Compliance Requirements Research Articles

Formation of Value Orientations of Learners in Professional Education

The article reveals the process of formation of value orientations of education seekers in vocational education institutions. The peculiarities of the formation of value orientations are also highlighted. It has been proven that education seekers need the formation of value orientations, as this is the key to the formation of emotional and value attitudes towards the surrounding world. Research by scientists characterized the formation of value orientations as a generalization of the experience of other theories and concepts of the educational process, the integration of everything innovative in pedagogical theory and practice.
 The most rational ways of the process of formation of value orientations of education seekers in vocational education institutions are characterized, as well as methodological principles. The importance of the development of the process of formation of value orientations of education seekers in vocational education institutions in Ukraine based on the development of their components is emphasized. It has been proven that the formation of value orientations of education seekers in vocational education institutions should be based on the formation of their system.
 It is noted that the process of forming the value orientations of education seekers in vocational education institutions should be carried out according to the principle of collective learning, which will allow the realization of the requirement of compliance of the mental and personal development of the education seeker with the parameters of the norm, on the one hand, and recognition of the indisputable fact of the uniqueness and inimitability of the path of development of each personality - on the other.
 It is noted that in Ukraine it is necessary to create such a process of formation of value orientations of education seekers in vocational education institutions, which would ensure the task of forming in teenagers unconscious driving forces of prosocial behavior and internal «brakes» restraining negative behavior.
 The concept of an educational program for the formation of value orientations of learners in vocational (vocational-technical) education has been presented. It is expected that the process of shaping the value orientations of education recipients in vocational education institutions through the implementation of a new program in this field will contribute to the healthy development of individuals, enhance their success not only in the learning process but also in any important activities for them, and serve as a preventive measure against antisocial behavior

Medical Information Protection in Internet Hospital Apps in China: Scale Development and Content Analysis.

Hospital apps are increasingly being adopted in many countries, especially since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Web-based hospitals can provide valuable medical services and enhanced accessibility. However, increasing concerns about personal information (PI) and strict legal compliance requirements necessitate privacy assessments for these platforms. Guided by the theory of contextual integrity, this study investigates the regulatory compliance of privacy policies for internet hospital apps in the mainland of China. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the regulatory compliance of privacy policies of internet hospital apps in the mainland of China and offer recommendations for improvement. We obtained 59 internet hospital apps on November 7, 2023, and reviewed 52 privacy policies available between November 8 and 23, 2023. We developed a 3-level indicator scale based on the information processing activities, as stipulated in relevant regulations. The scale comprised 7 level-1 indicators, 26 level-2 indicators, and 70 level-3 indicators. The mean compliance score of the 52 assessed apps was 73/100 (SD 22.4%), revealing a varied spectrum of compliance. Sensitive PI protection compliance (mean 73.9%, SD 24.2%) lagged behind general PI protection (mean 90.4%, SD 14.7%), with only 12 apps requiring separate consent for processing sensitive PI (mean 73.9%, SD 24.2%). Although most apps (n=41, 79%) committed to supervising subcontractors, only a quarter (n=13, 25%) required users' explicit consent for subcontracting activities. Concerning PI storage security (mean 71.2%, SD 29.3%) and incident management (mean 71.8%, SD 36.6%), half of the assessed apps (n=27, 52%) committed to bear corresponding legal responsibility, whereas fewer than half (n=24, 46%) specified the security level obtained. Most privacy policies stated the PI retention period (n=40, 77%) and instances of PI deletion or anonymization (n=41, 79%), but fewer (n=20, 38.5%) committed to prompt third-party PI deletion. Most apps delineated various individual rights, but only a fraction addressed the rights to obtain copies (n=22, 42%) or to refuse advertisement based on automated decision-making (n=13, 25%). Significant deficiencies remained in regular compliance audits (mean 11.5%, SD 37.8%), impact assessments (mean 13.5%, SD 15.2%), and PI officer disclosure (mean 48.1%, SD 49.3%). Our analysis revealed both strengths and significant shortcomings in the compliance of internet hospital apps' privacy policies with relevant regulations. As China continues to implement internet hospital apps, it should ensure the informed consent of users for PI processing activities, enhance compliance levels of relevant privacy policies, and fortify PI protection enforcement across the information processing stages.

Ongoing reporting obligations of a Cyprus International Trust

Abstract This article discusses the ongoing reporting obligations of a Cyprus International Trust in the context of evolving compliance requirements, particularly in relation to the latest European anti-money-laundering directives. It highlights the transposition of the 5th AMLD into Cyprus law and the recent European Court of Justice decision limiting public access to Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) registers. The article also explores the laws governing regulated professionals and the disclosure of trust data in Cyprus; and further examines the Cyprus UBO register of express trusts and the limited access granted to the public, touching on the challenges that lie ahead.

Compliance e isomorfismo mimético da Lei Anticorrupção nos estados brasileiros

This study explores the occurrence of mimetic isomorphism in compliance practices based on Brazilian anti-corruption law at the state level, with a particular focus on administrative accountability, public compliance, and compliance requirements in contracts with the private sector. The institutional theory was employed, considering a sociological approach and the assumption of isomorphism. The methods adopted included documentary research and content analysis, examining documents related to anti-corruption actions in Brazilian states. The analysis categories were based on accountability and compliance content in the context of public and private relationships. The main results pointed to elements suggesting mimetic isomorphism among states and between them and the federal government. Unlike other studies, this research provides an overview of the adoption of compliance practices in Brazilian states. In terms of theoretical contributions, the research highlighted the similarity of the Brazilian institutional environment in normative adoption. Its practical contribution lies in clarifying that states do have actions to combat corruption.

Cybersecurity Challenges and Solutions in the Fintech Mobile App Ecosystem

The rapid growth of the fintech industry, driven by the proliferation of mobile applications, has revolutionized financial services, providing unprecedented convenience to users. However, this innovation comes with inherent cybersecurity challenges that demand rigorous attention. This study delves into the complex and ever-evolving landscape of cybersecurity within the fintech mobile app ecosystem, aiming to identify challenges and present viable solutions. Cybersecurity threats in the fintech mobile app ecosystem encompass a broad spectrum, including data breaches, malware attacks, phishing schemes, and identity theft. As fintech apps handle sensitive financial data and transactions, they are prime targets for malicious actors seeking financial gain. To address these threats, this research examines current cybersecurity strategies and emerging technologies, such as advanced encryption, biometric authentication, and AI-driven anomaly detection. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks and industry standards play a crucial role in shaping cybersecurity practices within fintech. This study assesses the impact of compliance requirements on fintech companies and their ability to protect user data. Real-world case studies and incident analyses provide valuable insights into the consequences of cybersecurity breaches in this sector. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted cybersecurity challenges faced by the fintech mobile app ecosystem and offers practical recommendations for fintech firms, regulators, and cybersecurity professionals to enhance security measures. Strengthening the security foundation is paramount to sustaining user trust, fostering continued innovation, and securing the future of mobile fintech.

European Artificial Intelligence Act: an AI security approach

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to highlight the key technical challenges that derive from the recently proposed European Artificial Intelligence Act and specifically, to investigate the applicability of the requirements that the AI Act mandates to high-risk AI systems from the perspective of AI security.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the main points of the proposed AI Act, with emphasis on the compliance requirements of high-risk systems. It matches known AI security threats with the relevant technical requirements, it demonstrates the impact that these security threats can have to the AI Act technical requirements and evaluates the applicability of these requirements based on the effectiveness of the existing security protection measures. Finally, the paper highlights the necessity for an integrated framework for AI system evaluation.FindingsThe findings of the EU AI Act technical assessment highlight the gap between the proposed requirements and the available AI security countermeasures as well as the necessity for an AI security evaluation framework.Originality/valueAI Act, high-risk AI systems, security threats, security countermeasures.

Control of technological parameters in the process of ribbed panel forging: use of measuring equipment and mathematical modeling methods

The article discusses the control of technological parameters for the process of isothermal forging of cross-ribbed panels. To ensure defect-free manufacturing of panels, strict adherence to the temperature and rate conditions is required. However, due to errors and external disturbances, the measuring equipment does not often provide reliable information. In addition, the temperature of the metal in the deformation zone can only be estimated indirectly. Therefore, by analogy with the Kalman filter, it is proposed to combine data from sensors and the results calculated using the finite element method. For this purpose, the accuracy and speed of calculation of the finite element model were studied in four popular specialized software products: DeForm, QForm, Forge NxT, Simufact Forming. Comparison of the results of the analysis made it possible to confirm the high degree of reliability of modeling and the potential possibility of controlling technological parameters for the production of defect-free panels by the suggested way. It is shown that the finite element method in the two-dimensional formulation of the problem provides an acceptable calculation speed for monitoring the progress of operations in real time. The obtained results are relevant for metallurgical enterprises for which there are increased requirements for compliance with the range of permissible changes in technological parameters during production processes.

Utilizing rejected contaminants from the paper recycling process in fired clay brick production

Building materials drive the global economy, yet face severe environmental hurdles: resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and waste generation. In order to mitigate the impact from these challenges, authorities seek sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives as an urgent need. This study focuses on the utilization of as-received rejected contaminated fines (RCF) obtained from the yellow bins' waste (paper) recycling process, in brick production. Diverse tests assessed the brick performance, including compressive strength, absorption rate, thermal conductivity, 3D CT scanning for morphological analysis, and durability analysis. Additionally, a leachate analysis was performed to evaluate the environmental implications. Economic benefits, particularly the reduction of CO2 emissions, were also evaluated. The findings confirmed that as-received waste can be utilized for fired clay brick production without the need for pulverization. The novel brick product made with as-received RCF waste exhibited superior thermal characteristics (up to a 31.25 % reduction compared to control bricks) while meeting the essential compliance requirements outlined by national standards. Moreover, each firing cycle led to a potential value of up to USD 158,460 through a reduction of 417 tonnes of CO2, resulting from a 9.5 % reduction in firing temperature (1000 °C). The results from this study offer valuable insights into the potential of using RCF waste as a sustainable alternative in the brick manufacturing industry. This alternative could address the soaring demand in the current market, resolve the escalating solid waste crisis, and mitigate clay shortages, while providing a sustainable solution for the brick industry.

Corporate Accountability by Treaty: The New North American Rapid Response Labor Mechanism

For several decades, civil society has sought to impose greater responsibility on companies for cross-border social wrongs. Multiple legal subfields and initiatives have emerged to take on this work: corporate social responsibility (CSR); business and human rights (BHR); responsible business conduct codes; environment, social, and governance (ESG) standards; and corporate due diligence schemes, among them. These many projects have culminated in national legislation across a range of jurisdictions imposing reporting and compliance requirements on companies, as well as in the development of soft law standards. Despite these efforts, international treaty initiatives to create binding obligations on companies and to require them to adopt certain human rights principles have made limited progress.

Evaluation of Cloud-Based Cyber Security System

Cloud-based cyber security systems leverage the power of cloud computing to protect digital assets from cyber threats. By utilizing remote servers and advanced algorithms, these systems provide real-time monitoring, threat detection, and incident response. They offer scalable solutions, enabling businesses to adapt to evolving threats and handle increasing data volumes. Cloud-based security systems provide benefits such as reduced infrastructure costs, continuous updates and patches, centralized management, and global threat intelligence. They protect against various attacks, including malware, phishing, DDoS, and unauthorized access. With their flexibility, reliability, and ease of deployment, cloud-based cyber security systems are becoming essential for organizations seeking robust protection in today's interconnected digital landscape. The research significance of cloud-based cyber security systems lies in their ability to address the growing complexity and scale of cyber threats in today's digital landscape. By leveraging cloud computing, these systems offer several key advantages for researchers and organizations: Scalability: Cloud-based systems can scale resources on-demand, allowing researchers to handle large volumes of data and analyze complex threat patterns effectively. Cost-efficiency: The cloud eliminates the need for extensive on-premises infrastructure, reducing costs associated with hardware, maintenance, and upgrades. Researchers can allocate resources based on their needs, optimizing cost-effectiveness. Real-time monitoring and threat detection: Cloud-based systems provide real-time monitoring of network traffic, enabling quick identification of suspicious activities and potential threats. Researchers can leverage advanced analytics and machine learning algorithms to enhance threat detection capabilities. Collaboration and knowledge sharing: Cloud platforms facilitate collaboration among researchers and organizations by enabling the sharing of threat intelligence, best practices, and research findings. Compliance and regulatory requirements: Cloud platforms often offer built-in compliance features and tools to meet regulatory requirements, assisting researchers in adhering to data protection and privacy standards. Overall, the research significance of cloud-based cyber security systems lies in their ability to provide scalable, cost-effective, and advanced security capabilities, empowering researchers to mitigate evolving cyber threats and protect sensitive data and systems effectively. We will be using Weighted Product Methodology (WPM) which is a decision-making technique that assigns weights to various criteria and ranks alternatives based on their weighted scores. It involves multiplying the ratings of each criterion by their corresponding weights and summing them up to determine the overall score. This method helps prioritize options and make informed decisions in complex situations. Taken of Operational, Technological, Organizational Recorded Electronic Delivery, Recorded Electronic Deliver, Blockchain technology, Database security, Software updates, Antivirus and antimalware The Organizational cyber security measures comes in last place, while Technological cyber security measures is ranked top and Operational measures comes in between the above two in second place. In conclusion, a cloud-based cyber security system revolutionizes the way organizations safeguard their digital assets. By utilizing remote servers, advanced algorithms, and real-time monitoring, it offers scalable and robust protection against evolving threats. With features like threat detection, data encryption, and centralized management, it ensures enhanced security, agility, and efficiency. Embracing a cloud-based approach empowers organizations to stay ahead in the ever-changing landscape of cyber security, effectively safeguarding their critical data and infrastructure.

Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP): An Overview for the Analytical Chemist

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) is the most significant regulation impacting the pharmaceutical industry and requires substantial investment in resources and time commitments. This paper provides a high-level overview of Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) regulations and related public quality standards. It discusses GMP compliance requirements and practices, emphasizing those relevant to the analytical chemist in development and quality control.

Policy, management, and operation practices in U.S. microtransit systems

This paper identifies the current practices and challenges related to the planning, management, and operation of microtransit systems as well as the concerns associated with the (lack of) policies in place. Our work focuses on the U.S. experience and is primarily based on an in-depth analysis of six microtransit systems using a combination of quantitative and qualitative data. We investigate and classify the multiple ways public agencies form public-private partnerships to institute microtransit service in their jurisdictions and discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of the different service delivery models. We also thoroughly examine the contracts public agencies formed with private entities to disentangle the various cost elements associated with the launch and operation of a microtransit system. Our policy discussion emphasizes the lack of sustained funding sources for microtransit and the funding formulas that lead to a reduction or loss of public transportation funding when a jurisdiction replaces a fixed route service with microtransit. We also explain the requirements for ADA compliance in microtransit systems and highlight that service equivalency between disabled and non-disabled riders is not guaranteed when only some of the microtransit vehicles and operators are ADA compliant and certified. In terms of operation practices, we describe the safety risks that microtransit users may face on a day-to-day basis due to algorithm-driven virtual pick-up and drop-off locations, and the unwillingness of some service providers to enforce inclusive practices and ensure that individuals without electronic payment options and smartphones can gain access to the service. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges with balancing supply and demand in microtransit systems, and the need for allowing for both on-demand and pre-scheduled trip requests in order to ensure that critical and time-sensitive work, school, and medical trips are accommodated and prioritized.

Quality Assurance in Investment Banking Domain

Investment Banking applications are complex applications supporting different trading platforms, risk management systems, compliance, and regulatory requirements. Different Investment Banking applications have different software testing and QA requirements, depending on the domain function they are supporting, complexity of the flows and external applications they are integrating with. Investment Banking is a huge domain, and everything cannot be summarized in a single white paper. In this paper we will study the commonly used terminologies in Investment banking domain, especially around trade life cycle, and what quality assurance activities need to be performed in complex Investment Banking applications, covering majorly around the trade flows

Managing Cybersecurity Risks in Emerging Technologies

Nowadays, it has become increasingly important for companies to effectively manage cybersecurity risks in emerging technologies. This article presents an overview of cybersecurity in these technologies. It sheds light on the obstacles that businesses encounter when dealing with these risks. The field of cybersecurity poses challenges that need to be overcome. Technical challenges include securing communication networks and protecting data and systems from threats. Moreover, it is crucial to ensure the dependability and trustworthiness of emerging technologies. Organisational challenges involve preparing and training employees and devising effective strategies to address the unique cybersecurity issues associated with new technologies. Regulatory challenges arise due to changing compliance requirements in a global context where different countries have diverse cybersecurity laws. To effectively manage cybersecurity risks, it is essential to follow established risk management practices, such as identifying and assessing risks systematically. However, there are gaps in research and practices that should be addressed. These gaps include the lack of frameworks for conducting cost-benefit analyses, a limited understanding of the role played by error in cybersecurity incidents, and the necessity for comprehensive strategies to deal with the constantly evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats. Bridging these gaps requires investigation along with developing effective strategies for improving cybersecurity in emerging technologies.

Corporate Governance And Company Value: An Investigation Into The Role Of ACSG Score

This study investigates the complex relationships between Good Corporate Governance (GCG) scoring, specifically the ASEAN Corporate Governance Scorecard (ACGS) score and company value. The ACGS score, a standardized measure of corporate governance, is used to assess the performance of publicly traded companies in Indonesia from 2017 to 2020. The study reveals a significant negative impact of the ACGS score on firm value, suggesting that while the ACGS score provides a standardized measure of corporate governance, it may not fully capture the nuances of individual company practices. The checkbox-based nature of the ACGS score might be seen as a mere compliance requirement rather than a true reflection of the company's corporate governance performance. However, when control variables are introduced, the effect of the ACGS score on firm value weakens and becomes insignificant. This suggests that the firm value is influenced more by financial performance compared to corporate governance performance. The study concludes that while the ACGS score can provide some insights into a company's corporate governance performance, its impact on firm value can be overshadowed by other factors. Therefore, a comprehensive approach that considers various control variables is necessary to accurately assess firm value.

Impact of Asset Quality Compliance on Financial Performance of Nairobi Securities Exchange Listed Commercial Banks

Asset quality compliance is relatively important; however, the banking sector has undergone major financial shocks due to compliance signals. With losses experienced among commercial banks, for instance, return on assets (ROA) dropped consistently from 29% to 24% in 2019 to 21% in 2020, hence the wrong signals. The decline in the number of assets and low deposits further magnified the challenge; this led to the closure of a number of banks, such as Chase Bank and Charterhouse Bank. Furthermore, a national bank was acquired by Kenya Commercial Bank due to inefficient assets. The purpose of the study was to establish the influence of asset quality compliance requirements on the financial performance of commercial banks listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange and hence determine the null hypothesis that asset quality compliance requirements have no significant effect on the financial performance of commercial banks listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange. A mixed research design was applied to a population of 12 commercial banks listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange Kenya. This is comprised of causal research designs and longitudinal designs. The study employed a mixed research design and collected secondary data for a period of 5 years. The study found that asset quality requirements had a significance level of P<0.05, thus P = 0.0268, implying significance. The study concluded that assets have a significant impact on banks financial performance. The study recommends that commercial bank stakeholders should invest in assets since they lead to financial performance. The study may benefit a number of people, including bank management, the government, and future scholars.

ESG-інвестування у критичну інфраструктуру в період повоєнного відновлення України

The problem of investment is one of the urgent issues for our country. Ensuring investment in critical infrastructure objects in conditions of hostilities and against the backdrop of the destruction of this infrastructure is associated not so much with economic growth as with the current survival of the country , burdened by continuous military actions. The need for more dynamic development of investment processes aimed at attracting ESG investments in critical infrastructure has been emphasized. The aim of the article is to explore the prospects of ESG investment in critical infrastructure during the post-war recovery period of Ukraine. It has been established that the ESG concept is a modern trend in the investment space that needs to be considered and implemented in practice. The importance of implementing ESG criteria has significantly increased in recent decades and is expected to grow even faster in the near future. Most infrastructure funds view ESG as a driving force that enhances the value and stability of portfolio companies against the backdrop of constant global changes. To benefit from the opportunities provided by ESG investment, it is necessary to consider ESG criteria (environmental, social, and governance) at every stage of the investment life cycle. ESG is increasingly becoming a requirement for investment compliance. It has been established that ESG investment, as the implementation of the ESG concept, contributes to positive changes in society, preserves the environment, etc. However, in the case of the urgent need for rapid and effective post-war recovery of critical infrastructure in Ukraine, it will significantly complicate the process since compliance with ESG criteria, which could be ignored earlier, will have to be followed. The need to change the regulatory framework regarding the inclusion of ESG investment specifics and to transform approaches to investment in the domestic business community is mentioned because the international business community seeks to invest its capital in enterprises and territories that meet ESG criteria. For Ukraine, transformation aimed at meeting the requirements for ESG investment is both a challenge and a necessity for integration into global investment processes.

Funding agencies’ complicity in advancing or impeding equity in and through global health research

Abstract Background In Global Health Research (GHR), funding policies inform how health research is approached and structured, serving to distribute power and resources in ways that can either reinforce or take action on inequities. In essence, these policies incentivize the focus of GHR and are therefore among the political/structural determinants of health. Despite broad recognition of the need for equity in GHR, the role of funders receives relatively little scrutiny. We sought to better understand the place of equity across the international landscape of GHR funders. Methods Publicly accessible, current strategic (those that set the vision, mission and goals of funding) and operational (those that set the implementation rules and compliance requirements for funded research) policies were harvested from 23 purposely selected Global North and philanthropic funding agencies. Content and discourse analysis were used to examine the portrayal of GHR in inequitable contexts, declarations of equity intentions, and to assess alignment to the six CCGHR equity-centred principles. Results Funding agencies across the Global North made clear declarations on the importance of equity in GHR; however, operationalization was largely absent or incompatible with the best scientific evidence on advancing health equity. Most philanthropic funding agencies failed to make policies public meaning equity action remains unclear. Alignment with equity-centred principles presented in different forms from varying agencies, though no single agency demonstrated good alignment to all six principles. Conclusions Funder discourses suggest equity is a central priority in GHR. Given that funder policies are themselves determinants of equity, stronger alignment between strategic policies, intentions, and action on inequity (e.g., investing in interventional research that acts on upstream determinants) are critically needed for funders of GHR, specifically, and public health research, broadly. Key messages • Funding policy can determine equity possibilities, both in research processes and outcomes. • Coherence between strategic intentions and operational policies is possible, and would promote more equity-advancing research.

Islamic crowdfunding and Shariah compliance regulation: problems and oversight

PurposeThis study aims to identify the problems in shariah compliance and the weak oversight of implementing Islamic crowdfunding (ICF). Shariah compliance regulation is an essential subsystem in Islamic social finance ecosystems.Design/methodology/approachThis type of research is legal research. The research approaches are the statute, comparative and conceptual approaches. The study in this research examines Indonesia, the UK and Malaysia.FindingsICF is one of the fastest-growing sectors of Islamic financial technology (fintech). The Islamic fintech sector is showing maturity signals with a market size of $79bn in 2021, projected at $179bn in 2026. Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia lead the Index by Global Islamic Fintech (GIFT) Index scores. However, low shariah compliance is still an issue in implementing ICF. This problem is caused by regulatory support that is still lacking and oversight of shariah compliance is not optimal. On the one hand, shariah compliance is the ICF core principle for Shariah Governance.Research limitations/implicationsThis study examines the regulation and oversight of ICF in Indonesia, Malaysia and the UK. Indonesia and Malaysia, a country with the highest GIFT index score in the world, and the UK, a country with an Islamic finance sector experiencing rapid growth.Practical implicationsThe research results on shariah compliance regulation in ICF are helpful as a comprehensive approach for developing sustainable Islamic social finance ecosystems.Social implicationsShariah compliance is the core principle of ICF governance. Its implementation can increase public trust.Originality/valueCrowdfunding platform and issuers in ICF must implement shariah compliance. Therefore, it is essential to consider the presence of shariah compliance requirements and a Shariah Supervisory Board (DPS).

How Interoperability Challenges Are Addressed in Healthcare IoT Projects.

The rapid development and implementation of Internet of Medical Things has made interoperability a serious challenge. In this scoping review, we provide an overview of the interoperability challenge, as reported in the health literature, and highlight the proposed solutions. After searching between January 2018 and June 2023 in Compendex via Engineering Village and PubMed, we found 18 publications. The interoperability challenges identified were device heterogeneity, system heterogeneity, data standardization, security and safety, system and architecture standard, system and workflow integration and regulatory and compliance requirements. Solutions included ontology approaches, conceptual semantic frameworks, improved standards, design of middleware, and using blockchain technology.