Balance Components Research Articles

Changes in water balance across climate zones of Vietnam over the past four decades

In a warming climate, it is important to understand the characteristics and changes in major components of the water balance. This information is crucial to countries spanning over multiple climate zones such as Vietnam, as such understanding will ensure new water policies are designed and implemented appropriately to support sustainable development. Long-term observations of the major components of the water cycle (i.e., precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff), however, are usually unavailable for many regions of the world, including Vietnam, making it challenging to obtain a holistic perspective on large-scale features of water resources. To address this challenge, this study selected seven catchments of Vietnam that have varying climate characteristics (each represents a climate zone of Vietnam) and developed a hydrological model for each of the assessed catchments. The models showed satisfactory performance (the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranges from 0.53 to 0.9 and a percentage bias ranging from -15.1 to 19.4) and were able to reproduce the heterogeneous pattern of hydro-climate conditions across Vietnam. Long-term changes (from 1980 to 2019) in simulated water balance components were then assessed to provide a new perspective on changes in the water cycle across Vietnam in the last four decades.

Hydrotechnical and ecological principles of water resources management for a mined-out mine field

The article considers the issue of predicting and managing water resources of flooded mines based on hydrotechnical and ecological criteria. Reproduction of a natural-technogenic situation within mine fields with many unknowns regarding the condition of a rock massif and influence factors became possible through a step-by-step construction and identification of a numerical geofiltration model. Balance components of formation for a technogenic underground water mode, capacity parameters and zonal water permeability of a rock massif are estimated as a result of methodical adaptation and creation of a hydrodynamic model of two adjacent mines with a complex hydrogeological structure. A duration and speed for groundwater level restoration at different time periods, an area of underflooding and flooding on the surface is established according to predictive calculations. The inefficiency of submersible pumps use is proven when capital workings lose their drainage functions and a massif has rheological dynamics. Variants for long-term pumping of mine waters with subsequent discharge into a hydrographic network do not bring the territory into a self-draining mode. Therefore, the mode of closing mines with full restoration of underground water level in a monitoring mode with a combination of drainage reconstruction of the surface is the most acceptable.

Assessment of the effects of climate change on water balance components in the upper Erer subbasin, Ethiopia

Eastern Ethiopia watersheds are located in transition zone from Arid to semi-humid climate and in expanding to westwards the west annual rainfall is highly declining. This paper explains future hydrological response impacts under changing climate using ensemble average of the CORDEX RCMs for historical (1979–2014) and future (2024–2070) periods. The result revels the monthly average temperature varies (0.04–6.25°C) for RCP-4.5, while it varies (0.03–6.59°oC) for RCP-8.5. The monthly average rainfall to be decline by 90.71 mm and rise by 211. 22 mm for RCP-4.5, while it is going to decline by 84.97 mm and rise by 235.62 mm for RCP-8.5. The adjusted SWAT model was used to detect the changes of projected hydrological response from reference period. Balance components of the baseline period was compared to future period. The result shows the change in decrease of annual mean surface flow (4.98 %–5.63 %), groundwater flow (5.63 %–6.68 %), evapotranspiration (2.45 %–2.57 %) and water yield (5.54 %–5.21 %) to be expected from RCP-4.5 to RCP-8.5. The findings of this paper provide valuable assistance to water resource planners by enhancing their comprehension of change in climate effects at local level.

A distributed-temperature-sensing-based soil temperature profiler

Abstract. Storage change in heat in the soil is one of the main components of the energy balance and is essential in studying the land–atmosphere heat exchange. However, its measurement proves to be difficult due to (vertical) soil heterogeneity and sensors easily disturbing the soil. Improvements in the precision and resolution of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) equipment has resulted in its widespread use in geoscientific studies. Multiple studies have shown the added value of spatially distributed measurements of soil temperature and soil heat flux. However, due to the spatial resolution of DTS measurements (∼30 cm), soil temperature measurements with DTS have generally been restricted to (horizontal) spatially distributed measurements. This paper presents a device which allows high-resolution measurements of (vertical) soil temperature profiles by making use of a 3D-printed screw-like structure. A 50 cm tall probe is created from segments manufactured with fused-filament 3D printing and has a helical groove to guide and protect a fiber-optic (FO) cable. This configuration increases the effective DTS measurement resolution and will inhibit preferential flow along the probe. The probe was tested in the field, where the results were in agreement with the reference sensors. The high vertical resolution of the DTS-measured soil temperature allowed determination of the thermal diffusivity of the soil at a resolution of 2.5 cm, many times better than what is feasible using discrete probes. A future improvement in the design could be the use of integrated reference temperature probes, which would remove the need for DTS calibration baths. This could, in turn, support making the probes “plug and play” into the shelf instruments without the need to splice cables or experience in DTS setup design. The design can also support the integration of an electrical conductor into the probe and allow heat tracer experiments to derive both the heat capacity and the thermal conductivity over depth at high resolution.

Investigating the projected changes in water balance components under climate change considering the effect of storage structures

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was the critical challenge of accurately predicting water balance components in the Upper Bhima River basin, which is also facing significant challenges due to climate change. A major challenge faced in water balance studies is inadequacy of existing hydrological models to account for the effects of storage structures. The study utilized the variable infiltration capacity–routing application for parallel computation of discharge hydrological model with a newly developed storage structure scheme to simulate water balance components for historical (1999–2010) and future (2019–2040) periods, with future climate forcing from 19 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 GCMs under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The performance of the model was evaluated against observed streamflow data and around 30% improvement is noticed for the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency score. The results signify the adverse impacts of climate change in the region, particularly a significant decrease in monsoon precipitation which may intensify drought scenarios and affect monsoon-driven agriculture. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the high sensitivity of baseflow in the Upper Bhima River to climate alterations, indicating potential threats to biodiversity and river ecosystem health. This research offers indispensable findings crucial for future strategies concerning hydropower, flood management, and water resource management in the region.

Geometric amplification and suppression of ice-shelf basal melt in West Antarctica

Abstract. Glaciers along the Amundsen Sea coastline in West Antarctica are dynamically adjusting to a change in ice-shelf mass balance that triggered their retreat and speed-up prior to the satellite era. In recent decades, the ice shelves have continued to thin, albeit at a decelerating rate, whilst ice discharge across the grounding lines has been observed to have increased by up to 100 % since the early 1990s. Here, the ongoing evolution of ice-shelf mass balance components is assessed in a high-resolution coupled ice–ocean model that includes the Pine Island, Thwaites, Crosson, and Dotson ice shelves. For a range of idealized ocean-forcing scenarios, the combined evolution of ice-shelf geometry and basal-melt rates is simulated over a 200-year period. For all ice-shelf cavities, a reconfiguration of the 3D ocean circulation in response to changes in cavity geometry is found to cause significant and sustained changes in basal-melt rate, ranging from a 75 % decrease up to a 75 % increase near the grounding lines, irrespective of the far-field forcing. These previously unexplored feedbacks between changes in ice-shelf geometry, ocean circulation, and basal melting have a demonstrable impact on the net ice-shelf mass balance, including grounding-line discharge, at multi-decadal timescales. They should be considered in future projections of Antarctic mass loss alongside changes in ice-shelf melt due to anthropogenic trends in the ocean temperature and salinity.

Quantifying the Atmospheric Water Balance Closure over Mainland China Using Ground-Based, Satellite, and Reanalysis Datasets

Quantifying the atmospheric water balance is critical for the study of hydrological processes in significant regions. This study quantified atmospheric water balance closure at 205 stations in mainland China on a monthly timescale from 2009 to 2018 using datasets from ground- and satellite-based observations and reanalysis data. The closure performances were firstly quantified using the mean and root mean square (RMS) of the residuals, and the possible influencing factors were explored, as well as the influence of different water balance components (WBCs) using different datasets. In the closure experiment using ERA5, the mean and residuals were 6.26 and 12.39 mm/month, respectively, on average, which indicated a closure uncertainty of 12.8%. Using ERA5 analysis as a reference, the closure experiment using different combinations revealed average mean residuals of 8.73, 11.50, and 15.89 mm/month, indicating a precipitation closure uncertainty of 22.0, 23.7, and 24.4% for the ground- and satellite-based observations and reanalysis data, respectively. Two possible influencing factors, station latitude and the climatic zone in which the station is located, were shown to be related to closure performance. Finally, the analysis of the impact from different WBCs showed that precipitation tended to have the most significant impact, which may have been due to larger observation uncertainties. Generally, the atmospheric water balance in mainland China can be closed using datasets from different observational techniques.

Progress and challenges in remotely sensed terrestrial carbon fluxes

ABSTRACT Accurate evaluation of terrestrial carbon balance is essential for designing climate change mitigation policies, and capabilities of remote sensing techniques in monitoring carbon fluxes are widely recognized for their great contributions to regional and global carbon budget accounting. In this review, we synthesized satellite-based data and methodologies to estimate the main flux components of terrestrial carbon balance and their uncertainties over the past two decades. The global gross primary production (GPP) during the period 2001–2022 is 134 ± 14 PgC yr−1, and nearly half of them occurs in tropical forest regions such as South America and Africa. Less than 2% of global GPP is converted into a net carbon sink of 2.28 ± 1.12 PgC yr−1 using satellite-based atmospheric inversion during 2015–2020, and this sink is comparable to the stock change-based estimate (2.49 PgC yr−1) but twice as large as model-based estimate (1.08 ± 0.78 PgC yr−1). By decomposing satellite-derived net carbon balance into different terms including satellite-derived carbon emissions from land-use change and wildfires (3.55 PgC yr−1), we inferred that ~ 43% of global GPP would be respired through soil microbes (57.1 PgC yr−1), but which is higher than the previous bottom-up estimate (39–46 PgC yr−1). We then propose that an accurate remote sensing of terrestrial carbon balance requires to enhance representations of photosynthetic responses to rising CO2 and disturbances, develop satellite-constrained belowground carbon dynamics and separate natural fluxes from anthropogenic CO2 emissions, by integrating multi-source satellite sensors in orbit, revolutionized remote sensing capabilities with focused field campaigns in data-scarce regions.

Field and simulation studies on yield, water and nitrogen dynamics and use efficiency in rice-wheat crops in sequence

ContextThe dominant rice-wheat cropping system in the Indo-Gangetic plain faces challenges of water depletion and nitrogen pollution of groundwater as well as declining productivity caused by over irrigation and nitrogen fertilization by the farmers. To appreciate the apt use of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer in rice and wheat crops it is essential to explore the water and nitrogen balances as well as dynamics in these crops, involving complex interaction between weather, soil, irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer management. ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to quantify yield, field water balance components, water use efficiency, water productivity, water footprint, and water and nitrogen dynamics of rice and wheat crops in relation to season, varieties, irrigation regimes and nitrogen levels. MethodsField experimentations were conducted in double split plot design along with calibrated and validated HYDRUS 1D model use for two years comprising of treatments in rice i.e. two varieties (PR122-V1 and PR126-V2), two irrigation regimes (2-days drainage period-I1 and soil water suction 16 kPa-I2) and two nitrogen levels (120-N1 and 90-N2 kg N ha−1); and in wheat, two varieties (Unnat PBW343-V1 and Unnat PBW550-V2), two irrigation (1.2 IW/CPE-I1 and 0.9 IW/CPE-I2) regimes and two nitrogen levels (120-N1 and 90-N2 kg N ha−1). ResultsThe highest grain yield recorded was 7.6 t ha−1 in treatment combination of V1I2N1 in rice and 5.4 t ha−1 in V1I1N1 in wheat owing to better plant growth and yield attributes (biomass production, number of effective tillers, panicle length, and 1000 grain weight). Total water footprints were lower in the treatment combination of V1I1N1 in rice and V1I2N1 in wheat. The water budget revealed a higher percent contribution of the total water input to drainage (62 %) in rice ensuing restoration of water in the soil profile; and to evapotranspiration (ET) (100 %) in wheat ensuing water depletion. Modeling water and nitrogen dynamics showed higher root water uptake in I2 treatment in rice and with I1 treatment in wheat; and leaching losses of NO3-N under rice than wheat; and under I2 treatment than I1 as well as in N1 than N2. ConclusionsThe V1I2N1 treatment in rice and V1I1N1 treatment in wheat demonstrated superior grain yield, soil water storage, and root water uptake. Conversely, V1I1N1 treatment in rice and V1I2N1 treatment in wheat showed higher water use efficiency and lower water footprint. SignificanceIt helps to evaluate the effectiveness of irrigation and nitrogen management strategies in maximizing crop productivity while minimizing environmental impacts.

Actual and reference evapotranspiration for a natural, temperate zone fen wetland – Upper Biebrza case study

Evapotranspiration is the key and predominant component of the water balance in wetlands. Direct evapotranspiration measurements are challenging in wetlands due to their remoteness and high surface water level. This article describes the actual (ETa and reference evapotranspiration (ET0) from a cultivated wet meadow located in the Biebrza National Park – the largest national park in north-east Poland, Central Europe. The data were sourced from a micrometeorological station equipped with an eddy covariance system to measure heat and vapour fluxes and such meteorological elements as radiation balance components, air temperature and humidity. The values of directly measured ETa were presented daily in the context of available energy and ET0. Daily sums of ETa ranged from below 0.2 mm in winter to 6.5 mm in summer. The share of daily sums of ETa in the ET0 usually ranged from 50 to 60%, with extreme values from 10 to 170%. Aside from giving more insight into Biebrza wetlands’ functioning, the actual data produced in this study may be used instead of indirect methods, which were used the most in modelling wetlands areas.

Mechanistically derived macroscopic root water uptake functions: The α and ω of root water uptake functions

AbstractWater uptake by plant roots is an important component of the soil water balance. Predicting to what extent potential transpiration from the canopy, that is, transpiration demand, can be met by supply of water from the soil through the root system is crucial to simulate the actual transpiration and assess vegetation water stress. In models that simulate the dynamics of vertical soil water content profiles as a function of water fluxes and soil water potential gradients, the root water uptake (RWU) distribution is represented by macroscopic sink terms. We present RWU functions that calculate sink terms based on a mechanistic model of water flow in the soil–root system. Based on soil–root hydraulics, we define α‐supply functions representing the maximal uptake by the root system from a certain soil depth when the root collar water potential equals the wilting point, ω‐supply factors representing the maximal supply from the entire root system, and a critical ωc factor representing the potential transpiration demand. These functions and factors are subsequently used to calculate RWU distributions directly from potential transpiration or demand and the soil water potentials. Unlike currently used approaches, which define α‐stress functions and ω factors representing ratios of actual uptake to uptake demand, the supply‐based formulations can be derived directly from soil and root hydraulic properties and can represent processes like root hydraulic redistribution and hydraulic lift.

Surface-atmosphere energy exchanges and their effects on surface climate and atmospheric boundary layer characteristics in the forest-tundra ecotone in northwestern Canada

The circumpolar forest-tundra ecotone is experiencing rapid changes in vegetation composition and structure. Collectively, these changes modify surface-atmosphere energy exchanges and thus characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Here, we characterize differences in bulk surface properties and resulting energy balance components using multi-year eddy covariance and supporting measurements made at a mineral upland tundra and a nearby subarctic woodland site between 2013 and 2022. The two sites are characteristic of the forest-tundra ecotone of northwestern Canada. A mixed-layer slab model, in combination with radiosonde observations, was used to gain more insights into differences in ABL characteristics. Compared to the tundra, the tree cover of the woodland led to an enhanced ability to transfer heat into the atmosphere, a higher resistance to evapotranspiration and a stronger coupling between surface and atmosphere. Sensible heat flux (H) was generally higher at the woodland than at the tundra. The largest difference in daily mean H was observed in late winter and spring when the albedo of the snow-covered landscape at the woodland was reduced by 45% compared to the tundra. Both sites experienced similar latent heat flux throughout the year. At the woodland, modelled afternoon air temperature in the mixed layer was up to 9 °C higher in spring and up to 3 °C higher in summer compared to the tundra. In accordance with model results, radiosonde observations indicated a deeper ABL and higher air temperature at the woodland. The presence of trees in the southern part of the forest-tundra ecotone increases air temperature throughout the year and has a drying effect in spring. Consequently, vegetation shifts in the forest-tundra ecotone can be expected to modify local surface climate change patterns, which must be considered when assessing climate change impacts in the region.

Factors Affecting Balance Performance in Adolescents.

(1) Background: The influence of different factors on balance in adolescence is assessed by conducting functional balance tests that examine its different components. (2) Materials and methods: The study sample comprised 110 healthy adolescents of both sexes, aged 12-18 years. Single Leg Stance with Eyes Open (SLS-EO) and Eyes Closed (SLS-EC) tests were conducted to evaluate static balance, whereas the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Lateral Reach Test (LRT) were performed to establish functional stability limits. The influence of sex, age, demographic factors, anthropometric characteristics, participation in sports activities, and trunk extensor muscle endurance (Biering-Sorensen test) on balance performance was determined through correlational and univariate linear regression analyses. (3) Results: Older age (Beta [β] = 0.247; 95% CI [0.75, 5.20]; p < 0.01) and better trunk extensor muscle endurance (β = 0.224; 95% CI [0.015, 0.13]; p < 0.05) were significant predictors of the SLS-EO results, while younger age (β = -0.219; 95% CI [-1.32, -0.11]; p < 0.05) and higher muscle percentage (β = 0.237; 95% CI [0.06, 0.48]; p < 0.05) emerged as significant predictors of LRT performance, and greater bone mass was a significant predictor of FRT results (β = 0.444; 95% CI [3.62, 8.17]; p < 0.01). However, none of the independent variables was a statistically significant predictor of the SLS-EC results. (4) Conclusions: The current study found that age, trunk extensor muscle endurance, muscle percentage, and bone mass are significant predictors of different balance components, suggesting that balance is task-specific.

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENT EXERCISE PROGRAMS IN THE PREVENTION OF FALLS IN PEOPLE OF THE THIRD AGE

Introduction: Various exercise programs have a positive effect on reducing the risk of falls in elderly people. Consequences of falls include fractures and injuries, reduced quality of life, fear of falling, loss of selfconfidence, and self-limited activity leading to reduced physical function and social interactions. Activity limitation impairs physical capacity and increases the risk of further falls. Falls are the primary cause of injury of the elderly, which can result in serious consequences such as fractures, head injuries, and even death, placing a significant burden on the public health system. Annually, between 28 and 35% of individuals aged 65 and over experience a fall worldwide, with rates reaching 32% - 42% among those aged 70 and over. Therefore, preventing falls has become a key global goal for the older adult population. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of different exercise programs in preventing falls in people of the third age. Methods: The search included an overview of the relevant databases: Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate. The systematic literature review included 12 different types of research. Results: Through a scientific review of the literature, the results of the significance and effectiveness of various programs of Otago exercises, Tai Chi, and Frenkle exercises in the prevention of falls in people of the third age are presented. The greatest effect is realized in the improvement of static and dynamic balance and the fear of falling. Conclusion: These studies show that different exercise programs have a huge and significant impact on reducing the risk of falls in older people. It is a long-term and continuous method of reducing the risk of falls in the elderly through exercise. Physical exercise is effective in improving components of balance, lower extremity strength, mobility, and reducing falls and fall-related injuries.

Dual glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor agonism reduces energy intake in type 2 diabetes with obesity.

To establish which components of energy balance mediate the clinically significant weight loss demonstrated with use of cotadutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/glucagon receptor dual agonist, in early-phase studies. We conducted a phase 2a, single-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Following a 16-day single-blind placebo run-in, participants were randomized 2:1 to double-blind 42-day subcutaneous treatment with cotadutide (100-300 μg daily) or placebo. The primary outcome was percentage weight change. Secondary outcomes included change in energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). A total of 12 participants (63%) in the cotadutide group and seven (78%) in the placebo group completed the study. The mean (90% confidence interval [CI]) weight change was -4.0% (-4.9%, -3.1%) and -1.4% (-2.7%, -0.1%) for the cotadutide and placebo groups, respectively (p = 0.011). EI was lower with cotadutide versus placebo (-41.3% [-66.7, -15.9]; p = 0.011). Difference in EE (per kJ/kg lean body mass) for cotadutide versus placebo was 1.0% (90% CI -8.4, 10.4; p = 0.784), assessed by doubly labelled water, and -6.5% (90% CI -9.3, -3.7; p < 0.001), assessed by indirect calorimetry. Weight loss with cotadutide is primarily driven by reduced EI, with relatively small compensatory changes in EE.

Особенности оценки углеродного следа в сельском хозяйстве: сравнительный анализ методических подходов

The study of the components of the carbon balance and the possibilities of its regulation for different types of land use is an urgent scientific task within the framework of the global problem of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the development of the concept of carbon neutrality. In this article, an assessment of the carbon footprint of the farm was carried out based on an analysis of the capabilities of carbon calculators Cool Farm Tool, AgRe-Calc, Farm Carbon and Ex-Act V9.4, as well as the Methodology for quantitative determination of greenhouse gas absorption volumes, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation No. 371 dated 05/27/2022. Calculations were carried out using the example of the farm located in the Burlinsky region of the Altai region. The results of the study showed that the largest carbon footprint of the considered farm is formed by the cultivation of flax, somewhat smaller by sun-flower and wheat crops, and the lowest by fodder crops. Differences in estimates based on different methods are recorded not only in the resulting total carbon footprints, but also in the structure of the carbon footprint for each crop. In general, in Russia and abroad there are different approaches to determining the carbon footprint. The approach used in carbon calculators assumes that all carbon generated in one way or another during economic activity forms a carbon footprint, while the 2022 methodology of the Ministry of Natural Resources also takes agriculture into account as an important sink and carbon reservoir.

Pengurangan Impor Sodium Klorat di Indonesia melalui Desain ClO2 Semi-Integrated pada Modifikasi ClO2 R8 Plant 10 Ton/Hari

Pulp production always has a bleaching process that uses chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a bleaching pulp agent. One of the ClO2 production units that are used in the Pulp Industry in Indonesia is a ClO2 R8 non-integrated plant with the process of reacting sodium chlorate, sulfuric acid, and methanol. This ClO2 production type has a weakness, especially in supplying the raw material sodium chlorate, which is needed to import, and the characteristics are easy to explode, making production costs high. This research aims to modify the ClO2 R8 non-integrated by changing to a ClO2 semi-integrated plant. In this research, HYSYS was used to simulation to get mass and energy balance and other component data, and the design of equipment based on the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Kern, internal data company, and others to get the specification equipment and also drawn using Autocad. The last step is to account for the economic for getting cost of production before and after modification, fixed capital cost, benefit, payback period, and return on investment. The resulting area, the first, modification of the ClO2 R8 plant by changing to ClO2 semi-integrated could produce chlorate solution 510 g/l which they use electrolyzers system from Chemetics with 20 cell M25 and hypo system. Second, the cost production for the ClO2 semi-integrated plant is 1393 USD/T, the benefit is 599.79 USD/year, the Payback period (PBP) is 6,65 years with an investment of about 3988 KUSD and RoI 15%.

Evaluation of Soil Hydraulic Properties in Northern and Central Tunisian Soils for Improvement of Hydrological Modelling

The hydrological cycle is strongly affected by climate changes causing extreme weather events with long drought periods and heavy rainfall events. To predict the hydrological functioning of Tunisian catchments, modelling is an essential tool to estimate the consequences on water resources and to test the sustainability of the different land uses. Soil physical properties describing water flow are essential to feed the models and must therefore be determined all over the watershed. A simple but robust ring infiltration method combined with particle size distribution (PSD) analysis (BEST method) was used to evaluate and derive the retention properties and the hydraulic conductivities. Physically based and statistical pedotransfer functions based on PSD were compared to test their potential use for different types of Tunisian soils. The functional sensitivity of these parameters was assessed by employing the Hydrus-1D software (PC Progress, Prague, Czech Republic) for water balance computations. This evaluation process involved testing the responsiveness and accuracy of the parameters in simulating various water balance components within the model. The evaluation of soil hydraulic parameters across the three used models highlighted significant variations, demonstrating distinct characteristics in each model. While notable differences were evident overall, intriguing similarities emerged, particularly regarding saturated hydraulic conductivity between BEST and Rosetta, and the shape parameter (n) between Arya–Paris and Rosetta. These parallels indicate shared hydraulic properties among the models, underscoring areas of agreement amid their diverse results. Significant differences were shown for scale parameter α for the various methods employed. Marginal differences in evaporation and drainage were observed between the BEST and Arya–Paris methods, with Rosetta distinctly highlighting a disparity between physically based models and statistical models.

Multi-datasets to monitor and assess meteorological and hydrological droughts in a typical basin of the Brazilian semiarid region.

This study analyzed the meteorological and hydrological droughts in a typical basin of the Brazilian semiarid region from 1994 to 2016. In recent decades, this region has faced prolonged and severe droughts, leading to marked reductions in agricultural productivity and significant challenges to food security and water availability. The datasets employed included a digital elevation model, land use and cover data, soil characteristics, climatic data (temperature, wind speed, solar radiation, humidity, and precipitation), runoff data, images from the MODIS/TERRA and AQUA sensors (MOD09A1 and MODY09A1 products), and soil water content. A variety of methods and products were used to study these droughts: the meteorological drought was analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) derived from observed precipitation data, while the hydrological drought was assessed using the Standardized Soil Index (SSI), the Nonparametric Multivariate Standardized Drought Index (NMSDI), and the Parametric Multivariate Standardized Drought Index (PMSDI). These indices were determined using water balance components, including streamflow and soil water content, from the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, and evapotranspiration data from the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL). The findings indicate that the methodology effectively identified variations in water dynamics and drought periods in a headwater basin within Brazil's semiarid region, suggesting potential applicability in other semiarid areas. This study provides essential insights for water resource management and resilience building in the face of adverse climatic events, offering a valuable guide for decision-making processes.

An analysis of the impacts of land use change on the components of the water balance in the Central Rift Valley sub-basins in Ethiopia

Water resources are influenced by changes in land use and land cover (LULC), such as industrialization, urbanization, forestry, and agriculture. This study has aimed to analyze past and predicted LULC dynamics and their impacts on the components of the water balance in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) sub-basins in Ethiopia. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Land Change Modeler (LCM) were employed to evaluate the impacts of past and future LULC dynamics in the Ketar, Meki and Shalla sub-basins. The SWAT models were calibrated with flow data from 1990 to 2001 and were validated with flows from 2004 to 2010, using SWAT-CUP in the SUFI-2 algorithm. LCM with Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network method for land transition scenario analysis and a Markov Chain method for predictions, as well as SWAT models with fixing-changing methods for simulations, were used to evaluate the condition of hydrological processes under the influence of changes in LULC. The analyses resulted in an annual runoff variation from − 20.2 to 32.3%, water yield from − 10.9 to 13.3%, and evapotranspiration from − 4.4 to 14.4% in the sub-basins, due to changes in LULC. Integrated land use planning is recommended for the management of water resources.