Production Cost Of Components Research Articles

Correlations on Average Tensile Strength of 3D‐Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, Polylactic Acid, and Polylactic Acid + Carbon Fiber Specimens

In view of reducing development and production costs of components in the fields such as automobile, aviation, sports, and biomedical, additive manufacturing (AM) holds immense utility. Herein, three samples of 3D‐printed material specimens namely acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and polylactic acid + carbon fiber (PLA + CF) are fabricated at 0°, 45°, and 90° orientations using fused deposition modeling (FDM) and subsequently their mechanical properties are evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images are presented to observe the failure behavior. The uncertainty analysis performed on measured and obtained parameters reveals the maximum error of ±0.312% and ±0.3218%, respectively. From the obtained experimental results, correlations on average tensile strength in terms of elastic modulus, percent strain, standard deviation, and printing orientations are presented for each of the materials. ABS and PLA + CF specimens show the agreement of co‐relational with experimental data which lies within ±10% whereas ±3% for PLA specimens. Although on reinforcing with CF, the strength of PLA + CF samples increases considerably at all orientations as compared to PLA and ABS, virgin PLA reported greater elastic modulus as compared with PLA + CF, therefore virgin PLA finds better utilization wherever stiffness is the key requirement in design.

Hybrid Rescheduling Optimization Model under Disruptions in Precast Production Considering Real-World Environment

Increased emphasis is currently placed on precast production scheduling due to the upward-trending applications of precast technology. However, existing studies primarily focused on static scheduling, and few of them addressed dynamic rescheduling problems subject to disruptions from individual products without considering constraints in the practical environment. In this paper, a hybrid rescheduling optimization model for precast production is proposed to minimize rescheduling costs and ensure on-time delivery under disruptions of machine breakdown. The rescheduling was first optimized based on the genetic algorithm considering the idle time of multiple production lines, time intervals, and operation characteristics in precast production. Subsequently, the feasibility of potential reschedules was further verified via simulating production uncertainties in a real-world environment to achieve a trade-off between a high service level and profit maximization. Finally, a case study with different realistic scenarios was conducted to prove the superiority of the model in comparison with other methods. This methodology will increase the applicability of rescheduling methods in practice and reduce production costs of components in precast construction.

A good match or a quarrel? Value co-creation between complementary manufacturers

ABSTRACT With the increasing complexity of markets, rather than creating offerings in isolation, more and more firms are pursuing value co-creation as part of ecosystem construction. This requires firms to pay greater attention to the integration of complementary resources. Motivated by practice, we develop three game theory models to explore whether focal firms should cooperate with its complementors. We compare models involving non-cooperation, a vertical cooperation strategy, and a horizontal cooperation strategy, finding that complementary manufacturers may prefer vertical cooperation than non-cooperation when the unit production cost of components is not too high. Furthermore, when the level of complementarity and unit production cost of components is pronounced, horizontal cooperation is the most effective mechanism for complementary manufacturers to realise value co-creation, and is always beneficial to traditional suppliers.

Experimental study on mechanical properties of hybrid metal matrix composites using stir casting process

A widespread consent of particulate MMC for manufacturing process was because of the high production cost of components for conventional materials. The current study is targeted to explore the mechanical properties, corrosive behaviour and tribological property of LM13 reinforced with Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) and Boron Carbide (B4C) with a varying weight percentage of reinforcement particles. The otcome discloses that the strength of hybrid MMC has increased up to 21.3% by increasing the percentage of Alumina by addition of boron carbide (B4C) the hardness increases by 15.65% and the wear rate decreases by 28.63% the stir casting process parameters were varied and the optimal stir casting process parameters was obtained by Taguchi quality design concept.

Study on Factors Influencing Production Cost of Prefabricated Components Based on AHP

Because of the high cost, the development of prefabricated buildings in China is slow. As a significant part of the total cost of prefabricated buildings, the cost of prefabricated components has a great impact on the total cost. In this paper, the influencing factors of component production cost are analyzed in detail from five aspects of labor cost, material cost, machinery cost, external environment condition and internal production management arrangement, and the index system of influencing factors of production cost is constructed. Using the analytic hierarchy process model, the influencing factors are determined as: material cost > labor cost > machinery cost > internal production and management arrangement > external environment condition, and then it is put forward Corresponding cost control measures for component production.

Research on Mathematical Model of Cost Budget in the Early Stage of Assembly Construction Project Based on Improved Neural Network Algorithm

In view of the poor performance of the original mathematical model of assembly construction project precost budget, a mathematical model of assembly construction project precost budget based on improved neural network algorithm is proposed. This paper investigates the cost content of assembly construction project and analyzes its early cost. It finds that the early cost of assembly construction project includes component production cost, transportation component cost, and installation component cost. Based on the improved neural network algorithm to build an improved neural network model, the improved neural network model to mine the cost data in the early stage of assembly construction project is used. In this paper, the earned value variable is introduced to transform the project duration and project cost in the early stage of the prefabricated construction project into quantifiable cost data, and the earned value analysis method is used to estimate the implementation cost of the prefabricated construction project. According to the result of cost estimation, the mathematical model of precost budget of prefabricated construction project is built based on the project parameters. In order to prove that the cost budget performance of the mathematical model based on the improved neural network algorithm in the early stage of assembly construction project is better, the original mathematical model is compared with the mathematical model, the experimental results show that the cost budget performance of the model is better than the original model, and the cost budget performance is improved.

Component ordering strategies in assembly systems with uncertain capacity and random yield

Sourcing components in a complex global supplier network may lead to a high degree of supply uncertainty. Events, such as unexpected production defects or insufficient supplier capacity, can cause unexpected shortages of required components and halt the assembly of final products. Accordingly, the assembly enterprises must effectively manage various supply uncertainties in their component ordering decisions to avoid such component shortfalls. These issues have guided this research to investigate the optimal ordering strategies of an assembler facing the following two types of supply uncertainty: the uncertain production capacity of a standard component (component 1) and the random production yield of a core component (component 2). The assembler makes the component ordering decisions before these supply uncertainties are realized. We characterize the optimal ordering decision and find that the assembler should order components 1 and 2 according to a fixed ratio, which only depends on the random yield of component 2 and the production cost of component 1, but not on the uncertain capacity of component 1. A case study is presented to further explore the intertwined effects of these two uncertainties in an assembly system. Finally, the model is extended to consider a secondary option of buying additional component 1 s after observing some or all of the supply uncertainties, and this secondary option endows the firm with different capabilities in counteracting the supply uncertainties.

A framework for analytical cost estimation of mechanical components based on manufacturing knowledge representation

This paper presents a novel framework for manufacturing and cost-related knowledge formalization. This artefact allows industries to capitalize the knowledge of experienced practitioners in the field of manufacturing and assembly, so that it can be used by designers for quickly and analytically estimating the production costs of components during product development. The framework consists of the following: (i) a cost breakdown structure used for splitting out the manufacturing cost, (ii) a data model (cost routing) to collect the knowledge required to define a manufacturing process, (iii) a data model (cost model) for collecting the knowledge required to compute the manufacturing cost of each operation within a manufacturing process, and (iv) a workflow to define the manufacturing process. The proposed framework provides several advantages: (i) knowledge formalization of product manufacturing cost, (ii) knowledge sharing among design/engineering departments, and (iii) knowledge capitalization for decision-making process. The proposed framework is used to formalize the knowledge required for analytically estimating the manufacturing cost of open-die forged components. Results highlight that the framework addresses the most important requirements for a knowledge-based cost estimation system.

Investing in suppliers with capacity constraints in a decentralized assembly system

This study investigates a decentralized assembly system, in which a single downstream assembler buys complementary components from multiple upstream suppliers, and then assembles them into a final product to satisfy an uncertain market demand. Suppliers have capacity constraints, and the assembler considers to invest in suppliers to increase their capacities. The investment problem of the assembler is a complex multi-dimensional optimization problem. We first characterize the optimal pricing and production decisions of all supply chain members assuming that the investment strategy is given. We then derive optimal investment strategy for the assembler. We show that the assembler's optimal total investment increases in the retail price, and decreases in both the component production cost and the assembly cost, but is nonmonotonically related to the component capacity expansion cost. We also show that the performance of the entire supply chain highly depends on the allocation of the total component cost between the capacity expansion and production activities.

Productivity Betterment

This article describes how instant research explicates the features, analogy, and principles, of manufacturing productivity management in contemporary industrial arenas. It is exceedingly necessary to increase manufacturing production to improve productivity of the company. Current research provides a substitute way-out to optimize the material and workforce resources available in the plant. The authors proposed the implementation of clustering concept with improved tooling for manufacturing. The intended approach stimulated productivity growth by using improved production facilities, which resulted in reduced monthly rejections arising out of manufacturing's critical component. Component production cost was reduced through the use of curbing cycle time. The implementation study magnificently contributed towards productivity enhancement by producing more with less resource input. The experimentation recorded an increase of over16% in monthly production by dint of curtailed cycle time. An average gain of 5.27% in total productivity was achieved.

Risk Preference of Farmer Beef Cattle Smallholder in West Java

Beef cattle farm is an economic activity that its correlation relatively high with ecology condition, ever more its activity be dominated by smallholder with farm scale of 1—3 head beef cattle, so the capital of feeder cattle are component production costs relatively large. By doing so, lose one head of cattle means losing some of the capital that had been invested in its farm. This condition has implications for the behavior of farmers in managing its farm. The farmers in the decision-making act reluctant to risk so there is a bit of a program or package of new technologies to improve the performance of farm rejected. Therefore, this study analyzed the preferences of farmers against risks, and find out the socio-economic conditions that be the deciding factor on farmer preference for risk.The method used was a survey with multistage random sampling. The numbers of samples in this study were 150 people from three different areas, namely: District of Bandung, Subang, and Pangandaran (South Ciamis). Data analysis model used in relation to this research problem was the model’s utility function and Component Factor Analysis (CFA). The results showed that the overall breeders had a reluctant attitude to risk (risk averter). This is indicated by the value of x3, namely -63,692.693 < 0; and socio-economic factors that determine the preference of farmers against risk are age, education, and experience for farm management; while the business scale factor, number of dependents, and ownership determine the size of the gross margin.

A welfare evaluation of tying strategies

We compare monopoly profit, consumer surplus, and total welfare associated with three commonly used tying strategies: no tying, pure tying, and mixed tying. Whereas the previous literature focused mainly on profit comparisons, this paper evaluates the relationship between component production costs and total welfare. We identify several market failures where the seller does not adopt the welfare-maximizing tying strategy. Finally, we explore how consumer exclusion rates (uncaptured market) are affected by tying strategy and some implications for unbundling regulation.

Tying Strategies and Production Cost

We compare monopoly profit, consumer surplus, and total welfare associated with three commonly-used tying strategies: no tying, pure tying, and mixed tying. Whereas previous literature focused mainly on profit comparisons, this paper evaluates the relationship between component production costs and total welfare. We identify several market failures where the seller does not adopt the welfare-maximizing tying strategy. Finally, we explore how consumer exclusion rates (uncaptured market) are affected by tying strategy and some implications for unbudling regulation.

Estimation of aircraft component production cost using knowledge based engineering techniques

A comprehensive method is presented to estimate aircraft component production costs using Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE) techniques. A suite of parametrical cost estimation blocks are treated as Cost Primitives (CPs), which contain attributes such as cost types, cost driving parameters, and cost estimation relationships. A CP is associated with a parameterized geometry and a set of specific design parameters including part/assembly types, materials and production methods. Production cost is estimated by aggregating the cost of different CPs within a tree structure integrating both product breakdown and cost breakdown structures. The cost analysis tool is integrated into a KBE application by building Capability Modules (CMs), which provide manufacturable geometric representations for cost estimation and can be used to summarize output reports for further optimization. Case studies concerning stiffened panels are carried out, verifying the accuracy of the cost estimation method and illustrating the applicability of this method together with the integrated KBE application for various aircraft components. The main contribution of this research is automating the cost integration in the design process to improve the fidelity, repeatability and traceability of cost analysis.

Management Insights

Management Insights

Collaborative Cost Reduction and Component Procurement under Information Asymmetry

During development of an innovative product there is often considerable uncertainty about component production cost, and it is of interest for both the manufacturer and the supplier to engage in a collaborative effort to reduce this uncertainty and lower the expected cost. Despite the obvious benefits this brings, the supplier may be reluctant to collaborate as he fears revealing his proprietary cost information. We investigate how information asymmetry and procurement contracting strategies interact to influence the supply chain parties' incentives to collaborate. We consider a number of procurement contracting strategies, and identify a simple strategy, Expected Margin Commitment (EMC), that effectively promotes collaboration. The manufacturer prefers EMC if collaboration leads to a large reduction in unit cost and/or demand variability is low. Otherwise, a screening contract based on price and quantity is preferred. We also find that, paradoxically, ex-post efforts to enhance supply chain efficiency may hinder ex-ante collaboration that precedes production.

Collaborative Cost Reduction and Component Procurement Under Information Asymmetry

During development of an innovative product there is often considerable uncertainty about component production cost, and it is of interest for both the manufacturer and the supplier to engage in a collaborative effort to reduce this uncertainty and lower the expected cost. Despite the obvious benefits this brings, the supplier may be reluctant to collaborate as he fears revealing his proprietary cost information. We investigate how information asymmetry and procurement contracting strategies interact to influence the supply chain parties' incentives to collaborate. We consider a number of procurement contracting strategies, and identify a simple strategy, expected margin commitment (EMC), that effectively promotes collaboration. The manufacturer prefers EMC if collaboration leads to a large reduction in unit cost and/or demand variability is low. Otherwise, a screening contract based on price and quantity is preferred. We also find that, paradoxically, ex post efforts to enhance supply chain efficiency may hinder ex ante collaboration that precedes production.This paper was accepted by Yossi Aviv, operations management.

Mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by shaped metal deposition

Shaped metal deposition is a novel technique to build near net-shape components layer by layer by tungsten inert gas welding. Especially for complex shapes and small quantities, this technique can significantly lower the production cost of components by reducing the buy-to-fly ratio and lead time for production, diminishing final machining and preventing scrap. Tensile testing of Ti-6Al-4V components fabricated by shaped metal deposition shows that the mechanical properties are competitive to material fabricated by conventional techniques. The ultimate tensile strength is between 936 and 1014 MPa, depending on the orientation and location. Tensile testing vertical to the deposition layers reveals ductility between 14 and 21%, whereas testing parallel to the layers gives a ductility between 6 and 11%. Ultimate tensile strength and ductility are inversely related. Heat treatment within the α+β phase field does not change the mechanical properties, but heat treatment within the β phase field increases the ultimate tensile strength and decreases the ductility. The differences in ultimate tensile strength and ductility can be related to the α lath size and orientation of the elongated, prior β grains. The micro-hardness and Young’s modulus are similar to conventional Ti-6Al-4V with low oxygen content.

Component Procurement Strategies in Decentralized Assemble-to-Order Systems with Time-Dependent Pricing

We consider a contract manufacturer who procures multiple components from independent suppliers to produce an assemble-to-order customized product for a client. The unit price of the product depends on the manufacturer's delivery lead time. We explore how the manufacturer can use a vendor-managed consignment inventory (VMCI) scheme to manage the underlying risk and coordinate independent suppliers' decisions on the production quantities of their components under demand uncertainty. We formulate the problem as a Stackelberg game played by the manufacturer against her component suppliers to determine her pricing policy for suppliers' consignment inventories. We further develop an efficient algorithm for finding the manufacturer's optimal pricing scheme. Our results provide useful insights for managing components in these types of assemble-to-order environments and for understanding how component production cost and procurement lead times affect individual firms' performance in decentralized assembly channels.