Electrocatalytic reactions serve as a core enabling technology in energy storage and conversion, where the rational design of electrocatalysts plays a pivotal role in drastically lowering reaction barriers, accelerating reaction rates, and minimizing energy consumption. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered widespread attention in the field of electrocatalysis due to their highly tailorable structures and engineered porosity. However, during electrocatalytic processes, many MOFs often undergo irreversible structural transformations due to their weak structural stability and participation in redox reactions, which directly affect their catalytic performance and long-term stability. Therefore, a deep understanding of the complicated structure evolution mechanisms of MOFs under electrocatalytic conditions is essential for designing promising catalysts, establishing structure-activity relationships, and promoting their large-scale application. This review systematically summarizes the structural design strategies of MOF electrocatalysts, focusing on their structural transformation mechanisms in various electrocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, the intrinsic correlation between the structural evolution of MOFs and catalytic performance is critically discussed. Finally, the opportunities and challenges in electrochemical reconstruction research of MOFs are outlined and accompanied with the underlying prospects in the field.

Tigecycline is not usually recommended for patients under 18 years due to limited safety data and adverse events, and dosing guidelines for children under 8 remain undefined. However, it remains a critical treatment option for life-threatening multidrug-resistant infections in critically ill children. This study aimed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) of tigecycline in children, identify key covariates affecting PK variability and propose optimized dosing regimens tailored to specific infection types. This study enrolled 20 children receiving intravenous tigecycline. One- and two-compartment models were explored. Monte Carlo simulations with age-stratified tigecycline dosing regimens were performed to evaluate the probability of target attainment (PTA) for various dosing regimens. A two-compartment model incorporating allometric scaling and a sigmoidal maturation function best described tigecycline PK. PTA analyses indicated that the standard dose was sufficient for children with infections caused by susceptible Streptococcus groups (breakpoint 0.125 mg/L) across community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAI) and complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). For susceptible Enterobacterales, Staphylococcus spp. or Enterococcus spp. (breakpoint 0.5 mg/L), the standard dose reached PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) targets for CAP, while cIAI required twice the standard dose. cSSSI necessitated higher dosing (150 mg) in adolescents; however, potential toxicity concerns necessitate extreme caution with such escalation. Infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae with intermediate resistance (breakpoint 4 mg/L) failed to achieve PK/PD targets even with increased doses exceeding 4.8 mg/kg. Overall, these results suggest that current dosing recommendations may be insufficient for less susceptible pathogens.

Omadacycline is indicated for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. With limited real-world data, we report the clinical experience and outcomes of intravenous (IV) omadacycline in outpatient settings for treatment of any infection. We conducted a multicenter, retrospective review of adults who received IV omadacycline for any infection between April 2019 and November 2022. Clinical data included infection type, microbiology, therapy characteristics, and adverse events. Clinical success was defined as complete or partial symptom resolution at the completion of IV omadacycline. Recurrence data at 12months were assessed for patients with bone and joint infections (BJI). The study included 67 patients (median age, 59years; 56.7% male; median Charlson index, 4) from 17 infectious disease office infusion centers. Most had BJI (53.7%), followed by complicated skin and skin structure infections (29.8%), complicated intra-abdominal infections (7.5%), respiratory tract infections (7.5%), and urinary tract infections (1.5%). The most common Gram-positive pathogen was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (14.2%), and the most common Gram-negative pathogen was Enterobacter spp. (7.5%). Nontuberculous mycobacteria were identified in nine patients. Clinical success occurred in 86.9% of evaluable patients. Non-success was due to persistent infection (6.7%), adverse events (3.3%), and resistant pathogens (1.7%). Patients with BJI had sustained clinical success at 12months in 72.4%. Omadacycline was shown to be safe and effective when used as IV therapy in the outpatient setting to treat a variety of serious infections, including bone and joint infections, and mycobacterial infections.

Abstract Knitted fabrics present unique challenges for realistic rendering due to their complicated structure and scale‐dependent appearance. Existing methods typically rely on explicit yarn geometry, which is computationally complex, or texture‐based representations that require heavy storage and precomputed maps. In this paper, we introduce the first texture‐free, surface‐based appearance model for knitted fabrics, in which stitches are represented parametrically as thick curves and mapped directly onto fabric meshes. This avoids explicit yarn or fiber geometry, yet preserves the characteristic 3D look of yarn‐based models. Unlike prior surface‐based approaches, our method produces realistic volumetric effects such as depth, parallax, and silhouette preservation. To achieve this, we propose a curvature‐aware parallax mapping technique that ensures coherent appearance at grazing angles. Furthermore, we extend the appearance model to a multi‐scale formulation that aggregates geometry and visibility over texture footprints and adjusts roughness parameters for stable far‐field rendering. Our model combines the efficiency and simplicity of surface‐based methods with the volumetric realism of fiber‐based models, reproducing characteristic knit effects such as 3D stitch structure in a multi‐scale manner without the complexity or storage cost of texture‐based approaches.

Advanced oil-cooling method can effectively enhance the torque/power density of the hairpin winding permanent magnet (PM) machines in electric vehicles. However, the complicated winding structure and fluid-solid heat transfer characteristic are challenging for the thermal analysis. In this paper, a high fidelity lumped parameter thermal model (LPTM) is proposed for analyzing the oil-cooling hairpin winding PM machine. Firstly, the high-resolution modeling method for the hairpin winding PM machine is proposed, in which practical hairpin winding layout is considered. Then, the LPTM of the hairpin winding PM machine is combined with various oil cooling heat transfer coefficients and fluid circuit models, which could handle thermal behavior of the oil-cooling hairpin winding PM machine with the fluid mass transfer characteristic and oil coolant thermal transient considered. Finally, the proposed high fidelity LTPM model is validated by the experimental results. It shows the temperature prediction results of the proposed LPTM agree well with the results of thermal experiment in the oil cooling hairpin winding PM machine. The proposed thermal analysis framework provides an efficient and comprehensive tool at the initial design stage of the oil-cooling PM machine for electric vehicles.

Basing on numerous studied examples, the authors create principal schemes for control system design as a flexible process. Everywhere below the paper deals with linear time-invariant systems with low-order controllers; control is lead in continuous time; polynomial design is carried out by the critical root diagrams method. Along with classical SISO systems, which are described by ODE, we regard examples of descriptor systems, described by DAE, vibration systems with gyroscopic stabilization, etc. At the upper hierarchical level, the authors distinguish five typical stages of control system design. At the middle level, each stage contains different properties and techniques, which are characteristic of flexible processes; so we construct the appropriate schemes, which include all the basic components of the critical root diagram method. Since the lower level is directly focused on software implementation, it is not considered in the paper. At the final stage, an estimation of comparative character (i.e. qualitative, non-formalizable algorithmically) is applied to the resulting closed loop system, which assumes either design finalization, or a return to its beginning in order to repeat the process for a more complicated or simpler controller structure. The constructed schemes seem to be a necessary stages of full or partial automation possibility for a system design using critical root diagrams and applying of process mining methods. Thus, the article provides a basis for applying AI to an engineering design problem in the same way, which has been used so far for process mining in business and industrial production.

Editorial: advances in accumulation conditions of unconventional oil and gas resources in complicated structure areas

Background: The growing incidence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR AB) has left very limited therapeutic options. Tigecycline, the first antibiotic in the glycylcycline class, is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated skin and skin structure infections. This is one of the few last-resort options for infections caused by MDR AB. However, there is a lack of officially available breakpoints for Acinetobacter baumannii against tigecycline.Objective: This study aims to determine the tigecycline susceptibility of clinical A. baumannii isolates by broth microdilution (BMD), E-test, and VITEK 2 Compact, and to evaluate the performance of E-test and VITEK 2 Compact against BMD as the reference standard.Methodologies: A total of 150 clinical isolates of A. baumannii from sputum, blood, urine, pus, and sterile body fluids identified by VITEK 2 Compact from May 2019 to June 2021 were included in this study. Tigecycline susceptibility was determined by BMD, E-test (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC): 0.016-256 µg/mL), and VITEK 2 Compact, with MICs interpreted using EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) 2020 Enterobacterales breakpoints.Result: The proportion of isolates categorized as susceptible by BMD was 90.67%, with MIC50 as 0.125 µg/mL, whereas MIC50 was higher for E-test and VITEK 2 Compact, having values of 0.75 µg/mL and 1 µg/mL, respectively. MIC90 was found to be 0.5 µg/mL in BMD, whereas higher values of 1 µg/mL and 4 µg/mL were found in E-test and VITEK 2 Compact, respectively.Conclusion: Discordant results have been observed across different susceptibility testing methods as well as using different interpretative criteria. As this study was conducted on a small number of isolates, additional studies are needed to determine an interpretation category for Indian isolates.

This paper explores how the world has emerged into an even more complicated multipolar structure since 2001 compared to the post-Cold War unipolarity. Based on constructivist information, the paper argues that the new alliances like CRINK (China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea) are not just a matter of coordination, but the creation of new identities as sovereign, non-interfering, and non-Western hegemony. The paper also examines how the issue of fairness, recognition and normative legitimacy has assumed a centre stage in the reconstitution of power in the 21st century in both geopolitical orientations and institutional reform discourses. The study can determine the emergent trends of identity formation, legitimacy-seeking behaviour, and normative contestation by conducting thematic and comparative analysis of secondary sources, think-tank reports and policy documents. The results indicate that the future of the world order depends on the capacity of states to overcome pluralism, shared leadership, and ideational diversity.

It is well known that every derivation on a von Neumann algebra is inner, which reflects the strong rigidity of these algebras. In contrast, for general C*-algebras there may exist non-inner derivations, indicating a more complicated and diverse algebraic structure. This fundamental difference has stimulated extensive research on derivations on various classes of operator algebras. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to derivations defined on algebras of unbounded operators, in particular on algebras of measurable, locally measurable, and τ-measurable operators associated with von Neumann algebras. Such algebras arise naturally within the framework of noncommutative integration theory and provide a rich setting for extending classical results from the theory of bounded operators. In particular, a complete description of derivations on these algebras has been established in a number of works when they are associated with type I von Neumann algebras, demonstrating that under appropriate assumptions the derivations possess strong regularity properties and admit explicit representations. The present article is devoted to the development of a real analogue of the results described above. More precisely, derivations on algebras of measurable, locally measurable, and τ-measurable operators associated with real type I von Neumann algebras are investigated. By carefully adapting the methods from the complex case and taking into account the specific algebraic and topological features of real operator algebras, a complete characterization of all derivations on the algebras under consideration is obtained. These results generalize known theorems for complex von Neumann algebras to the real setting and contribute to a deeper understanding of derivations on algebras of unbounded operators associated with real operator algebras.

A bstract In this research, we investigate the vacuum structure of an extended standard model with a U(1) D global symmetry. The scalar sector consists of two SU(2) doublets as well as one complex singlet and one real singlet, resulting in a more complicated vacuum structure compared to that of the Standard Model. We analyze various theoretical constraints, including the conditions for being bounded from below, the existence of a global minimum, and perturbativity up to the Planck scale. Additionally, we consider experimental constraints from the Higgs invisible decay. Through a detailed statistical analysis using numerical methods, we show that the extended scalar potential can accommodate a stable vacuum while satisfying both theoretical and experimental constraints for a small region of the parameter space.

Efficient route planning technology is the core support for ensuring the successful execution of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight missions. In this paper, the coordination issue of global route planning and local real-time obstacle avoidance in complex mountainous environments is studied. To deal with this issue, a hierarchical route planning framework is designed, including global route planning and AI-based local route re-planning using deep reinforcement learning, exhibiting both flexible versatility and practical coordination and deployment efficiency. Throughout the entire flight, the local route re-planning task triggered by dynamic threats can be executed in real time. Meanwhile, a multi-model DQN (MMDQN) agent with a Monte Carlo traversal iterative learning (MCTIL) strategy is designed for local route re-planning. Compared to existing methods, this agent can be directly used to generate local obstacle avoidance routes in various scenarios at any time during the flight, which simplifies the complicated structure and training process of conventional deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agents in dynamic, complex environments. Using the framework structure and MMDQN agent for local route re-planning ensures the safety and efficiency of the mission, as well as local obstacle avoidance during global flights. These performances are verified through simulations based on actual terrain data.

A complete and thorough understanding of the complicated heterogeneous structure of polyamide separation membranes is crucial to improving their performance. Electron tomography has been used to study density variations in dense polymer membranes; however, the nonuniformity of membrane thickness and surface morphology present major challenges to the accuracy of that method. In this article, we show that nanoscale 2D electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) maps can be correlated with 3D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) tomography to improve the quantitative mapping of density. We reveal quantitative nanoscale structural differences between commercial seawater and brackish water polyamide thin film composite reverse osmosis membranes and compare them to thin uniform printed membranes. To reduce electron beam damage, we employ a high-speed direct electron detector for low-dose EELS, which allows for membrane thickness and electron scattering measurements to be spatially correlated to improve the measurement of density. We resolve nanoscale differences between three polyamide membranes which have distinctly different separation performances. Our work provides a framework for the use of STEM and EELS to extract heterogeneous density variations in structurally complex membranes.

In response to the evolving applications of intelligent systems, the fluorescent pressure sensor (FPS) has been proposed but usually with complicated structure design. Herein, we develop a multicolor-emissive FPS through simply sensitizing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) into nanolaminated biofilms. The multicolor fluorescence derived from three types of CQDs was successfully implanted into the piezoelectric cucumber pulp slices (CPS), which was subsequently verified to be also feasible in grape peels. The suppression of aggregation-induced quenching in the hybrid film is attributed to the imitated sensitizer/photoelectrode structure (ISP) with two features: (i) the nanolaminated matrix supported uniform distribution of the CQDs and (ii) the interfacial bonding between the CQDs and the matrix. The ISP structure also awakens a charming bridging effect from CQDs, leading to the significantly improved piezoelectric performance of the hybrid films. Due to the suitable size matching degree of 0.85 and the potential adding strong bonding supported by the unique sulfonic acid (SO3H), the red-emissive CQDs/CPS-based FPS possesses an optimal sensitivity of 38.6 mV N-1, which is 80.37% higher than that of the pure matrix (21.4 mV N-1). This renewable hybrid film-based FPS integrates multiple requirements, such as UV perception, tactile perception, and energy harvesting.

There are many phenomena in weather and climate systems that can be represented by non-smooth systems. The non-smooth extension of the classical smooth Lorenz system is a typical and simplified model, which can be used to describe the strange dynamics in weather and climate systems. The dynamics of a class of non-smooth Lorenz systems are studied in this article. This system is a Filippov switching model, which is composed of two smooth Lorenz systems with different parameters. The non-smooth system can be thought of as the symmetric breaking of the original smooth system, which can generate new dynamical behavior. The local analysis of the sliding dynamics is provided. A geometric model is introduced and the mechanism underlying the existence of the chaotic dynamics is explained. Some numerical calculations illustrate the existence of strange attractors with infinite sliding, the bifurcation of switching manifolds leading to the existence of strange attractors, and the complicated geometric structure of the attractors, different from the well-known Lorenz attractor in the classical smooth Lorenz system.

Optimizing a fractional form over the unimodular vector set arises in radar waveform design, various active sensing scenarios and communication applications, which is usually NP-hard. In this paper, an optimization framework is proposed, which guarantees that the objective function converges to the strict local optimum. It employs the Dinkelbach's method and semidefinite programming (SDP) to convert a fractional objective function into a quadratic one, and deal with various nonconvex constraints, respectively. The iterative rank minimization is then introduced to force the rank of SDP variable to be zero, so that the original problem is split into a series of solvable subproblems with polynomial-time complexity. The optimization procedure is applied to joint design of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) waveform and receive filter. The formulation is established by taking the mutual information (MI) between range profile and target scattering characteristics as the objective, subject to high resolution, low sidelobe level, and unimodular constraints. The resultant MI maximization problem is boiled down to fractional unimodular optimization with a complicated mathematical structure. Based on a cyclic maximizer, it is decomposed into a series of subproblems, followed by application of the proposed optimization framework to customize the solving procedure. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Yaw stability control (YSC) using differential braking usually adopts a hierarchical control scheme by cascading yaw rate control, control allocation, and pressure control, leading to a complicated control structure and low dynamic performance. Regarding this issue, this article proposes a cascade-free discrete-valued predictive YSC (DV-P-YSC) scheme. Firstly, from a discrete ON/OFF perspective, the finite control combinations of the inlet and outlet valves for YSC are defined. Then, the control-oriented discrete-valued yaw rate model is presented. Secondly, the DV-P-YSC method is proposed. Neural network observers are constructed to compensate for the lumped disturbances. Then, the two-step-ahead yaw rate and one-step-ahead pressure predictions are performed by applying all candidate control combinations to the discrete-valued yaw rate model. A predefined cost function evaluates these yaw rate predictions and their pressure costs. The optimal prediction and corresponding control combination can be determined. In this way, the overall YSC is converted to an optimization problem with a discrete-valued decision variable. Then, the fuzzy decision-making strategy is introduced to avoid the empirical procedure of weighting factor tuning. Finally, a hardware-in-the-loop test bench is built to implement the proposed DV-P-YSC scheme. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed DV-P-YSC scheme.

Abstract During the past decade, emerging studies using electrochemistry and nanoscale imaging have demonstrated that partial exocytotic release is prevailing in neuroendocrine cell models. However, due to complicated structure and culture process, few studies have been carried out using neurons, especially human neurons. Here, dopamine (DA) release from individual vesicles and DA content stored within vesicles were quantified from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived DA neurons with electrochemical techniques. The results indicate that around 61% of the total vesicular DA content is released from these neurons during exocytosis. The vesicular content quantified in DA neurons is significantly higher than that in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells, owing to the increased appearance of dense-core vesicles that are able to store more DA molecules than the clear vesicles. When the neurons are differentiated with BAY-K8644, which stimulates neuronal maturation as well as DA release, the release fraction rises to 91%. The use of BAY-K8644 can be considered as chronic stimulation and leads to similar effects on exocytosis as repetitive stimulation, which triggers short-term plasticity. This study demonstrates partial release in DA transmission in human neurons and provides a link between neuronal maturation and the formation of plasticity. Furthermore, this work suggests that the fraction of release in exocytosis at human neurons may be a factor in determining plasticity.

The article presents a PSpice software-based numerical model of a superconducting transformer with HTS 2G SCS and SF windings for the analysis of electrical circuits, developed using PSpice version 24.1 (Cadence, 2024),which allows for the determination of equivalent parameters and properties of such a transformer in the steady state and in emergency states. The model has user-defined ABM (Analogue Behavioural Modelling) computational blocks and avails itself of the level 2 Jiles-Atherton magnetic hysteresis model and Rhyner’s power law describing the E-J relationship of the HTS superconducting tape. This model was experimentally verified by measurements of a real 10 kVA HTS transformer. On this basis, an extensive numerical model of a superconducting transformer with a more complicated winding structure and a higher power of 21 MVA was developed. For such a transformer, power losses were analysed and the time courses of resistance, current and temperature of superconducting windings made of HTS 2G tapes of the SCS type with a copper stabiliser and SF without a stabiliser were examined during emergency states, such as connecting the transformer to the network and operational short circuit. A discussion was carried out on the effectiveness of using both types of HTS tapes to limit the current in emergency situations posing a risk of loss of superconductivity and destruction of superconducting windings.

While correlators of a CFT are single valued in Euclidean Space, they are multi-valued - and have a complicated sheet structure - in Lorentzian space. Correlators on R^{1,1} R 1 , 1 are well known to access a finite number of these sheets. In this paper, we demonstrate the spiral nature of lightcones on $S^1 × $ time, which allows the time-ordered correlators of a CFT_2 C F T 2 on this spacetime - the Lorentzian cylinder - to access an infinite number of sheets of the correlator. We present a complete classification, both of the sheets accessed as well as of the various distinct causal configurations that lie on a particular sheet. Our construction provides a physical interpretation for an infinite number of sheets of the correlator, while, however, leaving a larger infinity of these sheets uninterpreted.