural and urban areas of Kaski district, Nepal. Multistage stratified random sampling technique was used to select required number of participants.
 Results: Out of 419, majority (78.8%) of the respondents were known about family planning, among them only 70.0% of respondents were aware about family planning methods. Fifty-one percentages of the respondents were aware about the sexually transmitted diseases. Nearly twenty-six percentage of the respondents faced the reproductive health problems within one month. Out of 107 respondents, 57.9% did not utilize reproductive health services.
 Conclusion: The overall level of knowledge towards reproductive health among adolescents was found low. However, levels of attitude towards different reproductive health components were found favorable. Only 42.1% of the respondents utilized reproductive health services among those who faced the reproductive health problems within one month.

KNOWLEDGE OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS AT KHULNA CITY CORPORATION AREA IN BANGLADESH

Inadequate knowledge regarding reproductive health among adolescent girls is a common scenario in Bangladesh which affects adversely on safe motherhood in future. For this reason the study focused on analyzing the knowledge about reproductive health among adolescent girls in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) area. This study tried to find out the level of their knowledge about components of reproductive health which consisted of knowledge about contraceptives, sexually transmitted diseases, menstruation, safe motherhood, abortion and receiving health care services among adolescent girls. Five schools of Ward no. 16 in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) were selected purposively as the study area. The study was explanatory in nature and survey method had been used to conduct this study. Girls of aged 11 to 16 years old, students of class seven to class ten, had been selected as respondents and 200 samples from 414 population were selected using stratified random sampling procedure. Interview technique has been used to collect data from June to August, 2018 through interview schedule. The study revealed that the average age of the respondents was 14.48 years and most of the cases (92 percent) got information about reproductive health from their mother. Additionally, regarding knowledge about components of reproductive health majority of the respondents had medium knowledge about contraceptives, sexually transmitted diseases, menstruation, safe motherhood, receiving health care services except abortion as most of them (41.5 percent) responded low knowledge about it. Besides, the age structure had no impact on access to information about reproductive health (p >0.502) but there was statistically significant (p<0.000) relationship between age of the respondents and knowledge about components of reproductive health. Furthermore, knowledge about reproductive health did not vary with their religious views (p >0.318) but age, year of schooling year of schooling of household head, access to information and importance of source of information were related with knowledge about reproductive health. Finally, the study generalized that age, year of schooling, availability of information and preference of source of information pave the way for knowledge about reproductive health.

Reproductive health of women in India

Women’s health, including sexual and reproductive health, is integral to that of the whole person. The freedom to choose and decide on one’s own life’s path, including whether or not to have a family and when to start a family, hinges on this. Access to correct information, effective and inexpensive methods of contraception, and timely services and support in response to unexpected pregnancies are all components of reproductive health that go beyond just physical well-being. However, there is still a lack of familiarity with reproductive health services among policymakers, programme managers, and the general public in India, despite the fact that the Indian government has reaffirmed its commitment to the values of the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. The present paper’s major goal is to examine the current social and legal impediments in India that are affecting women’s health and well-being as well as to provide strategies for overcoming those barriers.

P-204 Transcriptome analysis of cell-free RNAs in embryonic culture medium reveals their potentials on non-invasive testing

Abstract Study question Could cell-free RNA (cfRNA) in culture medium be non-invasive strategy to select in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos? Summary answer CfRNAs in culture medium could be potential markers correlated with embryo qualities. What is known already Infertility is a critical component of reproductive health and couples with infertility may choose assisted reproductive technology (ART) to increase their chances of conception. However, the effectiveness remains low. One way to improve the outcome is to screen the embryo prior to implantation. Noninvasive testing opens new perspectives in analyzing embryo qualities and current pending includes microscopy images coupled with artificial intelligence and omics analysis of the spent blastocyst medium (SBM). Cell-free DNA in SBM could be used to identify the embryo ploidy and metabolomic/proteomic markers could be correlated with embryo potential, while the research of cfRNA is lacking. Study design, size, duration We developed a new library method of polyadenylation ligation-mediated sequencing (PALM-Seq) to capture the low amount of cfRNA and collected twelve culture mediums of in vitro embryos on Day 3 and five samples of embryos on Day 5. Participants/materials, setting, methods We employed PALM-Seq on culture medium of embryos generated by IVF or Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Owing to the new method, we could comprehensively profile the cfRNAs, including miRNA, tRNA, piRNA, lncRNA and mRNA. The morphology and fragmentation of the recruited embryos were also recorded. Main results and the role of chance Generally, thousands of genes could be detected in all culture mediums and the number greatly increased in SBM. We identified several reported miRNA markers in our study, such as miR-21-5p and miR-92a-3p, while highly expressed miRNAs varied across samples and stages. We indeed found piRNA in mediums and several specific piRNAs had large amount of expression. In contrast, detected number and expression of tRNA were stable across samples. Besides of reported mRNA markers, we could profile the expression of all detected mRNAs and no differences were found between embryos with and without fragmentation. We found that the majority of mRNA fragments were shorter than 30 nucleotides. In addition, some granular-specific expressed mRNAs could be detected in medium on Day 3 and they decreased of medium on Day 5. Limitations, reasons for caution We have only conducted preliminary exploration in the culture medium of pre-implantation embryos and studies of larger sample size are needed. Wider implications of the findings Our research proved the feasibility of performing high-throughput sequencing of cfRNAs in SBM. It opens new perspectives on defining non-invasive markers and selection of embryos with the most potential. Our results also contribute a new insight on improving the treatment of infertility. Trial registration number 2018YFC1004900

Dating Adolescents Distribution by Gender and Place of Residence (Rural-Urban Areas): IDHS 2017 Data Analysis in South Kalimantan Province

The majority of adolescents in Indonesia are already dating. However, the distribution of the dating phenomenon among adolescents varies between provinces in Indonesia. South Kalimantan is the province with the smallest percentage of boyfriend/girlfriend ownership in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the distribution of dating adolescents with comparative analysis of gender and place of residence in the form of rural and urban areas in South Kalimantan in 2017. This study uses secondary data as an analysis tool. Secondary data were obtained from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) on the Adolescent Reproductive Health component. The variables used include two aspects, namely the socio-demographic conditions and dating plus dating behavior in adolescents. The data were then processed and analyzed descriptively quantitatively. The results showed that adolescents in the rural had a greater percentage of boyfriend/girlfriend ownership than urban adolescents. Males are more permissive of sexual dating behavior to premarital sex than females. In this case, both males and females in urban areas are more permissive of premarital sex than males and females in rural areas.

Building social accountability to improve reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health in Nigeria

BackgroundLike many places in Nigeria, Niger, a predominantly rural and poor state in the north of the country, has high fertility, low contraceptive prevalence, and high maternal mortality. This paper presents a descriptive, contextualized case study of a social accountability campaign run by the nongovernmental organization White Ribbon Alliance Nigeria to strategically mobilize collective action to demand quality maternal health care and improve government responsiveness to those demands. We treat maternal health as a component of reproductive health, while recognizing it as a less contested area.MethodsData come from more than 40 interviews with relevant actors in Niger State in 2017 and 2018 during the initial phase of the campaign, and follow-up interviews with White Ribbon Alliance Nigeria staff in 2019 and 2021. Other data include White Ribbon Alliance Nigeria’s monthly reports. We analyzed these data both deductively and inductively using qualitative techniques.ResultsDuring its first phase, the campaign used advocacy techniques to convince the previously reticent state government to engage with citizens, and worked to amplify citizen voice by hosting community dialogues and town halls, training a cadre of citizen journalists, and shoring up ward health development committees. Many of these efforts were unsustainable, however, so during the campaign’s second phase, White Ribbon Alliance Nigeria worked to solidify state commitment to durable accountability structures intended to survive beyond the campaign’s involvement. Key challenges have included a nontransparent state budget release process and the continued need for significant support from White Ribbon Alliance Nigeria.ConclusionThese findings reveal the significant time and resource inputs associated with implementing a strategic social accountability campaign, important compromises around the terminology used to describe “accountability,” and the constraints on government responsiveness posed by unrealistic budgeting procedures. The campaign’s contributions towards increased social accountability for maternal health should, however, also benefit accountability for reproductive health, as informed and empowered woman are better prepared to demand health services in any sector.

Health components of reproductive health among female students of the Faculty of Physical Education for Girls - Helwan University

Health components of reproductive health among female students of the Faculty of Physical Education for Girls - Helwan University

Designing and validation of a reproductive health need assessment tool for women experienced domestic violence

BackgroundViolence as a serious health problem and one of the main manifestations of gender inequality brings about adverse health effects for women. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to recognize the reproductive health status of women subjected to violence in order to provide the health services they need. Considering that one of the ways to determine reproductive health status is the use of valid questionnaires in this field, this study aimed to determine the components of reproductive health in domestic violated women and design a valid and reliable assessment tool.MethodsThe present study was conducted based on a mixed-method design. The first part of the study (qualitative section) was conducted based on conventional content analysis. In this part, unstructured in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 violated women and 9 experts. In the next stage, the item pool was formed and the Reproductive Health Needs of Violated Women Scale was designed based on the review of the literature and the results of the qualitative section with 39 items using the Waltz approach. For psychometric assessment of the above instrument, face and content validity, item analysis, and construct validity were examined using exploratory factor analysis.ResultsBased on the results of factor analysis, the four following factors were extracted with a total variance of 47.62: "men's participation", "self-care", "support and health services", as well as "sexual and marital relationships. The internal consistency of the instrument was calculated at α = 0.70–0.89 and α = 0.94 for different constructs and the whole instrument, respectively. Moreover, intra-cluster correlation coefficients were obtained at ICC = 0.96–0.99 and ICC = 0.98 for constructs and the whole instruments, respectively.ConclusionsBased on the results of the current study, the present scale is a tool that specifically assesses the reproductive health needs of violated women and has appropriate validity and reliability. The results of the assessment using the aforementioned instruments can be of great help in promoting the reproductive health of women subjected to violence.

Social Struggles and Treatment Seeking Behaviors of Infertile Women among Different Classes in the Urban Areas of Bangladesh

Background: Infertility is considered a taboo in the society of Bangladesh and is negated in reproductive health programs as well as in the research setting. Yet it is crucial and endemic for social and public health sectors. In Bangladesh, infertile women have to bear the drudgery of dishonor and shame because of their childlessness. The childless women have to shoulder most of the burden of ill-treatment for impotence regardless of who is at fault. Like other social stigmas, this also intersects across class, gender and setting barriers. Objective: The aim of the study is to understand the social struggles, stigmatization and treatment seeking behavior of infertile women of different classes in the urban context of Bangladesh. Methodology: A descriptive qualitative research methodology with in-depth interviews was used to collect data from 20 childless urban women aged between 18 to 45 years. They were urban residents for at least ten years and were aware of their infertile condition for at least one year. Results: The research results showed that childless women, irrespective of their class identities, always live with stigma, accusations and fear of abandonment in their personal lives. It also initiates an arena of violence. Many infertile women face physical and mental abuse due to their childlessness. The treatment seeking behaviors also vary based on financial conditions and the formality of the services among infertile women of different social classes. Conclusion: Infertility is a critical component of reproductive health. When a woman’s worth is measured by her reproductive functions, the childless woman faces humiliation and even abandonment. Attitude towards them is changed due to the societal norms and patriarchal social structures. This affects their treatment seeking behaviors as well. A proper understanding of the social condition of infertile women will facilitate the improved quality of women’s reproductive health care services. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2020; 12(2): 82-86

Comparison of reproductive health and its related factors in vulnerable and nonvulnerable women.

BACKGROUND:Women's health is supposed to be one of the indicators of development. Reproductive health is an important part of women's health. Vulnerable women are a group of women whose reproductive health needs to be given special attention. The purpose of this study was to compare the reproductive health of vulnerable and nonvulnerable women.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted on vulnerable women (n = 250) and nonvulnerable women (n = 250). The samples were selected from vulnerable women's centers and comprehensive health centers in Isfahan by quota and using simple random sampling method in 2017. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire completed by the researcher using interview method. Internal reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed to be 0.89 using Cronbach's alpha. A P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18 software and independent t-test, Mann–Whitney, Pearson, Spearman, and Chi-square tests.RESULTS:The results showed that the mean total score of reproductive health in the nonvulnerable group (81.41) was significantly higher than that of the vulnerable group (68.6). The mean total score and the score of reproductive health components, except some of them, were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). Having an addicted spouse and unsafe sex were the most prevalent features associated with high-risk behaviors.CONCLUSIONS:According to the results, reproductive health status of vulnerable women is inappropriate in all dimensions. Given the importance of this issue, the development and implementation of special health programs for this group seem to be necessary.

Factors Associated with Safe Motherhood Practices among Young Married Women

Safe motherhood is one of the key components of reproductive health and young women are notably concerned with the population of it in Nepal. This study attempts to analyze the factors associated with safe motherhood practices among young married women in five child marriage prevalence districts identified by UNFPA. The analysis uses data from research entitled “Situation Assessment of Child Marriage in Selected Five Intervention Districts of Nepal” conducted in 2017.It was confined to the women (N=239) who had at least one child. Bivariate analysis is used to identify the level of association between background characteristics and safe motherhood practices. The result showed nearly four in five (77.8%) women were married age at 15-19 years and more than three-fifth (61.1%) started to give birth. Regarding education, only 18 percent received the degree of SLC and above. Women who were engaged in marriage at below 15 have significantly fewer visits to the ANC in comparison to the women married at age 20-24 years. Women who have two or more children were significantly less likely to visit health institutions for delivery and PNC. The result indicates that adolescents face a high risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth due to biological immaturity and socio-economic factors.

Assessment of effect of family life education on the knowledge about reproductive health among adolescent girls in schools located in urban area

Adolescence is a transitional period between childhood and adulthood it is a prime time for health promotion. Among adolescents, girls constitute a more vulnerable group. Family life education has due importance in adolescent stage of life to make them aware about reproductive health issues.To assess change in knowledge about reproductive health among adolescent girls after family life education intervention.This is a descriptive longitudinal study was conducted over the period of 18 month conducted on 150 girls.Semi structured questionnaire was used as tool to assess knowledge score of pre and post-test. Family life education intervention was given. Pre and post intervention scores were analyzed.All responses were tabulated by using Microsoft-Excel 2010 Software. Change in knowledge about reproductive health after intervention was assessed by using Mc-Nemar test.Significant improvement in knowledge about all components of Reproductive health after intervention was seen. In pre intervention 37(25.30%) participants had good knowledge score and its number significantly increased to 143(95.3%) after intervention. : The results of this study suggest that Family life education can improve knowledge about various components of reproductive health in adolescent girls. Such educational programs must be given due importance. : Family life education improves knowledge about reproductive health.

Use and Acceptability of Birth Spacing Contraceptive Among Multiparae in Bangladesh

Background: Contraception is one of the critical components of reproductive health, enabling women to control their fertility according to their desires and circumstances. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and acceptability of contraceptives among sexually active multiparous women for birth spacing. &#x0D; Methods: This is a cross-sectional study among married women aged 15-40 years having at least one child from January to June 2013 in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ICMH (Institute of Child and Mother Health), Matuail, Dhaka.&#x0D; Findings: A total of 433 women participated in this study. A majority of the respondents were in the mid-thirty (73.9%) and housewives (94.7%). Almost half (49.0%) of the respondents had primary education. Surprisingly, close to half of the respondents married before 18 years (42.7%). Almost two-thirds (64.4%) of the respondents received oral contraceptive pills previously, followed by condoms (17.1%) and injectable contraception (14.5%). More than half (51.6%) of the participants were motivated by health workers to use a contraceptive method. In terms of reasons for using the family planning methods, convenience to use (38.1%), being safe (31.9%), and accessibility (23.1%) were the most common reasons. Whereas side effects (49.9%), shifting to other forms (43.9%), and wanting more children (6.2%) were the most common reason for changing family planning methods. The respondents mostly used the oral pill at any education level. However, injectable contraception was higher within higher education levels, and IUD was higher within the illiterate group.

Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Women's Reproductive Health Components: A Narrative Review

Background & aim: Reproductive health is one of the most essential steps in achieving sustainable development, which generally changes in crises. Restrictions such as home quarantine and social restrictions due to Covid-19 pandemic have reduced women's access to the services that is effective on their reproductive health. In this study, the effect of Covid-19 pandemic on women's reproductive health issues was reviewed.Methods: In this narrative review, searches were performed in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Cochran library, and Farsi database of Magiran in 2019-2020 using the keywords including Covid-19, reproductive health, sexual satisfaction, mental health, domestic violence, childbearing, pregnancy, fertility, partner violence, maternal health, and family planning.Results: Covid-19 pandemic has different effects on reproductive health issues. Studies have shown an increase in the frequency of sexual intercourse due to increased presence of the spouse at home, but also there was a decrease in the quality of sexual intercourse due to the stress caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Also regarding women's mental health, an increase was observed in domestic violence as well as stress, anxiety and depression in women of reproductive age.Conclusion: In the pandemic high-risk situation, it is necessary that health care teams to focus more on women's reproductive issues and screen them in terms of mental health, domestic violence, sexual relationships, use of contraceptive methods and intending for childbearing. Providing virtual group educations and use of national media, could enhance the awareness of women of reproductive age.